| Internet-Draft | YADA-YATT | April 2022 |
| Thubert | Expires 9 October 2022 | [Page] |
This document provides a stepwise migration between IPv4 and IPv6 with baby steps from an IPv4-only stack/gateway/ISP to an IPv6-only version, that allows portions of the nodes and of the networks to remain IPv4, and reduces the need for dual stack and CG NATs between participating nodes. A first mechanism named YADA to augment the capacity of the current IPv4 Internet by interconnecting IPv4 realms via a common footprint called the shaft. YADA extends RFC 1122 with the support of an IP-in-IP format used to forward the packet between parallel IPv4 realms. This document also provides a stateless address and IP header translation between YADA and IPv6 called YATT and extends RFC 4291 for the YATT format. The YADA and YATT formats are interchangeable, and the stateless translation can take place as a bump in the stack at either end, or within the network at any router. This enables an IPv6-only stack to dialog with an IPv4-only stack across a network that can be IPv6, IPv4, or mixed. YATT requires that the IPv6 stack owns a prefix that derives from a YADA address and that the IPv4 stack in a different realm is capable of YADA, so it does not replace a generic 4 to 6 translation mechanism for any v6 to any v4.¶
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At the time of this writing, the transition to IPv6 started 20 years ago and large amounts of networks, hosts, and programs, are still IPv4-only. The IPv4 and IPv6 camps are quite entrenched, and there's no indication that things will change any time soon.¶
During that endless transition, stacks must implements both protocols (aka dual stack) and a mechanism to use either based on the responsiveness (Happy Eyeballs). Service Providers must implement heavy weaponry called Carrier-Grade Network Address Translators (CG-NATs) to translate between protocols between legacy IPv4-only and IPv6-only stacks, and tunneling techniques such as DS-Lite and 464XLAT to traverse portions of the network that support only one of the IP versions. This means both CAPEX to install dual stack infrastructures and NAT devices and OPEX to maintain them. The current situation is often qualified as the worst of both worlds and any indications is that it's here to stay, till each side suffered enough and is ready for a compromise.¶
This document prepares for that time where the players will effectively be ready for a compromise. An acceptable compromise must provide both sides with way to remain as long as desired, while eliminating the need for dual stack and CG-NATs between participating nodes. Certainly, an effort must be asked on each side to reduce the chasm, and that effort must come with enough benefits to effectively encourage a majority of interested parties to make the step.¶
Yet Another Double Address (YADA) refers to effort that is asked from the IPv4 side to support a new IP-in-IP model. YADA extends [INT-ARCHI] with the support of an IP-in-IP format used to forward the packet between parallel IPv4 realms. The proposed benefit is a thousandfold increase of the IPv4-addressable domain by building parallel realms each potentially the size of the current Internet. Only the stacks that need to talk to a parallel realm need to evolve. Routing and forwarding can remain IPv4-only with the same operations as today, though new routers with YADA capabilities must be deployed to route between realms.¶
Yet Another Translation Technique (YATT) refers to an effort to be made by the IPv6 side to support a new IPv6 Prefix with special properties, which impacts in particular source address selection (SAS). YATT extends [IPv6-ADDRESSING] for the YATT format. The proposed benefit is a prefix (say /32) per realm and a prefix (say /64) per host in the realm. This address space may for instance become handy for load balancing between physical servers / VMs / pods that operate a service associated with the virtual server that owns the host prefix.¶
The YADA and YATT formats are interchangeable, which means that the translation is stateless and can take place as a bump in the stack at either end or can be operated at line rate anywhere in the network by an upgraded hardware. The routers that connect the shaft also perform a stateless operation that can be achieved at line rate by upgraded hardware. This is how the chasm between IPv4 and IPv6 can be reduced, removing the need to deploy dual stack and CG-NATs between participating nodes.¶
This document provides a stepwise migration between IPv4 and IPv6 with baby steps from an IPv4-only stack/gateway/ISP to YADA to YATT to an IPv6-only version. The migration strategy allows portions of the nodes and of the networks to remain IPv4. This enables an IPv6-only stack to dialog with an IPv4-only stack across a network that can be IPv6, IPv4, or mixed.¶
YATT requires that the IPv6 stack owns a prefix that derives from a YADA address associated to a realm, even if there's absolutely no IPv4 operation taking place in that realm. The resulting connectivity without dual stack and CG-NAT is as follows:¶
Connectivity between an IPv4-only node and an IPv6-only node, or between an IPv4-only node and a YADA node in different realm, still requires a CG-NATs as of today, e.g., using the YATT format for the IPv6 side in an unmodified CG-NAT.¶
This document often uses the following new terms:¶
This document provides a stepwise migration between IPv4 and IPv6 with baby steps from an IPv4-only stack/gateway/ISP to an IPv6-only version. The baby steps reduce the gap between the only versions and teh associated need for dual stack and CG-NATs.¶
The first step called YADA uses IPv4-only signaling. The second step called Yet Another Translation Technique (YATT) offers an IPv6-only signaling that is interchangeable with YADA, so any router or stack may turn one into the other, allowing the stack or the link to be one version only. A YADA-enabled IPv4 stack can thus talk to a YATT-enabled IPv6 stack with neither CG-NATs nor dual stack network in between, but a stack that is not aware of this specification will still need a traditional NAT approach to communicate.¶
The effort in this specification is to provide enough value / incentive for an IPv4-only stack/gateway/ISP to make the step towards YADA, as a push towards IPv6, and for an IPv6-only stack to support YATT on top to pull IPv4 space in IPv6, with a low barrier for making the baby step. For IPv4, going YADA expands the size/reach of the Internet, and allows multiple parties to build their own IPv4 realm, with control of interconnection with other realms. For an IPv6 node, supporting YATT provides connectivity to the YADA world, and automatically assigns a prefix in the node.¶
This first mechanism called YADA allows to grow the Internet beyond the current IPv4 [IPv4] realm that limits its capacity to form public addresses. Depending on the assignments to be made, the model allows to reuse all IP addresses and all Autonomous System Number (ASN) currently available in the internet hundreds to millions of times. This is achieved by interconnecting IPv4 realms via a common footprint called the shaft.¶
In the analogy of a building, the ground floor would be the Internet, and each additional floor would be another IPv4 realm. The same surface of floor is available in each level, analog to the full IPv4 addressing that is available in each realm. The same footprint is dedicated across the building levels for the elevator shaft. The elevator shaft enables a third dimension that spans across the levels and allows to traverse from any level to any other level. The elevator shaft cannot be used for living or office space.¶
/------------------------------------------------------
/ /
/ |------------| realm 1 /
/ /. /. /
/ / . shaft / . (current IPv4 Internet) /
/ |------------| . /
/ . . . . /
------------------------------------------------------/
| . | |
/-----|------------|--|--------------------------------
/ | . | | /
/ | |---------|--| realm 2 /
/ | /. | /. /
/ |/ . shaft |/ . /
/ |------------| . /
/ . . . . /
------------------------------------------------------/
| . | |
| . | |
| | .
| | .
. . |
. . |
| . | |
/-----|------------|--|--------------------------------
/ | . | | /
/ | |---------|--| realm N /
/ | / | / /
/ |/ shaft |/ /
/ |------------| /
/ /
------------------------------------------------------/
By analogy, YADA assigns IPv4 prefixes to a multinternet shaft; those prefixes are common across the realms that are interconnected by the shaft. A single /24 IPv4 prefix assigned allows for > 250 times the capacity of the Internet as we know it at the time of this writing. Multiple prefixes can be assigned to the shaft for unicast and multicast communications, and each realm needs at least one unicast address in the shaft called its realm address. A YADA address is formed by the tuple (realm address, IPv4 address) and is advertised in DNS as a new double-A record.¶
YADA leverages IP-in-IP encapsulation to tunnel packets across the shaft while normal IPv4 operations happen within a realm. YADA requires a change in the stack in the YADA endpoints that communicate with other realms to support the IP-in-IP YADA encapsulation. YADA also provides a bump in the stack method for legacy applications. More in Section 6.¶
A second mechanism called YATT translates the YADA format into flat IPv6 [IPv6]. While a YADA address pair can be seen as some foot print in one level, the YATT prefix encompasses that same foot print plus all the air above it. For unicast addresses, YATT forms an IPv6 prefix by collating an well-known assigned short prefix, the realm address (in the shaft), and the host IPv4 address (locally significant within the realm). The resulting IPv6 prefix is automatically owned by the host that owns the IPv4 address in the realm. YATT then forms an IPv6 address for that host by collating a well-known Interface ID, so there's a one-to-one relationship between the YADA and the IPv6 address derived from it. More in Section 7.¶
A key concept for this specification is that YADA (the IPv4 formulation) and YATT (the IPv6 formulation) represent the same thing. YADA uses IPv4 formats as plain IP-in-IP with no new extension. YATT uses IPv6 format with the IPv4 addresses encoded on the prefix. The formats are interchangeable, and a router can convert one to another as the packet flows over a next-hop link that can only carry the other address family.¶
YADA extends [INT-ARCHI] to add the capability for an IPv4 host to recognize an special IP-in-IP format as an inter-realm IPv4 packet and process it accordingly. It also adds a new DNS double-A record format that denotes a YADA address.¶
YATT extends [IPv6-ADDRESSING] to add the capability for an IPv4 host to recognize an special IPv6 format as an YATT address embedding a YADA address and process it accordingly. It also automatically derives the ownership of the YATT prefix associated to a owned YADA address.¶
YADA assigns IPv4 prefixes to a multinternet shaft; those prefixes must be the same across all the realms that are interconnected by the shaft. Multiple prefixes can be assigned to the shaft for unicast and multicast communications, and each realm needs at least one unicast address in the shaft called its realm address. A YADA address is formed by the tuple (realm address, IPv4 address) and is advertised in DNS as a new double-A record. Because the YADA prefixes are assigned for YADA, a packet that has either source or destination IPV4 address derived from a shaft prefix is a YADA packet.¶
YADA leverages IP-in-IP encapsulation to tunnel packets across the shaft for inter-realm communications, while the IPv4 operations within a realm are unaffected. The YADA address is found by using both inner and outer header and combining that information. The pair of IP headers is seen by a YADA stack as a single larger header though a non-YADA forwarder only needs the outer header and plain IPv4 operations on the outer IPv4 header to forward.¶
YADA requires a change in the stack in the YADA endpoints that communicate with other realms to support the YADA encapsulation. YADA also provides a bump in the stack method for legacy applications. A stack that resolve a DNS name with a double-A record indicating a different realm generates an IP-in-IP packet to signal both the source and destination realms and the source and destination IPv4 addresses within the respective realms.¶
Inside the source realm, the outer IPv4 header indicates the node's IPv4 address as source, to remain topologically correct, and the local realm address as source in the inner header, as shown in Figure 2¶
<----------------------------- 20 bytes ----------------------------> +------------ ... ------------+-----------------+-------------------+ | IPv4 header fields | Source node | destination realm | | (outer) | IPv4 Address | IPv4 Address | +------------ ... ------------+-----------------+-------------------+ | IPv4 header fields | Source realm | destination node | | (inner) | IPv4 Address | IPv4 Address | +------------ ... ------------+-----------------+-------------------+ . Options . +------------ ... --------------------------------------------------+ | | . Data . | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------+
YADA also requires a change for the routers that serve the shaft. Those routers play a special role for packets that are delivered from the shaft to the destination realm, and for ICMP errors across realms. All other IPv4 nodes in the realm continue to operate routing and forwarding as before.¶
Routers serving the shaft advertise the shaft prefix(es) in their respective realms, and their realm addresses within the shaft, as host routes for unicast and anycast addresses.¶
Inside the source realm, the IPv4 destination in the outer header is an address is the shaft and it is attracted by a router that serves the shaft in the source realm. The packet source in the outer header is the address of the source node in the local realm, so the packet does not defeat BCP 38 rules in the ISP network, as shown in Figure 3.¶
| |
/------|------------|---------------------------------
/ | | /
/ | | | | /
/ | |--------|---| Source Node /
/ | / | / /
/ | /. <--|---- outer(src=src-addr /
/ |/ . |/ . dst=dst-realm) /
/ |------------| . inner(src=src-realm /
/ . . . . dst=dst-addr) /
/ . . . . /
/ . . . . /
-----------------------------------------------------/
| | |
| |
| |
When the packet reaches the shaft, the router that serves the shaft swaps the inner and outer source IPv4 address, so the packet remains topologically correct inside the shaft, as shown in Figure 4.¶
<----------------------------- 20 bytes ----------------------------> +------------ ... ------------+-----------------+-------------------+ | IPv4 header fields | Source realm | destination realm | | (outer) | IPv4 Address | IPv4 Address | +------------ ... ------------+-----------------+-------------------+ | IPv4 header fields | Source node | destination node | | (inner) | IPv4 Address | IPv4 Address | +------------ ... ------------+-----------------+-------------------+ . Options . +------------ ... --------------------------------------------------+ | | . Data . | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------+
Based on longest match, the router forwards the packet inside the shaft following the host route to a router that serves the destination realm, as shown in Figure 5.¶
| |
/------|------------|---------------------------------
/ | | /
/ | | | | /
/ | |--------|---| Source Node /
/ | / | / /
/ | /. + | / outer(src=src-realm /
/ |/ . | |/ . dst=dst-realm) /
/ |------------| . inner(src=src-addr /
/ . . | . . dst=dst-addr) /
/ . . | . . /
/ . . | . . /
-----------------------------------------------------/
| | | |
| | | forwarded unchanged
| | | down the shaft
v
That router swaps the destination address in the inner and outer headers and forwards within its realm to the final destination, as shown in Figure 6.¶
<----------------------------- 20 bytes ----------------------------> +------------ ... ------------+-----------------+-------------------+ | IPv4 header fields | Source realm | destination node | | (outer) | IPv4 Address | IPv4 Address | +------------ ... ------------+-----------------+-------------------+ | IPv4 header fields | Source node | destination realm | | (inner) | IPv4 Address | IPv4 Address | +------------ ... ------------+-----------------+-------------------+ . Options . +------------ ... --------------------------------------------------+ | | . Data . | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------+
In normal conditions, the stack of the destination node recognizes the YADA format and replies accordingly.¶
|
| | |
| | |
/------|----|-------|---------------------------------
/ | | | | | /
/ | | | | | /
/ | |----|---|---| Destination Node /
/ | / | | / /
/ | /. +---|----> outer(src=src-realm /
/ |/ . |/ . dst=dst-addr) /
/ |------------| . inner(src=src-addr /
/ . . . . dst=realm-addr) /
/ . . . . /
/ . . . . /
-----------------------------------------------------/
destinations swapped at shaft egress
In case of an error down the shaft or in the destination realm, if an ICMP message is generated by a node that is not YADA-aware, the message reaches the router that serves the shaft in the source realm. If the inner header is present in the ICMP payload, then the Router extracts it and forwards to the packet source. If the destination stack does not support YADA and decapsulates, the message reaches the router that serves the destination realm which logs and drops. based on the log, the node may be updated, or the DNS records may be fixed to avoid pointing on a node that does not support YADA.¶
YADA requires the assignment of a second IPv4 prefix, this time for a internal NATing operation. A bump-in-the-stack intercepts the DNS lookups, and when the response yields a double-A record with a foreign realm, the record is augmented with an IPv4 address taken from a local NAT pool. When the stack sends a packet to that particular address, the bump-in-the-stack translates to the YADA format, using the information in the double-A record for the destination, and the local realm as source realm. The other way around, if a packet arrives with a YADA format but the stack does not support it, the bump-in-the-stack allocates an address from the pool, and NATs to IPv4 using that address as source.¶
YADA was initially published as USPTO 7,356,031, filed in February 2002.¶
A second mechanism called YATT translates the YADA format into flat IPv6.¶
+-----+---------------+--------------+-----------------------------+
|YATT | Realm | IPv4 | Well-Known |
|Space| Address | Address | IID |
+-----+- -------------+--------------+-----------------------------+
<- YADA
prefix ->
<-------- YATT prefix ---------->
For unicast addresses, YATT forms an IPv6 prefix by collating an well-known assigned short prefix called the YATT space, the realm address, and the host IPv4 address (locally significant within the realm). The resulting IPv6 prefix is automatically owned by the host that owns the IPv4 address in the realm.¶
Depending on assignment, the leftmost piece realm prefix may be truncated if it is well-known, to allow the YATT space and the realm address to fit in a 32-bit DWORD. This way, the YATT prefix can be a full /64 prefix that is entirely owned by the host that owns the associated YADA address.¶
YATT then forms an IPv6 address for that host by collating a well-known Interface ID, so there's a one-to-one relationship.¶
The formats can not be strictly provided till the YATT space and YADA prefix are assigned. But say that the YATT Space is F000::/6 and the YADA prefix is 240.0.0.0/6. In that case the values perfectly overlap and the YATT format becomes as follows:¶
+-----+----------+----------------+---------------------------------+ | Realm Address | IPv4 Host | Well-Known | | in 240.0.0.0/6 | Public Address | IID | +-----+- --------+----+-----------+---------------------------------+ <--- 32 bits ---><--- 32 bits ---><------------ 64 bits ------------> <------ YATT IPv6 prefix ------->
In that case, the NAT operation is a plain insertion. Depending on the assignment, it might be that the Realm address must be placed in full after YATT space. In that case, the length of the YATT prefix will be more than 64 bits.¶
Also, since 240.0.0.0/6 is currently unassigned, using it for the shaft would allow literally to reuse every ASN and every IPv4 address currently available in the Internet in each and every other realm and reallocate them in any fashion desirable in that realm.¶
If the network supports IPv6 to the shaft, it makes sense for the YADA host or the bump-in-the-stack to generate the packets in the YATT form natively. The shaft router must then attract the shaft YADA realm prefix in both IPv4 and YATT forms.¶
If the network is IPv4 only, the packets are still generated using IP-in-IP, and the YATT NAT operation may happen at the router that delivers the packet in the destination realm, if it is v6-only, or in the destination host, if its stack is v6-only.¶
YATT was initially published as USPTO 7,764,686, filed in December 2002.¶
A 10 miles view of the shaft could be as follows: it is implemented in one IXP, spans all realms, and each realm has one address in the shaft, with one router serving that realm. The address of the realm is encoded in a loopback in the router, and advertised through an IGP inside the shaft, while BGP is used inside the realms but not inside the shaft. The shaft has a single large prefix that is advertised in each realm by the router that serves the shaft, and that is disaggregated into host routes inside the shaft.¶
None of the above is expected to remain true for long. As YADA and YATT get deployed, the shaft will be implemented in different sites over the world. A realm may be multihomed to be reached from a different physical instance of the shaft, meaning that the shaft is composed of either more prefixes or the shaft prefix is disaggregated. Multiple routers will serve the same realm with high availability and load balancing taking place inside the shaft to maintain connectivity. Some shafts may be deployed to interconnect only a subset of the realms, in which case those shafts would share a specific prefix that would not be advertised outside the concerned realms.¶
YADA And YATT enable communication between YADA-enabled IPv4 nodes across realms, and with IPv6 nodes that own a YADA address from which a YATT address can be derived. Communication from a legacy IPv4 application/stack that is not YADA-enabled, or to an IPv6 address that is not a YATT address, is not provided.¶
Since the YATT translation is stateless, the header translation can happen anywhere in the network, e.g., as a bump in the stack at either end, or within the network, e.g., at the routers that serve the realms on the shaft. The shaft itself is expected to be dual stack to forward packets in their native form, either v4 or v6.¶
For a legacy IPv4 node to communicate with YADA-enabled IPv4 node in another realm, a NAT operation similar to NAT46 [NAT-DEPLOY], but between IPv4 and YADA addresses, is required. The same would be required to allow an IPv4-only YADA node to communicate with an IPv6 node a a non-YATT address.¶
In summary:¶
YADA operation does not affect the intra-realm communication. The only affected stacks are the endpoints that communicate between realms leveraging YADA.¶
YADA introduces an IP-in-IP format that might be used to obfuscate an IP address impersonation performed in the inner header. A proper implemetation of BCP 38 should thus include the capability to recognize a YADA format and look in the source IP field that expresses the source realm in the inner header.¶
Upgrading the rules in his Broadband Network Gateways (BNGs) represents additional work for an ISP, which should be done before the shaft addresses are routable within the ISP network, and whether the ISP intends to provide improved NAT functions in the home gateways and CPEs.¶
This document requires the creation of a registry for IPv4 YADA realm prefixes, and the assignment of at least one YADA realm prefix.¶
This document requires the creation of a registry for IPv4 YADA NAT prefixes, and the assignment of at least one YADA NAT prefix.¶
This document requires the creation of a new record in the Resource Record (RR) TYPEs subregistry of the Domain Name System (DNS) Parameters. The new record would be of type AA meaning a YADA address.¶
The author wishes to recognize the pioneer work done by Brian carpenter in the space of IPv4 augmentation with [I-D.carpenter-aeiou]¶
The author wishes to thank Greg Skinner as the first reviewer/contributor to this work. Also Dave Bell, to remind that even if routing is not touched much inside an IPv4 realm vs. the current art, there is still work for the ISP, e.g., update the BCP 38 rules in the BNGs.¶