PCAP Next Generation (pcapng) Capture File Format

2.1. Acronyms

The following acronyms are used throughout this document:¶

SHB:

Section Header Block¶

IDB:

Interface Description Block¶

ISB:

Interface Statistics Block¶

EPB:

Enhanced Packet Block¶

SPB:

Simple Packet Block¶

NRB:

Name Resolution Block¶

CB:

Custom Block¶

3.1. General Block Structure

A capture file is organized in blocks, that are appended one to another to form the file. All the blocks share a common format, which is shown in Figure 1.¶

                        1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 0 |                          Block Type                           |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 4 |                      Block Total Length                       |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 8 /                          Block Body                           /
   /              variable length, padded to 32 bits               /
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                      Block Total Length                       |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

The fields have the following meaning:¶

• Block Type (32 bits): a unique unsigned value that identifies the block. Values whose Most Significant Bit (MSB) is equal to 1 are reserved for local use. They can be used to make extensions to the file format to save private data to the file. The list of currently defined types can be found in Section 11.1.¶
• Block Total Length (32 bits): an unsigned value giving the total size of this block, in octets. For instance, the length of a block that does not have a body is 12 octets: 4 octets for the Block Type, 4 octets for the initial Block Total Length and 4 octets for the trailing Block Total Length. This value MUST be a multiple of 4.¶
• Block Body: content of the block.¶
• Block Total Length: total size of this block, in octets. This field is duplicated to permit backward file navigation.¶

This structure, shared among all blocks, makes it easy to process a file and to skip unneeded or unknown blocks. Some blocks can contain other blocks inside (nested blocks). Some of the blocks are mandatory, i.e. a capture file is not valid if they are not present, other are optional.¶

The General Block Structure allows defining other blocks if needed. A parser that does not understand them can simply ignore their content.¶

3.2. Block Types

The currently standardized Block Type codes are specified in Section 11.1; they have been grouped in the following four categories:¶

The following MANDATORY block MUST appear at least once in each file:¶

• Section Header Block (Section 4.1): it defines the most important characteristics of the capture file.¶

The following OPTIONAL blocks MAY appear in a file:¶

• Interface Description Block (Section 4.2): it defines the most important characteristics of the interface(s) used for capturing traffic. This block is required in certain cases, as described later.¶
• Enhanced Packet Block (Section 4.3): it contains a single captured packet, or a portion of it. It represents an evolution of the original, now obsolete, Packet Block (Appendix A). If this appears in a file, an Interface Description Block is also required, before this block.¶
• Simple Packet Block (Section 4.4): it contains a single captured packet, or a portion of it, with only a minimal set of information about it. If this appears in a file, an Interface Description Block is also required, before this block.¶
• Name Resolution Block (Section 4.5): it defines the mapping from numeric addresses present in the packet capture and the canonical name counterpart.¶
• Interface Statistics Block (Section 4.6): it defines how to store some statistical data (e.g. packet dropped, etc) which can be useful to understand the conditions in which the capture has been made. If this appears in a file, an Interface Description Block is also required, before this block.¶
• Custom Block (Section 4.9): it contains vendor-specific data in a portable fashion.¶

The following OBSOLETE block SHOULD NOT appear in newly written files (but is documented in the Appendix for reference):¶

• Packet Block (Appendix A): it contains a single captured packet, or a portion of it. It is OBSOLETE, and superseded by the Enhanced Packet Block (Section 4.3).¶

The following EXPERIMENTAL blocks are considered interesting but the authors believe that they deserve more in-depth discussion before being defined:¶

• Alternative Packet Blocks¶
• Compression Block¶
• Encryption Block¶
• Fixed Length Block¶
• Directory Block¶
• Traffic Statistics and Monitoring Blocks¶
• Event/Security Blocks¶

Requests for new standardized Block Type codes should be made by creating a pull request to update this document as described in Section 11.1.¶

3.3. Logical Block Hierarchy

The blocks build a logical hierarchy as they refer to each other. Figure 2 shows the logical hierarchy of the currently defined blocks in the form of a "tree view":¶

Section Header
|
+- Interface Description
|  +- Simple Packet
|  +- Enhanced Packet
|  +- Interface Statistics
|
+- Name Resolution

For example: each captured packet refers to a specific capture interface, the interface itself refers to a specific section.¶

3.4. Physical File Layout

The file MUST begin with a Section Header Block. However, more than one Section Header Block can be present in the capture file, each one covering the data following it until the next one (or the end of file). A Section includes the data delimited by two Section Header Blocks (or by a Section Header Block and the end of the file), including the first Section Header Block.¶

In case an application cannot read a Section because of different version number, it MUST skip everything until the next Section Header Block. Note that, in order to properly skip the blocks until the next section, all blocks MUST have the fields Type and Length at the beginning. In order to properly skip blocks in the backward direction, all blocks MUST have the Length repeated at the end of the block. These are mandatory requirements that MUST be maintained in future versions of the block format.¶

Figure 3 shows a typical file layout, with a single Section Header that covers the whole file.¶

+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| SHB v1.0  |                      Data                         |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

Figure 4 shows a file that contains three headers, and is normally the result of file concatenation. An application that understands only version 1.0 of the file format skips the intermediate section and restart processing the packets after the third Section Header.¶

|--   1st Section   --|--   2nd Section   --|--  3rd Section  --|
|                                                               |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| SHB v1.0  |  Data   | SHB V1.1  |  Data   | SHB V1.0  |  Data |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

Figure 5 shows a file comparable to a "classic libpcap" file - the minimum for a useful capture file. It contains a single Section Header Block (SHB), a single Interface Description Block (IDB) and a few Enhanced Packet Blocks (EPB).¶

+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| SHB | IDB | EPB | EPB |    ...    | EPB |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

Figure 6 shows a complex example file. In addition to the minimum file above, it contains packets captured from three interfaces, capturing on the third of which begins after packets have arrived on other interfaces, and also includes some Name Resolution Blocks (NRB) and an Interface Statistics Block (ISB).¶

+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| SHB | IDB | IDB | EPB | NRB |...| IDB | EPB | ISB | NRB | EPB |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

The last example should make it obvious that the block structure makes the file format very flexible compared to the classical libpcap format.¶

3.5. Options

All the block bodies MAY embed optional fields. Optional fields can be used to insert some information that may be useful when reading data, but that is not really needed for packet processing. Therefore, each tool can either read the content of the optional fields (if any), or skip some of them or even all at once.¶

A block that may contain options must be structured so that the number of octets of data in the Block Body that precede the options can be determined from that data; that allows the beginning of the options to be found. That is true for all standard blocks that support options; for Custom Blocks that support options, the Custom Data must be structured in such a fashion. This means that the Block Length field (present in the General Block Structure, see Section 3.1) can be used to determine how many octets of optional fields, if any, are present in the block. That number can be used to determine whether the block has optional fields (if it is zero, there are no optional fields), to check, when processing optional fields, whether any optional fields remain, and to skip all the optional fields at once.¶

Options are a list of Type - Length - Value fields, each one containing a single value:¶

• Option Type (16 bits): an unsigned value that contains the code that specifies the type of the current TLV record. Option types whose Most Significant Bit is equal to one are reserved for local use; therefore, there is no guarantee that the code used is unique among all capture files (generated by other applications), and is most certainly not portable. For cross-platform globally unique vendor-specific extensions, the Custom Option MUST be used instead, as defined in Section 3.5.1).¶
• Option Length (16 bits): an unsigned value that contains the actual length of the following 'Option Value' field without the padding octets.¶
• Option Value (variable length): the value of the given option, padded to a 32-bit boundary. The actual length of this field (i.e. without the padding octets) is specified by the Option Length field.¶

Requests for new standardized option codes for a given block should be made by creating a pull request to update this document as described in Section 11.1.¶

A given option may have a fixed length, in which case all instances of that option have a length that is equal to the specified fixed length, or a variable length, in which case the option has a minimum length and all instances of that option must have a length equal to or greater than the specified minimum length. The length of fixed-length options, and the minimum length of variable-length options, is specified in the description of the option; if the minimum length of a variable-length option is not specified, a zero-length option is valid. Software that reads these files SHOULD report options that have an invalid length as errors; the software MAY stop processing the file if it sees an option that has invalid length, or MAY ignore the option and continue processing it. Software that writes these files MUST NOT write files with options that have invalid lengths.¶

If an option's value is a string, the value is not necessarily zero-terminated. Software that reads these files MUST NOT assume that strings are zero-terminated, and MUST treat a zero-value octet as a string terminator.¶

Some options may be repeated several times; for example, a block can have multiple comments, and an Interface Description Block can give multiple IPv4 or IPv6 addresses for the interface if it has multiple IPv4 or IPv6 addresses assigned to it. Other options may appear at most once in a given block.¶

The option list is terminated by a option which uses the special 'End of Option' code (opt_endofopt). Code that writes pcapng files MUST put an opt_endofopt option at the end of an option list. Code that reads pcapng files MUST NOT assume an option list will have an opt_endofopt option at the end; it MUST also check for the end of the block, and SHOULD treat blocks where the option list has no opt_endofopt option as if the option list had an opt_endofopt option at the end.¶

The format of the optional fields is shown in Figure 7.¶

                     1                   2                   3
 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|      Option Code              |         Option Length         |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
/                       Option Value                            /
/              variable length, padded to 32 bits               /
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
/                                                               /
/                 . . . other options . . .                     /
/                                                               /
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|   Option Code == opt_endofopt |   Option Length == 0          |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

The following codes can always be present in any optional field:¶

opt_endofopt:

The opt_endofopt option delimits the end of the optional fields. This option MUST NOT be repeated within a given list of options.¶

opt_comment:

The opt_comment option is a UTF-8 string containing human-readable comment text that is associated to the current block. Line separators SHOULD be a carriage-return + linefeed ('\r\n') or just linefeed ('\n'); either form may appear and be considered a line separator. The string is not zero-terminated.¶

Examples: "This packet is the beginning of all of our problems", "Packets 17-23 showing a bogus TCP retransmission!\r\n This is reported in bugzilla entry 1486.\nIt will be fixed in the future.".¶

opt_custom:

This option is described in detail in Section 3.5.1.¶

                     1                   2                   3
 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|     Custom Option Code        |         Option Length         |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|                Private Enterprise Number (PEN)                |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
/                        Custom Data                            /
/              variable length, padded to 32 bits               /
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

3.6. Data format

4.1. Section Header Block

The Section Header Block (SHB) is mandatory. It identifies the beginning of a section of the capture file. The Section Header Block does not contain data but it rather identifies a list of blocks (interfaces, packets) that are logically correlated. Its format is shown in Figure 9.¶

                        1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 0 |                   Block Type = 0x0A0D0D0A                     |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 4 |                      Block Total Length                       |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 8 |                      Byte-Order Magic                         |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
12 |          Major Version        |         Minor Version         |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
16 |                                                               |
   |                          Section Length                       |
   |                                                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
24 /                                                               /
   /                      Options (variable)                       /
   /                                                               /
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                      Block Total Length                       |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

The meaning of the fields is:¶

• Block Type: The block type of the Section Header Block is the integer corresponding to the 4-char string "\n\r\r\n" (0x0A0D0D0A). This particular value is used for 2 reasons:¶

  1. This number is used to detect if a file has been transferred via FTP or HTTP from a machine to another with an inappropriate ASCII conversion. In this case, the value of this field will differ from the standard one ("\n\r\r\n") and the reader can detect a possibly corrupted file.¶
  2. This value is palindromic, so that the reader is able to recognize the Section Header Block regardless of the endianness of the section. The endianness is recognized by reading the Byte Order Magic, which is located 8 octets after the Block Type.¶
• Block Total Length: total size of this block, as described in Section 3.1.¶
• Byte-Order Magic (32 bits): an unsigned magic number, whose value is the hexadecimal number 0x1A2B3C4D. This number can be used to distinguish sections that have been saved on little-endian machines from the ones saved on big-endian machines, and to heuristically identify pcapng files.¶
• Major Version (16 bits): an unsigned value, giving the number of the current major version of the format. The value for the current version of the format is 1.¶
• Minor Version (16 bits): an unsigned value, giving the number of the current minor version of the format. The value for the current version of the format is 0.¶
• Section Length (64 bits): a signed value specifying the length in octets of the following section, excluding the Section Header Block itself. This field can be used to skip the section, for faster navigation inside large files. If the Section Length is -1 (0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF), this means that the size of the section is not specified, and the only way to skip the section is to parse the blocks that it contains. Please note that if this field is valid (i.e. not negative), its value is always a multiple of 4, as all the blocks are aligned to and padded to 32-bit (4 octet) boundaries. Also, special care should be taken in accessing this field: since the alignment of all the blocks in the file is 32-bits, this field is not guaranteed to be aligned to a 64-bit boundary. This could be a problem on 64-bit processors.¶
• Options: optionally, a list of options (formatted according to the rules defined in Section 3.5) can be present.¶

Writers of pcapng files MUST NOT write SHBs with a Major Version other than 1 or a Minor Version other than 0. If they do so, they will write a file that many readers of pcapng files, such as programs using libpcap to read pcapng files (including, but not limited to, tcpdump), Wireshark, and possibly other programs not to be able to read their files.¶

Some pcapng file writers have used a minor version of 2, but the file format did not change incompatibly (new block types were added); Readers of pcapng files MUST treat a Minor Version of 2 as equivalent to a Minor Version of 0 (and, if they also write a pcapng file based on the results of reading one or more pcapng files, they MUST NOT, as per the previous sentence, write an SHB with a Minor Version of 2, even if they read an SHB with a Minor Version of 2). As indicated above, using a minor version number other than 0 when writing a section of a pcapng file will produce a section that most existing software will not be able to read; future versions of some of that software will be able to read sections with a version of 1.2, but older copies of that software that are not updated to the latest version will still not be able to read them.¶

The Major Version would be changed only if a new version of this specification, for a later major version of the file format, were created. Such a version would only be created if the format were to change in such a way that code that reads the new format could not read the old format (i.e., code to read both formats would have to check the version number and use different code paths for the two formats) and code that reads the old format could not read the new format. An incompatible change to the format of an existing block or an existing option would be such a change; the addition of a new block or a new option would not be such a change. An example of such an incomparible change would be the addition of an additional field to the Section Header Block, following the Minor Version field and before the Snaplen field; software expecting the new SHB format would not correctly read the old SHB format, and software expecting the old SHB format would not correctly read the new SHB format. (Note that a change to the SHB must leave the Block Type, Block Total Length, Byte-Order Magic, Major Version, and Minor Version fields at the same offsets from the beginning of the SHB and with the same lengths, must keep the value of the Block TYpe the same, must keep the two posssible values of the Byte-Order Magic the same, depending on the block's byte order, so that the rest of the SHB can be correctly interpreted.)¶

The Minor Version would be changed only if a new version of this specification, for a later minor version of the file format, were created. Such a version would only be created if the format were to change in such a way that code that reads the new format could read the old format without checking the version number but code that reads the old format could not read all files in the new format. A backward-compatible change to the format of an existing block or an existing opption would be such a change; the addition of a new block or a new option would not be such a change. An example of such a backward-compatible but not forward-compatible change would be a change to the Interface Description block (see below) to use the current Reserved field to indicate the presence of additional fields before the Options, with a zero value indicate no such fields are present.¶

I.e., adding new block types or options would not require that either the Major Version or the Minor Version be changed, as code that does not know about the block type or option should just skip it; only if skipping a block or option does not work should the minor version number be changed.¶

Aside from the options defined in Section 3.5, the following options are valid within this block:¶

shb_hardware:

The shb_hardware option is a UTF-8 string containing the description of the hardware used to create this section. The string is not zero-terminated.¶

Examples: "x86 Personal Computer", "Sun Sparc Workstation".¶

shb_os:

The shb_os option is a UTF-8 string containing the name of the operating system used to create this section. The string is not zero-terminated.¶

Examples: "Windows XP SP2", "openSUSE 10.2".¶

shb_userappl:

The shb_userappl option is a UTF-8 string containing the name of the application used to create this section. The string is not zero-terminated.¶

Examples: "dumpcap V0.99.7".¶

[Open issue: does a program which re-writes a capture file change the original hardware/os/application info?]¶

4.2. Interface Description Block

An Interface Description Block (IDB) is the container for information describing an interface on which packet data is captured.¶

Tools that write / read the capture file associate an incrementing unsigned 32-bit number (starting from '0') to each Interface Definition Block, called the Interface ID for the interface in question. This number is unique within each Section and identifies the interface to which the IDB refers; it is only unique inside the current section, so, two Sections can have different interfaces identified by the same Interface ID values. This unique identifier is referenced by other blocks, such as Enhanced Packet Blocks and Interface Statistic Blocks, to indicate the interface to which the block refers (such the interface that was used to capture the packet that an Enhanced Packet Block contains or to which the statistics in an Interface Statistic Block refer).¶

There must be an Interface Description Block for each interface to which another block refers. Blocks such as an Enhanced Packet Block or an Interface Statistics Block contain an Interface ID value referring to a particular interface, and a Simple Packet Block implicitly refers to an interface with an Interface ID of 0. If the file does not contain any blocks that use an Interface ID, then the file does not need to have any IDBs.¶

An Interface Description Block is valid only inside the section to which it belongs. The structure of a Interface Description Block is shown in Figure 10.¶

                        1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 0 |                    Block Type = 0x00000001                    |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 4 |                      Block Total Length                       |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 8 |           LinkType            |           Reserved            |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
12 |                            SnapLen                            |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
16 /                                                               /
   /                      Options (variable)                       /
   /                                                               /
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                      Block Total Length                       |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

The meaning of the fields is:¶

• Block Type: The block type of the Interface Description Block is 1.¶
• Block Total Length: total size of this block, as described in Section 3.1.¶
• LinkType (16 bits): an unsigned value that defines the link layer type of this interface. The list of Standardized Link Layer Type codes is available in [LINKTYPES].¶
• Reserved (16 bits): not used - MUST be filled with 0 by pcapng file writers, and MUST be ignored by pcapng file readers.¶
• SnapLen (32 bits): an unsigned value indicating the maximum number of octets captured from each packet. The portion of each packet that exceeds this value will not be stored in the file. A value of zero indicates no limit.¶
• Options: optionally, a list of options (formatted according to the rules defined in Section 3.5) can be present.¶

In addition to the options defined in Section 3.5, the following options are valid within this block:¶

if_name:

The if_name option is a UTF-8 string containing the name of the device used to capture data. The string is not zero-terminated.¶

Examples: "eth0", "\Device\NPF_{AD1CE675-96D0-47C5-ADD0-2504B9126B68}".¶

if_description:

The if_description option is a UTF-8 string containing the description of the device used to capture data. The string is not zero-terminated.¶

Examples: "Wi-Fi", "Local Area Connection", "Wireless Network Connection", "First Ethernet Interface".¶

if_IPv4addr:

The if_IPv4addr option is an IPv4 network address and corresponding netmask for the interface. The first four octets are the IP address, and the next four octets are the netmask. This option can be repeated multiple times within the same Interface Description Block when multiple IPv4 addresses are assigned to the interface. Note that the IP address and netmask are both treated as four octets, one for each octet of the address or mask; they are not 32-bit numbers, and thus the endianness of the SHB does not affect this field's value.¶

Examples: '192 168 1 1 255 255 255 0'.¶

if_IPv6addr:

The if_IPv6addr option is an IPv6 network address and corresponding prefix length for the interface. The first 16 octets are the IP address and the next octet is the prefix length. This option can be repeated multiple times within the same Interface Description Block when multiple IPv6 addresses are assigned to the interface.¶

Example: 2001:0db8:85a3:08d3:1319:8a2e:0370:7344/64 is written (in hex) as '20 01 0d b8 85 a3 08 d3 13 19 8a 2e 03 70 73 44 40'.¶

if_MACaddr:

The if_MACaddr option is the Interface Hardware MAC address (48 bits), if available.¶

Example: '00 01 02 03 04 05'.¶

if_EUIaddr:

The if_EUIaddr option is the Interface Hardware EUI address (64 bits), if available.¶

Example: '02 34 56 FF FE 78 9A BC'.¶

if_speed:

The if_speed option is a 64-bit unsigned value indicating the interface speed, in bits per second.¶

Example: the 64-bit decimal number 100000000 for 100Mbps.¶

if_tsresol:

The if_tsresol option identifies the resolution of timestamps. If the Most Significant Bit is equal to zero, the remaining bits indicates the resolution of the timestamp as a negative power of 10 (e.g. 6 means microsecond resolution, timestamps are the number of microseconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC). If the Most Significant Bit is equal to one, the remaining bits indicates the resolution as negative power of 2 (e.g. 10 means 1/1024 of second). If this option is not present, a resolution of 10^-6 is assumed (i.e. timestamps have the same resolution of the standard 'libpcap' timestamps).¶

Example: '6'.¶

if_tzone:

The if_tzone option identifies the time zone for GMT support (TODO: specify better).¶

Example: TODO: give a good example.¶

if_filter:

The if_filter option identifies the filter (e.g. "capture only TCP traffic") used to capture traffic. The first octet of the Option Data keeps a code of the filter used (e.g. if this is a libpcap string, or BPF bytecode, and more). More details about this format will be presented in Appendix XXX (TODO). (TODO: better use different options for different fields? e.g. if_filter_pcap, if_filter_bpf, ...)¶

Example: '00'"tcp port 23 and host 192.0.2.5".¶

if_os:

The if_os option is a UTF-8 string containing the name of the operating system of the machine in which this interface is installed. This can be different from the same information that can be contained by the Section Header Block (Section 4.1) because the capture can have been done on a remote machine. The string is not zero-terminated.¶

Examples: "Windows XP SP2", "openSUSE 10.2".¶

if_fcslen:

The if_fcslen option is an 8-bit unsigned integer value that specifies the length of the Frame Check Sequence (in bits) for this interface. For link layers whose FCS length can change during time, the Enhanced Packet Block epb_flags Option can be used in each Enhanced Packet Block (see Section 4.3.1).¶

Example: '4'.¶

if_tsoffset:

The if_tsoffset option is a 64-bit signed integer value that specifies an offset (in seconds) that must be added to the timestamp of each packet to obtain the absolute timestamp of a packet. If the option is missing, the timestamps stored in the packet MUST be considered absolute timestamps. The time zone of the offset can be specified with the option if_tzone. TODO: won't a if_tsoffset_low for fractional second offsets be useful for highly synchronized capture systems?¶

Example: '1234'.¶

if_hardware:

The if_hardware option is a UTF-8 string containing the description of the interface hardware. The string is not zero-terminated.¶

Examples: "Broadcom NetXtreme", "Intel(R) PRO/1000 MT Network Connection", "NETGEAR WNA1000Mv2 N150 Wireless USB Micro Adapter".¶

if_txspeed:

The if_txrxspeeds option is a 64-bit unsigned value indicating the interface transmit speed in bits per second.¶

Example: the 64-bit decimal number 1024000 for 1024Kbps.¶

if_rxspeed:

The if_rxspeed option is a 64-bit unsigned value indicating the interface receive speed, in bits per second.¶

Example: the 64-bit decimal number 8192000 for 8192Kbps.¶

If the interface transmit speed and receive speed are the same, the if_speed option MUST be used and the if_txspeed and if_rxspeed options MUST NOT be used. If the transmit speed is unknown, the if_speed and if_txspeed options MUST NOT be used; if the receive speed is unknown, the if_speed and if_rxspeed options MUST NOT be used.¶

4.3. Enhanced Packet Block

An Enhanced Packet Block (EPB) is the standard container for storing the packets coming from the network. The Enhanced Packet Block is optional because packets can be stored either by means of this block or the Simple Packet Block, which can be used to speed up capture file generation; or a file may have no packets in it. The format of an Enhanced Packet Block is shown in Figure 11.¶

The Enhanced Packet Block is an improvement over the original, now obsolete, Packet Block (Appendix A):¶

• it stores the Interface Identifier as a 32-bit integer value. This is a requirement when a capture stores packets coming from a large number of interfaces;¶
• unlike the Packet Block (Appendix A), the number of packets dropped by the capture system between this packet and the previous one is not stored in the header, but rather in an option of the block itself.¶

                        1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 0 |                    Block Type = 0x00000006                    |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 4 |                      Block Total Length                       |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 8 |                         Interface ID                          |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
12 |                        Timestamp (High)                       |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
16 |                        Timestamp (Low)                        |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
20 |                    Captured Packet Length                     |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
24 |                    Original Packet Length                     |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
28 /                                                               /
   /                          Packet Data                          /
   /              variable length, padded to 32 bits               /
   /                                                               /
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   /                                                               /
   /                      Options (variable)                       /
   /                                                               /
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                      Block Total Length                       |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

The Enhanced Packet Block has the following fields:¶

• Block Type: The block type of the Enhanced Packet Block is 6.¶
• Block Total Length: total size of this block, as described in Section 3.1.¶
• Interface ID (32 bits): an unsigned value that specifies the interface on which this packet was received or transmitted; the correct interface will be the one whose Interface Description Block (within the current Section of the file) is identified by the same number (see Section 4.2) of this field. The interface ID MUST be valid, which means that an matching interface description block MUST exist.¶
• Timestamp (High) and Timestamp (Low): upper 32 bits and lower 32 bits of a 64-bit timestamp. The timestamp is a single 64-bit unsigned integer that represents the number of units of time that have elapsed since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC. The length of a unit of time is specified by the 'if_tsresol' option (see Figure 10) of the Interface Description Block referenced by this packet. Note that, unlike timestamps in the libpcap file format, timestamps in Enhanced Packet Blocks are not saved as two 32-bit values that represent the seconds and microseconds that have elapsed since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC. Timestamps in Enhanced Packet Blocks are saved as two 32-bit words that represent the upper and lower 32 bits of a single 64-bit quantity.¶
• Captured Packet Length (32 bits): an unsigned value that indicates the number of octets captured from the packet (i.e. the length of the Packet Data field). It will be the minimum value among the Original Packet Length and the snapshot length for the interface (SnapLen, defined in Figure 10). The value of this field does not include the padding octets added at the end of the Packet Data field to align the Packet Data field to a 32-bit boundary.¶
• Original Packet Length (32 bits): an unsigned value that indicates the actual length of the packet when it was transmitted on the network. It can be different from the Captured Packet Length if the packet has been truncated by the capture process.¶
• Packet Data: the data coming from the network, including link-layer headers. The actual length of this field is Captured Packet Length plus the padding to a 32-bit boundary. The format of the link-layer headers depends on the LinkType field specified in the Interface Description Block (see Section 4.2) and it is specified in the entry for that format in [LINKTYPES].¶
• Options: optionally, a list of options (formatted according to the rules defined in Section 3.5) can be present.¶

In addition to the options defined in Section 3.5, the following options are valid within this block:¶

epb_flags:

The epb_flags option is a 32-bit flags word containing link-layer information. A complete specification of the allowed flags can be found in Section 4.3.1.¶

Example: '0'.¶

epb_hash:

The epb_hash option contains a hash of the packet. The first octet specifies the hashing algorithm, while the following octets contain the actual hash, whose size depends on the hashing algorithm, and hence from the value in the first octet. The hashing algorithm can be: 2s complement (algorithm octet = 0, size = XXX), XOR (algorithm octet = 1, size=XXX), CRC32 (algorithm octet = 2, size = 4), MD-5 (algorithm octet = 3, size = 16), SHA-1 (algorithm octet = 4, size = 20), Toeplitz (algorithm octet = 5, size = 4). The hash covers only the packet, not the header added by the capture driver: this gives the possibility to calculate it inside the network card. The hash allows easier comparison/merging of different capture files, and reliable data transfer between the data acquisition system and the capture library.¶

Examples: '02 EC 1D 87 97', '03 45 6E C2 17 7C 10 1E 3C 2E 99 6E C2 9A 3D 50 8E'.¶

epb_dropcount:

The epb_dropcount option is a 64-bit unsigned integer value specifying the number of packets lost (by the interface and the operating system) between this packet and the preceding one for the same interface or, for the first packet for an interface, between this packet and the start of the capture process.¶

Example: '0'.¶

epb_packetid:

The epb_packetid option is a 64-bit unsigned integer that uniquely identifies the packet. If the same packet is seen by multiple interfaces and there is a way for the capture application to correlate them, the same epb_packetid value must be used. An example could be a router that captures packets on all its interfaces in both directions. When a packet hits interface A on ingress, an EPB entry gets created, TTL gets decremented, and right before it egresses on interface B another EPB entry gets created in the trace file. In this case, two packets are in the capture file, which are not identical but the epb_packetid can be used to correlate them.¶

Example: '0'.¶

epb_queue:

The epb_queue option is a 32-bit unsigned integer that identifies on which queue of the interface the specific packet was received.¶

Example: '0'.¶

epb_verdict:

The epb_verdict option stores a verdict of the packet. The verdict indicates what would be done with the packet after processing it. For example, a firewall could drop the packet. This verdict can be set by various components, i.e. Hardware, Linux's eBPF TC or XDP framework, etc. etc. The first octet specifies the verdict type, while the following octets contain the actual verdict data, whose size depends on the verdict type, and hence from the value in the first octet. The verdict type can be: Hardware (type octet = 0, size = variable), Linux_eBPF_TC (type octet = 1, size = 8 (64-bit unsigned integer), value = TC_ACT_* as defined in the Linux pck_cls.h include), Linux_eBPF_XDP (type octet = 2, size = 8 (64-bit unsigned integer), value = xdp_action as defined in the Linux pbf.h include).¶

Example: '02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 02' for Linux_eBPF_XDP with verdict XDP_PASS.¶

4.4. Simple Packet Block

The Simple Packet Block (SPB) is a lightweight container for storing the packets coming from the network. Its presence is optional.¶

A Simple Packet Block is similar to an Enhanced Packet Block (see Section 4.3), but it is smaller, simpler to process and contains only a minimal set of information. This block is preferred to the standard Enhanced Packet Block when performance or space occupation are critical factors, such as in sustained traffic capture applications. A capture file can contain both Enhanced Packet Blocks and Simple Packet Blocks: for example, a capture tool could switch from Enhanced Packet Blocks to Simple Packet Blocks when the hardware resources become critical.¶

The Simple Packet Block does not contain the Interface ID field. Therefore, it MUST be assumed that all the Simple Packet Blocks have been captured on the interface previously specified in the first Interface Description Block.¶

Figure 12 shows the format of the Simple Packet Block.¶

                        1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 0 |                    Block Type = 0x00000003                    |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 4 |                      Block Total Length                       |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 8 |                    Original Packet Length                     |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
12 /                                                               /
   /                          Packet Data                          /
   /              variable length, padded to 32 bits               /
   /                                                               /
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                      Block Total Length                       |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

The Simple Packet Block has the following fields:¶

• Block Type: The block type of the Simple Packet Block is 3.¶
• Block Total Length: total size of this block, as described in Section 3.1.¶
• Original Packet Length (32 bits): an unsigned value indicating the actual length of the packet when it was transmitted on the network. It can be different from length of the Packet Data field's length if the packet has been truncated by the capture process, in which case the SnapLen value in Section 4.2 will be less than this Original Packet Length value, and the SnapLen value MUST be used to determine the size of the Packet Data field length.¶
• Packet Data: the data coming from the network, including link-layer headers. The length of this field can be derived from the field Block Total Length, present in the Block Header, and it is the minimum value among the SnapLen (present in the Interface Description Block) and the Original Packet Length (present in this header). The format of the data within this Packet Data field depends on the LinkType field specified in the Interface Description Block (see Section 4.2) and it is specified in the entry for that format in [LINKTYPES].¶

The Simple Packet Block does not contain the timestamp because this is often one of the most costly operations on PCs. Additionally, there are applications that do not require it; e.g. an Intrusion Detection System is interested in packets, not in their timestamp.¶

A Simple Packet Block cannot be present in a Section that has more than one interface because of the impossibility to refer to the correct one (it does not contain any Interface ID field).¶

The Simple Packet Block is very efficient in term of disk space: a snapshot whose length is 100 octets requires only 16 octets of overhead, which corresponds to an efficiency of more than 86%.¶

4.5. Name Resolution Block

The Name Resolution Block (NRB) is used to support the correlation of numeric addresses (present in the captured packets) and their corresponding canonical names and it is optional. Having the literal names saved in the file prevents the need for performing name resolution at a later time, when the association between names and addresses may be different from the one in use at capture time. Moreover, the NRB avoids the need for issuing a lot of DNS requests every time the trace capture is opened, and also provides name resolution when reading the capture with a machine not connected to the network.¶

A Name Resolution Block is often placed at the beginning of the file, but no assumptions can be taken about its position. Multiple NRBs can exist in a pcapng file, either due to memory constraints or because additional name resolutions were performed by file processing tools, like network analyzers.¶

A Name Resolution Block need not contain any Records, except the nrb_record_end Record which MUST be the last Record. The addresses and names in NRB Records MAY be repeated multiple times; i.e., the same IP address may resolve to multiple names, the same name may resolve to the multiple IP addresses, and even the same address-to-name pair may appear multiple times, in the same NRB or across NRBs.¶

The format of the Name Resolution Block is shown in Figure 13.¶

                        1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 0 |                    Block Type = 0x00000004                    |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 4 |                      Block Total Length                       |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 8 |      Record Type              |      Record Value Length      |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
12 /                       Record Value                            /
   /              variable length, padded to 32 bits               /
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   .                                                               .
   .                  . . . other records . . .                    .
   .                                                               .
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |  Record Type = nrb_record_end |   Record Value Length = 0     |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   /                                                               /
   /                      Options (variable)                       /
   /                                                               /
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                      Block Total Length                       |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

The Name Resolution Block has the following fields:¶

• Block Type: The block type of the Name Resolution Block is 4.¶
• Block Total Length: total size of this block, as described in Section 3.1.¶

This is followed by zero or more Name Resolution Records (in the TLV format), each of which contains an association between a network address and a name. An nrb_record_end MUST be added after the last Record, and MUST exist even if there are no other Records in the NRB. There are currently three possible types of records:¶

nrb_record_end:

The nrb_record_end record delimits the end of name resolution records. This record is needed to determine when the list of name resolution records has ended and some options (if any) begin.¶

nrb_record_ipv4:

The nrb_record_ipv4 record specifies an IPv4 address (contained in the first 4 octets), followed by one or more zero-terminated UTF-8 strings containing the DNS entries for that address. The minimum valid Record Length for this Record Type is thus 6: 4 for the IP octets, 1 character, and a zero-value octet terminator. Note that the IP address is treated as four octets, one for each octet of the IP address; it is not a 32-bit word, and thus the endianness of the SHB does not affect this field's value.¶

Example: '127 0 0 1'"localhost".¶

[Open issue: is an empty string (i.e., just a zero-value octet) valid?]¶

nrb_record_ipv6:

The nrb_record_ipv6 record specifies an IPv6 address (contained in the first 16 octets), followed by one or more zero-terminated strings containing the DNS entries for that address. The minimum valid Record Length for this Record Type is thus 18: 16 for the IP octets, 1 character, and a zero-value octet terminator.¶

Example: '20 01 0d b8 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 12 34 56 78'"somehost".¶

[Open issue: is an empty string (i.e., just a zero-value octet) valid?]¶

Record Types other than those specified earlier MUST be ignored and skipped past. More Record Types will likely be defined in the future, and MUST NOT break backwards compatibility.¶

Each Record Value is aligned to and padded to a 32-bit boundary. The corresponding Record Value Length reflects the actual length of the Record Value; it does not include the lengths of the Record Type field, the Record Value Length field, any padding for the Record Value, or anything after the Record Value. For Record Types with name strings, the Record Length does include the zero-value octet terminating that string. A Record Length of 0 is valid, unless indicated otherwise.¶

After the list of Name Resolution Records, optionally, a list of options (formatted according to the rules defined in Section 3.5) can be present.¶

In addition to the options defined in Section 3.5, the following options are valid within this block:¶

ns_dnsname:

The ns_dnsname option is a UTF-8 string containing the name of the machine (DNS server) used to perform the name resolution. The string is not zero-terminated.¶

Example: "our_nameserver".¶

ns_dnsIP4addr:

The ns_dnsIP4addr option specifies the IPv4 address of the DNS server. Note that the IP address is treated as four octets, one for each octet of the IP address; it is not a 32-bit word, and thus the endianness of the SHB does not affect this field's value.¶

Example: '192 168 0 1'.¶

ns_dnsIP6addr:

The ns_dnsIP6addr option specifies the IPv6 address of the DNS server.¶

Example: '20 01 0d b8 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 12 34 56 78'.¶

4.6. Interface Statistics Block

The Interface Statistics Block (ISB) contains the capture statistics for a given interface and it is optional. The statistics are referred to the interface defined in the current Section identified by the Interface ID field. An Interface Statistics Block is normally placed at the end of the file, but no assumptions can be taken about its position - it can even appear multiple times for the same interface.¶

The format of the Interface Statistics Block is shown in Figure 14.¶

                        1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 0 |                   Block Type = 0x00000005                     |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 4 |                      Block Total Length                       |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 8 |                         Interface ID                          |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
12 |                        Timestamp (High)                       |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
16 |                        Timestamp (Low)                        |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
20 /                                                               /
   /                      Options (variable)                       /
   /                                                               /
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                      Block Total Length                       |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

The fields have the following meaning:¶

• Block Type: The block type of the Interface Statistics Block is 5.¶
• Block Total Length: total size of this block, as described in Section 3.1.¶
• Interface ID: specifies the interface these statistics refers to; the correct interface will be the one whose Interface Description Block (within the current Section of the file) is identified by same number (see Section 4.2) of this field.¶
• Timestamp: time this statistics refers to. The format of the timestamp is the same already defined in the Enhanced Packet Block (Section 4.3); the length of a unit of time is specified by the 'if_tsresol' option (see Figure 10) of the Interface Description Block referenced by this packet.¶
• Options: optionally, a list of options (formatted according to the rules defined in Section 3.5) can be present.¶

All the statistic fields are defined as options in order to deal with systems that do not have a complete set of statistics. Therefore, In addition to the options defined in Section 3.5, the following options are valid within this block:¶

isb_starttime:

The isb_starttime option specifies the time the capture started; time will be stored in two blocks of four octets each. The format of the timestamp is the same as the one defined in the Enhanced Packet Block (Section 4.3); the length of a unit of time is specified by the 'if_tsresol' option (see Figure 10) of the Interface Description Block referenced by this packet.¶

Example: '96 c3 04 00 73 89 6a 65', in Little Endian, decodes to 2012-06-29 06:17:00.834163 UTC.¶

isb_endtime:

The isb_endtime option specifies the time the capture ended; time will be stored in two blocks of four octets each. The format of the timestamp is the same as the one defined in the Enhanced Packet Block (Section 4.3); the length of a unit of time is specified by the 'if_tsresol' option (see Figure 10) of the Interface Description Block referenced by this packet.¶

Example: '97 c3 04 00 aa 47 ca 64', in Little Endian, decodes to 2012-06-29 07:28:25.298858 UTC.¶

isb_ifrecv:

The isb_ifrecv option specifies the 64-bit unsigned integer number of packets received from the physical interface starting from the beginning of the capture.¶

Example: the decimal number 100.¶

isb_ifdrop:

The isb_ifdrop option specifies the 64-bit unsigned integer number of packets dropped by the interface due to lack of resources starting from the beginning of the capture.¶

Example: '0'.¶

isb_filteraccept:

The isb_filteraccept option specifies the 64-bit unsigned integer number of packets accepted by filter starting from the beginning of the capture.¶

Example: the decimal number 100.¶

isb_osdrop:

The isb_osdrop option specifies the 64-bit unsigned integer number of packets dropped by the operating system starting from the beginning of the capture.¶

Example: '0'.¶

isb_usrdeliv:

The isb_usrdeliv option specifies the 64-bit unsigned integer number of packets delivered to the user starting from the beginning of the capture. The value contained in this field can be different from the value 'isb_filteraccept - isb_osdrop' because some packets could still be in the OS buffers when the capture ended.¶

Example: '0'.¶

All the fields that refer to packet counters are 64-bit values, represented with the octet order of the current section. Special care must be taken in accessing these fields: since all the blocks are aligned to a 32-bit boundary, such fields are not guaranteed to be aligned on a 64-bit boundary.¶

4.7. systemd Journal Export Block

The systemd Journal Export Block is a lightweight container for systemd Journal Export Format entry data.¶

One of the primary components of the systemd System and Service Manager is the "Journal", a message logging system that uses arrays of key-value pairs. Journal entries are stored in a database-like file on disk but can be serialized to easily parseable "Journal Export Format" data or to a JSON object. The block described here is limited to Journal Export Format data only.¶

A systemd Journal Export Block contains a single systemd Journal Export Format entry. Each entry MUST contain a __REALTIME_TIMESTAMP= field. If a timestamp for the block is required it can be derived from this field. Each entry MUST be zero-padded to 32 bits. Although the primary use of this block is intended for importing data from systemd, it could potentially be used to include arbitrary key-value data in a capture file.¶

Figure 15 shows the format of the Journal Export Block.¶

                        1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 0 |                    Block Type = 0x00000009                    |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 4 |                      Block Total Length                       |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 8 /                                                               /
   /                         Journal Entry                         /
   /              variable length, padded to 32 bits               /
   /                                                               /
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                      Block Total Length                       |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

The systemd Journal Export Block has the following fields:¶

• Block Type: The block type of the Journal Export Block is 9.¶
• Block Total Length: total size of this block, as described in Section 3.1.¶
• Journal Entry: A journal entry as described in the Journal Export Format documentation. Entries consist of a series of field names followed by text or binary field data. Common field names can be found in the systemd.journal-fields documentation. The __REALTIME_TIMESTAMP= field MUST be present and valid as described above. Entries are not guaranteed to be a multiple of four octets and must be zero-padded. This allows the length of the entry to be determined by finding the last non-zero octet in the Journal Entry data. An entry may contain an entry separator (trailing newline) as described in the Journal Export Format specification¶

4.8. Decryption Secrets Block

A Decryption Secrets Block (DSB) stores (session) secrets that enable decryption of packets within the capture file. The format of these secrets is defined by the Secrets Type.¶

Multiple DSBs can exist in a pcapng file, but they SHOULD be written before packet blocks that require those secrets. Tools MAY limit decryption to secrets that appear before packet blocks.¶

The structure of a Decryption Secrets Block is shown in Figure 16.¶

                        1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 0 |                   Block Type = 0x0000000A                     |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 4 |                      Block Total Length                       |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 8 |                          Secrets Type                         |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
12 |                         Secrets Length                        |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
16 /                                                               /
   /                          Secrets Data                         /
   /              (variable length, padded to 32 bits)             /
   /                                                               /
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   /                                                               /
   /                       Options (variable)                      /
   /                                                               /
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   /                       Block Total Length                      /
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

The Decryption Secrets Block has the following fields.¶

• Block Type: The block type of the Decryption Secrets Block is 10.¶
• Block Total Length: total size of this block, as described in Section 3.1.¶
• Secrets Type (32 bits): an unsigned integer identifier that describes the format of the following Secrets field. Requests for new Secrets Type codes should be made by creating a pull request to update this document as described in Section 11.1.¶
• Secrets Length (32 bits): an unsigned integer that indicates the size of the following Secrets field, without any padding octets.¶
• Secrets Data: binary data containing secrets, padded to a 32 bit boundary.¶
• Options: optionally, a list of options (formatted according to the rules defined in Section 3.5) can be present. No DSB-specific options are currently defined.¶

The following is a list of Secrets Types.¶

0x544c534b:

TLS Key Log. This format is described at NSS Key Log Format. Every line MUST be properly terminated with either carriage return and linefeed ('\r\n') or linefeed ('\n'). Tools MUST be able to handle both line endings.¶

0x57474b4c:

WireGuard Key Log. Every line consists of the key type, equals sign ('='), and the base64-encoded 32-byte key with optional spaces before and in between. The key type is one of LOCAL_STATIC_PRIVATE_KEY, REMOTE_STATIC_PUBLIC_KEY, LOCAL_EPHEMERAL_PRIVATE_KEY, or PRESHARED|_KEY. This matches the output of extract-handshakes.sh, which is part of the WireGuard project. A PRESHARED_KEY line is linked to a session matched by a previous LOCAL_EPHEMERAL_PRIVATE_KEY line. Every line MUST be properly terminated with either carriage return and linefeed ('\r\n') or linefeed ('\n'). Tools MUST be able to handle both line endings.¶

Warning: LOCAL_STATIC_PRIVATE_KEY and potentially PRESHARED_KEY are long-term secrets, users SHOULD only store non-production keys, or ensure proper protection of the pcapng file.¶

0x5a4e574b:

ZigBee NWK Key and ZigBee PANID for that network. Network Key as described in the ZigBee Specification 05-3473-21 (R21) section 4.2.2. The NWK Key is a 16 octet binary AES-128 key used to secure NWK Level frames within a single PAN. The NWK key is immediately followed by the 2 octet (16 bit) network PANID in little endian format. If and when the NWK Key changes a new DSB will contain the new NWK Key.¶

0x5a415053:

ZigBee APS Key. Application Support Link Key as described in the ZigBee Specification 05-3473-21 (R21) section 4.4. Each 16 octet binary AES-128 key secures frames exchanged between a pair of network nodes. The APS Key is immediately followed by the 2 octet (16 bit) network PANID in little endian format. The PANID is followed by the 2 octet (16 bit) short addresses, in little endian format, of the nodes to which the APS Key applies. The numerically lower short address shall come first. There is a APS Key DSB for each node pair for which the Link Key is known. As new links are formed, new DSBs contain the new Keys. If the APS Key changes for an existing link, it is contained in a new DSB with the new APS Key.¶

   0                   1                   2                   3
   0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +---------------------------------------------------------------+
 0 |                   Block Type = 0x0000000A                     |
   +---------------------------------------------------------------+
 4 |                      Block Total Length                       |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 8 |                  Secrets Type = 0x5a4e574b                    |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
12 |                         Secrets Length                        |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
16 |                            AES-128                            |
   |                            NKW Key                            |
   |                          (16 octets)                          |
   |                           (128 bits)                          |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
32 |          PAN ID               |           padding (0)         |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
36 /                                                               /
   /                       Options (variable)                      /
   /                                                               /
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   /                       Block Total Length                      /
   +---------------------------------------------------------------+

   0                   1                   2                   3
   0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +---------------------------------------------------------------+
 0 |                   Block Type = 0x0000000A                     |
   +---------------------------------------------------------------+
 4 |                      Block Total Length                       |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 8 |                  Secrets Type = 0x5a415053                    |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
12 |                         Secrets Length                        |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
16 |                            AES-128                            |
   |                            APS Key                            |
   |                          (16 octets)                          |
   |                           (128 bits)                          |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
32 |           PAN ID              |     Low Node Short Address    |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
36 |    High Node Short Address    |         padding (0)           |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
40 /                                                               /
   /                       Options (variable)                      /
   /                                                               /
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   /                       Block Total Length                      /
   +---------------------------------------------------------------+

4.9. Custom Block

A Custom Block (CB) is the container for storing custom data that is not part of another block; for storing custom data as part of another block, see Section 3.5.1. The Custom Block is optional, can be repeated any number of times, and can appear before or after any other block except the first Section Header Block which must come first in the file. Different Custom Blocks, of different type codes and/or different Private Enterprise Numbers, may be used in the same pcapng file. The format of a Custom Block is shown in Figure 19.¶

                        1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 0 |             Block Type = 0x00000BAD or 0x40000BAD             |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 4 |                      Block Total Length                       |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 8 |                Private Enterprise Number (PEN)                |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
12 /                                                               /
   /                          Custom Data                          /
   /              variable length, padded to 32 bits               /
   /                                                               /
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   /                                                               /
   /                      Options (variable)                       /
   /                                                               /
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                      Block Total Length                       |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

The Custom Block uses the type code 0x00000BAD (2989 in decimal) for a custom block that pcapng re-writers can copy into new files, and the type code 0x40000BAD (1073744813 in decimal) for one that should not be copied. See Section 6.2 for details.¶

The Custom Block has the following fields:¶

• Block Type: The block type of the Custom Block is 0x00000BAD or 0x40000BAD, as described previously.¶
• Block Total Length: total size of this block, as described in Section 3.1.¶
• Private Enterprise Number (32 bits): An IANA-assigned Private Enterprise Number identifying the organization which defined the Custom Block. See Section 6.1 for details. The PEN MUST be encoded using the same endianness as the Section Header Block it is within the scope of.¶
• Custom Data: the custom data, padded to a 32 bit boundary.¶
• Options: optionally, a list of options (formatted according to the rules defined in Section 3.5) can be present. Note that custom options for the Custom Block still use the custom option format and type code, as described in Section 3.5.1.¶

5.1. Alternative Packet Blocks (experimental)

Can some other packet blocks (besides the ones described in the previous paragraphs) be useful?¶

5.2. Compression Block (experimental)

The Compression Block is optional. A file can contain an arbitrary number of these blocks. A Compression Block, as the name says, is used to store compressed data. Its format is shown in Figure 20.¶

                        1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 0 |                        Block Type = ?                         |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 4 |                      Block Total Length                       |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 8 |  Compr. Type  |                                               /
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+                                               /
   /                                                               /
   /                       Compressed Data                         /
   /                                                               /
   /  variable length, octet-aligned and padded to end on a 32-bit /
   /                         boundary                              /
   /                                                               /
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                      Block Total Length                       |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

The fields have the following meaning:¶

• Block Type: The block type of the Compression Block is not yet assigned.¶
• Block Total Length: total size of this block, as described in Section 3.1.¶
• Compression Type (8 bits): an unsigned value that specifies the compression algorithm. Possible values for this field are 0 (uncompressed), 1 (Lempel-Ziv), 2 (Gzip), other?? Probably some kind of dumb and fast compression algorithm could be effective with some types of traffic (for example web), but which?¶
• Compressed Data: data of this block. Once decompressed, it is made of other blocks.¶

5.3. Encryption Block (experimental)

The Encryption Block is optional. A file can contain an arbitrary number of these blocks. An Encryption Block is used to store encrypted data. Its format is shown in Figure 21.¶

                        1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 0 |                        Block Type = ?                         |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 4 |                      Block Total Length                       |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 8 |   Encr. Type  |                                               /
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+                                               /
   /                                                               /
   /                       Encrypted Data                          /
   /                                                               /
   /                 variable length, octet-aligned                /
   /                                                               /
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                      Block Total Length                       |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

The fields have the following meaning:¶

• Block Type: The block type of the Encryption Block is not yet assigned.¶
• Block Total Length: total size of this block, as described in Section 3.1.¶
• Encryption Type (8 bits): an unsigned value that specifies the encryption algorithm. Possible values for this field are ??? (TODO) NOTE: this block should probably contain other fields, depending on the encryption algorithm. To be defined precisely.¶
• Encrypted Data: data of this block. Once decrypted, it originates other blocks.¶

5.4. Fixed Length Block (experimental)

The Fixed Length Block is optional. A file can contain an arbitrary number of these blocks. A Fixed Length Block can be used to optimize the access to the file. Its format is shown in Figure 22. A Fixed Length Block stores records with constant size. It contains a set of Blocks (normally Enhanced Packet Blocks or Simple Packet Blocks), of which it specifies the size. Knowing this size a priori helps to scan the file and to load some portions of it without truncating a block, and is particularly useful with cell-based networks like ATM.¶

                        1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 0 |                        Block Type = ?                         |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 4 |                      Block Total Length                       |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 8 |          Cell Size            |                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+                               /
   /                                                               /
   /                        Fixed Size Data                        /
   /                                                               /
   /                 variable length, octet-aligned                /
   /                                                               /
   /                                                               /
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                      Block Total Length                       |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

The fields have the following meaning:¶

• Block Type: The block type of the Fixed Length Block is not yet assigned.¶
• Block Total Length: total size of this block, as described in Section 3.1.¶
• Cell size (16 bits): an unsigned value that indicates the size of the blocks contained in the data field.¶
• Fixed Size Data: data of this block.¶

5.5. Directory Block (experimental)

If present, this block contains the following information:¶

• number of indexed packets (N)¶
• table with position and length of any indexed packet (N entries)¶

A directory block MUST be followed by at least N packets, otherwise it MUST be considered invalid. It can be used to efficiently load portions of the file to memory and to support operations on memory mapped files. This block can be added by tools like network analyzers as a consequence of file processing.¶

5.6. Traffic Statistics and Monitoring Blocks (experimental)

One or more blocks could be defined to contain network statistics or traffic monitoring information. They could be use to store data collected from RMON or Netflow probes, or from other network monitoring tools.¶

5.7. Event/Security Block (experimental)

This block could be used to store events. Events could contain generic information (for example network load over 50%, server down...) or security alerts. An event could be:¶

• skipped, if the application doesn't know how to do with it¶
• processed independently by the packets. In other words, the applications skips the packets and processes only the alerts¶
• processed in relation to packets: for example, a security tool could load only the packets of the file that are near a security alert; a monitoring tool could skip the packets captured while the server was down.¶

6.1. Supported Use-Cases

There are two different supported use-cases for vendor-specific custom extensions: local and portable. Local use means the custom data is only expected to be usable on the same machine, and the same application, which encoded it into the file. This limitation is due to the lack of a common registry for the local use number codes (the block or option type code numbers with the Most Significant Bit set). Since two different vendors may choose the same number, one vendor's application reading the other vendor's file would result in decoding failure. Therefore, vendors SHOULD instead use the portable method, as described next.¶

The portable use-case supports vendor-specific custom extensions in pcapng files which can be shared across systems, organizations, etc. To avoid number space collisions, an IANA-registered Private Enterprise Number (PEN) is encoded into the Custom Block or Custom Option, using the PEN number that belongs to the vendor defining the extension. Anyone can register a new PEN with IANA, for free, by filling out the online request form at http://pen.iana.org/pen/PenApplication.page.¶

6.2. Controlling Copy Behavior

Both Custom Blocks and Custom Options support two different codes to distinguish their "copy" behavior: a code for when the block or option can be safely copied into a new pcapng file by a pcapng manipulating application, and a code for when it should not be copied. A common reason for not copying a Custom Block or Custom Option is because it depends on other blocks or options in some way that would invalidate the custom data if the other blocks/options were removed or re-ordered. For example, if a Custom Block's data includes an Interface ID number in its Custom Data portion, then it cannot be safely copied by a pcapng application that merges pcapng files, because the merging application might re-order or remove one or more of the Interface Description Blocks, and thereby change the Interface IDs that the Custom Block depends upon. The same issue arises if a Custom Block or Custom Option depends on the presence of, or specific ordering of, other standard-based or custom-defined blocks or options.¶

Note that the copy semantics is not related to privacy - there is no guarantee that a pcapng anonymizer will remove a Custom Block or Custom Option, even if the appropriate code is used requesting it not be copied; and the original pcapng file can be shared anyway. If the Custom Data portion of the Custom Block or Custom Option contains sensitive information, then it should be encrypted in some fashion.¶

6.3. Strings vs. Octets

For the Custom Options, there are two Custom Data formats supported: a UTF-8 string and a binary data payload. The rationale for this separation is that a pcapng display application which does not understand the specific PEN's Custom Option can still display the data as a string if it's a string type code, rather than as hex-ascii of the octets.¶

6.4. Endianness Issues

Implementers writing Custom Blocks or Custom Options should be aware that a pcapng file can be re-written by machines using a different endianness than the original file, which means all known fields of the pcapng file will change endianness in the new file. Since the Custom Data payload of the Custom Block or Custom Option might be an arbitrary sequence of unknown octets to such machines, they cannot convert multi-octet values inside the Custom Data into the appropriate endianness.¶

For example, a little-endian machine can create a new pcapng file and add some binary data Custom Options to some Block(s) in the file. This file can then be sent to a big-endian host, which will convert it to big-endian format if it re-writes the file. It will, however, leave the Custom Data payload alone (as little-endian format). If this file then gets sent back to the little-endian machine, then when that little-endian machine reads the file it will detect the format is big- endian, and swap the endianness while it parses the file - but that will cause the Custom Data payload to be incorrect since it was already in little-endian format.¶

Therefore, the vendor should either encode all of their fields in a consistent manner, such as always in big-endian or always little-endian format, regardless of the host platform's endianness, or should encode some flag in the Custom Data payload to indicate in which endianness the rest of the payload is written.¶

11.1. Standardized Block Type Codes

Every Block is uniquely identified by a 32-bit integer value, stored in the Block Header.¶

As pointed out in Section 3.1, Block Type codes whose Most Significant Bit (bit 31) is set to 1 are reserved for local use by the application.¶

All the remaining Block Type codes (0x00000000 to 0x7FFFFFFF) are standardized by this document. Requests for new Block Type codes, Option Type codes, and Secrets Type codes should be made by creating a pull request to update this document at github.com/pcapng/pcapng. The pull request should add a description of the new block, option, or secret type to Section 4. The pull request description should contain a clear request for a new type code assignment.¶

The following is a list of the Standardized Block Type Codes:¶

[Open issue: reserve 0x40000000-0x7FFFFFFF for do-not-copy-bit range of base types?]¶