IPv6 Extended Fragment Header for IPv4

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Table of Contents

1. Introduction

The Internet Protocol, version 4 (IPv4) header includes a 16-bit Identification in all packets [RFC0791], but this length is too small to ensure reassembly integrity even at moderate data rates in modern networks [RFC4963][RFC6864][RFC8900]. This specification adapts the IPv6 Extended Fragment Header [I-D.templin-6man-ipid-ext] for Identification extension and to support an alternate fragmentation and reassembly service for IPv4.¶

When an IPv4 packet includes the IPv6 Extended Fragment Header, the Identification value and fragmentation parameters encoded in the IPv4 header are unused and set to 0 except for the "Don't Fragment (DF)" flag which is set to 1. The IPv6 Extended Fragment Header enables a "deep packet fragmentation" capability that supports Identification, fragmentation and reassembly from deep within the packet instead of at the IPv4 header level. This service may be useful for networks that engage fragmentation and reassembly at extreme data rates, or for cases when advanced IPv4 packet Identification uniqueness assurance is critical.¶

2. Relation to IPv6

As is often the case, extensions intended for IPv6 can be applied in similar fashion as for IPv4 (and vice-versa). The terminology used and the motivation for extending the Identification field for IPv4 is the same as for IPv6 Identification extension as specified in [I-D.templin-6man-ipid-ext]. All normative aspects of the IPv6 specification that can be applied for IPv4 apply also to this document.¶

3. IPv6 Extended Fragment Header for IPv4

IPv4 end systems and intermediate systems do not by default recognize the IP protocol numbers for IPv6 extension headers, as these are typically used to support IPv6 operations only. However, implementations of this specification are required to recognize IP protocol number 60 and its associated header and option formats as defined for the IPv6 Destination Options header [RFC8200].¶

Implementations of this specification recognize the IPv6 Extended Fragment Header destination option as specified in [I-D.templin-6man-ipid-ext] when it appears as the first option of the first IPv6 Destination Options Header. The Destination Options Header with Extended Fragment Header option are formatted as shown in Figure 1:¶

   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |  Next Header  |  Hdr Ext Len  |  Option Type  |  Opt Data Len |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |    NH-Cache   |   Index   |P|S|      Fragment Offset    |R|D|M|
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                                                               |
   +-+-+-+-              Identification (64 bits)           -+-+-+-+
   |                                                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   Next Header           encodes the protocol number of the upper
                         layer protocol header that follows the
                         Destination Options Header.

   Hdr Ext Len           8-bit value 1 (i.e., 2 units of 8 octets) or
                         a larger value if there are more options.

   Option Type           8-bit value, the same as specified in
                         [I-D.templin-6man-ipid-ext].

   Opt Data Len          8-bit value 12.

   NH-Cache              a temporary copy of Next Header used when
                         the packet is subject to fragmentation.

   Index/P/S             a control octet that identifies the components
                         of an IP Parcel [I-D.templin-intarea-parcels].

   Fragment Offset       the same as the fragmentation offset field
                         of the standard IPv6 Fragment Header.

   R/D/M                 fragmentation control flags: "(R)eserved",
                         "(D)on't Fragment" and "(M)ore Fragments".

   Identification        an 8-octet (64 bit) unsigned integer
                         Identification, in network byte order.

IPv4 sources insert an IPv6 Destination Option with an Extended Fragment Header immediately after the end of the IPv4 header and before the upper layer protocol header, e.g., TCP, UDP, etc. The source then increments the IPv4 Total Length by 16 octets, sets the IPv4 Protocol field to 60 and sets the IPv6 Destination Options Header Next Header field to the upper layer protocol number.¶

The IPv4 source then applies fragmentation if necessary the same as for the IPv6 fragmentation procedures specified in [I-D.templin-6man-ipid-ext]. This will produce a sequence of fragments each containing a copy of the IPv4 header followed by the Destination Options Header with IPv6 Extended Fragment Header option (with Fragment Offset, M and Identification set appropriately) followed by a fragment of the upper layer protocol payload.¶

The IPv4 source then sends the fragments to the IPv4 destination which accepts and processes them only if it recognizes IP Protocol 60 as above. The destination then reassembles per the procedures specified in [I-D.templin-6man-ipid-ext].¶

IPv4 intermediate systems that recognize the IPv6 Destination Options Header in IPv4 packets may perform (further) fragmentation based on the Extended Fragment Header the same as for IPv6 even if the IPv4 Don't Fragment (DF) flag is set to 1. IPv4 intermediate systems and destinations perform fragmentation and/or return PTB messages as necessary under the same conditions specified for the IPv6 Extended Fragment Header in [I-D.templin-6man-ipid-ext].¶

4. IPv4 ID Applications

[RFC6864] limits the use of the IPv4 ID field to only supporting the fragmentation and reassembly processes. When an IPv4 packet includes an IPv6 Extended Fragment Header, however, the source asserts that the Identification includes a well-managed extended-length value that can satisfy uniqueness properties useful for other purposes.¶

This specification therefore updates [RFC6864] by permitting use of the extended Identification for purposes other than fragmentation and reassembly support.¶

5. Destination Qualification

IPv4 destinations that do not recognize the IPv6 Destination Options Header with Extended Fragment Header option appearing immediately after the IPv4 header unconditionally drop the packet and SHOULD return an "ICMPv4 Destination Unreachable - Protocol Unreachable" message per [RFC0792].¶

The source can therefore test whether a destination recognizes the IPv6 Destination Options Header and Extended Fragment Header option by occasionally sending a "probe" packet that includes them. If the source receives an acknowledgement, it has assurance that the destination implements the protocol; the source can instead consider receipt of an ICMPv4 Destination Unreachable - Protocol Unreachable as a hint that the destination does not implement the protocol. The source should occasionally re-probe each destination in case routing redirects a flow to a different anycast destination.¶

6. Packet Too Big (PTB) Extensions

When an intermediate system attempts to forward an IP packet that exceeds the next hop link MTU but for which fragmentation is forbidden, it returns an ICMPv6 "Packet Too Big (PTB)" message with Code 0 [RFC4443] [RFC8201] or an ICMPv4 "Destination Unreachable - Fragmentation Needed" message [RFC1191] to the source and discards the packet. This always results in wasted transmissions for which the source is required to reduce the size of the packets it is sending and retransmit.¶

[I-D.templin-6man-ipid-ext] suggests that source and/or network fragmentation should instead be used to ensure that packets are delivered to the destination even if they exceed the path MTU. The document therefore defines new ICMPv6 PTB Code values to monitor and control the fragmentation and reassembly processes.¶

Rather than define corresponding codes for ICMPv4, however, this document requires sources that send packets with IPv4 Identification Extension options to accept and take appropriate actions based on ICMPv6 PTB messages with one of the fragmentation/reassembly Code values defined in [I-D.templin-6man-ipid-ext].¶

IPv4 intermediate systems and destinations that send the ICMPv6 PTB messages must therefore employ OMNI UDP/IPv4 encapsulation of ICMPv6 messages with IPv4-compatible IPv6 addresses so the messages can traverse IPv4 networks [I-D.templin-intarea-omni]. IPv4 sources must therefore monitor the OMNI UDP port for UDP/IPv4-encapsulated ICMPv6 messages.¶

7. Requirements

All nodes that process an IPv6 Destination Options Header with Extended Fragment Header option observe the extension header limits specified in [I-D.ietf-6man-eh-limits]; the Extended Fragment Header further MUST appear as the first option in the first Destination Options Header.¶

Intermediate systems MUST forward without dropping IPv4 packets that include a Destination Options Header with an Extended Fragment Header option unless they detect a security policy threat through deeper inspection of the protocol data that follows.¶

Sources MUST include at most one Extended Fragment Header in each IPv4 packet/fragment. Intermediate systems and destinations SHOULD silently drop packets/fragments with multiples. If the source includes an IPv6 Destination Options Header with Extended Fragment Header option, it must appear immediately after the IPv4 header.¶

Destinations that accept flows using Extended Fragment Headers:¶

• MUST configure an EMTU_R of 65535 octets or larger,¶

• SHOULD advertise the largest possible receive packet size (i.e., as large as EMTU_R) in PTB messages, and¶

• MAY advertise a reduced receive packet size in PTB messages during periods of congestion.¶

While a source has assurance that the destination(s) will recognize and correctly process the Extended Fragment Header, it can continue to send fragmented or fragmentable packets as large as the current receive packet size at rates within the MSL/MDL wraparound threshold for the extended IP ID length; otherwise, the source honors the MSL/MDL threshold for the non-extended Identification field length [RFC6864].¶

Note: IP fragmentation can only be applied for conventional packets as large as 65535 octets. IP parcels and Advanced Jumbos (AJs) provide a means for efficiently packaging and shipping multiple or singleton segments ranging in size from very small to very large, but they are not eligible for fragmentation at any size [I-D.templin-intarea-parcels].¶

8. Implementation Status

In progress.¶

9. IANA Considerations

This document has no requirements for IANA.¶

10. Security Considerations

All aspects of IP security apply equally to this document, which does not introduce any new vulnerabilities. Moreover, when employed correctly the mechanisms in this document robustly address known IPv4 reassembly integrity concerns [RFC4963] and also provide an advanced degree of packet Identification uniqueness assurance.¶

All other security aspects of the IPv6 Extended Fragment Header per [I-D.templin-6man-ipid-ext] apply also to its use in IPv4.¶

11. Acknowledgements

This work was inspired by continued DTN performance studies. Amanda Baber, Tom Herbert, Bob Hinden and Eric Vyncke offered useful insights that helped improve the document.¶

Honoring life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.¶

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