Out-Of-Band-Introduction (OOBI) Protocol

Internet-Draft	OOBI	May 2022
Smith	Expires 4 November 2022	[Page]

Abstract

An Out-Of-Band Introduction (OOBI) provides a discovery mechanism that associates a given URI or URL with a given AID (Autonomic IDentifier) or SAID (Self-Addressing IDentifier) [KERI_ID][KERI][SAID_ID][OOBI_ID]. The URI provided by an OOBI acts as a service endpoint for the discovery of verifiable information about the AID or SAID. As such an OOBI itself is not trusted but must be verified. To clarify, any information obtained from the service endpoint provided in the OOBI must be verified by some other mechanism. An OOBI, however, enables any internet and web search infrastructure to act as an out-of-band infrastructure to discover information that is verified using an in-band mechanism or protocol. The primary in-band verification protocol is KERI [KERI_ID][KERI]. The OOBI protocol provides a web-based bootstrap and/or discovery mechanism for the KERI and the ACDC (Authentic Chained Data Container) protocols [KERI_ID][ACDC_ID][OOBI_ID]. Thus the security (or more correctly the lack of security) of an OOBI is out-of-band with respect to a KERI AID or an ACDC that uses KERI. To clarify, everything in KERI or that depends on KERI is end-verifiable, therefore it has no security dependency nor does it rely on security guarantees that may or may not be provided by web or internet infrastructure. OOBIs provide a bootstrap that enables what we call Percolated Information Discovery (PID) which is based on Invasion Percolation Theory [IPT][DOMIP][PT][FPP]. This bootstrap may then be parlayed into a secure mechanism for accepting and updating data. The principal data acceptance and update policy is denoted BADA (Best-Available-Data-Acceptance).¶

3. BADA (Best-Available-Data-Acceptance) Policy

The recipient of an OOBI verifies the OOBI by authenticating the endpoint URL given by the OOBI with respect to an authorization signed by the controller of the AID given by the OOBI. This authorization follows the BADA (Best Available Data Acceptance) policy. The BADA policy provides monotonicity for updates to authentically signed data at rest. This follows best practices for zero-trust computing infrastructure for authentic data. The authorization is usually obtained as a resource in reply to a query to the OOBI URL. Specifically, the service endpoint at the URL responds with a resource that contains the supporting reply messages that are KERI authenticatable.¶

3.1. Security Issues

KERI follows a "zero-trust" security model for authentic or securely attributable data. That means that data is signed both in motion and at rest. The primary attack against signed data is a replay attack. In a replay attack, an adversary obtains a copy of data with a verifiable signature and then replays it later. Without some other information, it is difficult for a host to detect that it is indeed a replay or malicious reuse of signed data and not the original use of that data.¶

To elaborate, there are two primary types of attacks on authentic or authenticatable data-at-rest. The first is a replay attack. The second is a deletion attack. In a replay attack, an adversary keeps a copy of an authentic message or data together with its verifiable signature that has already been created and used by the controller of a KERI AID and then sometime later replays that same message with the signature. A verifier may thereby be fooled into believing that the replay is actually a new message and not a stale message. There are both interactive and non-interactive mitigations to replay attacks. Interactive mitigations use some type of nonce exchanged between updater and updatee. The nonce exchange introduces latency, scalability, and synchronization limitations. Non-interactive mitigations require a monotonic ordering mechanism. Typically monotonic ordering is based on logic rooted in a sequence number or date-time stamp. Because non-interactive mitigations are asynchronous, however, they do not have the latency and scalability limitations of interactive mitigations and are therefore preferred.¶

The KEL (Key Event Log) of a KERI AID provides such a monotonic ordering mechanism as it employs both a sequence number and digest chaining. For authentic data directly anchored to or determined by a KEL, the relative KEL location determines the monotonic order. This ordering determination includes TEL (Transaction Event Logs) which are monotonically ordered with respect to anchoring seals in the associated KEL [PTEL_ID]. For authentic data not directly anchored or included in a KEL, the relative key state (which is determined by the KEL) may be used in combination with a date-time stamp to ensure monotonic ordering. Finally, for any AID whose key state is fixed, a date-time stamp may be used with appropriate update logic to ensure monotonic ordering. The logic that ensures monotonic ordering is called BADA (Best Available Data Acceptance) and is described later in this section.¶

A deletion attack is related to a replay attack. Once erased or deleted, a verifier may not be able to detect a replay attack of the deleted data because it has lost a record of the prior play to compare against. To elaborate, once erased, any stale authenticated data acting as authorization may be replayed without detection. This exposes a problem with the GPDR right-to-erasure, which if naively implemented as total erasure, exposes the data controller to a replay attack of erased data.¶

The primary mitigation mechanism for deletion attacks is to maintain redundant copies of the signed authentic data. As long as one of the redundant copies has not been deleted then a comparison between the hosts of the redundant copies will expose the deletion attack given there is at least one undeleted copy. The monotonicity of the data is preserved in each copy. The host need merely compare copies. Only the current data item needs to be kept in full in order to support the use of that data. For protection against replay attacks using stale data, only copies of the digest or signature of the data need to be kept. To reiterate, a replay attack can be detected by comparing the digest or signature (which is a type of digest) of any undeleted copy with the presented data.¶

To summarize, authentic data at rest consists of the data item and signature(s). The two primary attacks are replay and deletion. Replay attack mitigation relies on replay monotonicity in data updates. Deletion attack mitigation relies on the redundancy of monotonic data.¶

3.2. BADA Rules

The BADA (Best-Available-Data-Acceptance) rules apply to any data item stored in a database record whose value is used for some defined purpose. Updates are sourced from the controller of an associated KERI AID. The primary purpose of BADA policy is to enforce monotonicity of the updates with respect to the key state of that associated AID. This primarily protects against replay attacks on the database record. For example, a rollback to an earlier value via replay of an earlier update. An Update or change to the database record is accepted when it follows the BADA rules (policy) for acceptance. The BADA rules ensure the monotonicity of all updates.¶

There are two different mechanisms for the controller of an AID to authorize updates to a given database record. The first is by including a reference to the update in the KEL of the authorizing AID. All entries in a KEL must be signed by the current signing key-pair(s) given by the key-state for that KEL. The second is by signing a date-time stamped update. In this case, the update either includes a reference to the key-state in the authorizing AID's KEL from which the signing key-pair(s) needed to verify the signature is obtained or the AID is ephemeral with a fixed key-state (has a non-transferable derivation code). The rules differ for each of the two mechanisms.¶

3.2.1. KEL Anchored Updates

The Update to some record is included in or anchored via a seal to the AID's key-state in its KEL. In either case, the Update is referenced in an event in the KEL of the AID. By virtue of the reference, the Controller of that KEL's AID is authorizing that Update. The record may have a Prior value that is being updated or the Update serves to create the initial value of the record. Prior means the prior record.¶

Rules for the acceptance of the *Update*:  (in order of priority)
  Confirm *Update* is anchored or included in AID's KEL.

  WHEN Update is anchored in AID's KEL AND...
    IF no *Prior* THEN accept. (always)
    IF *Prior* AND...
      *Update’s* anchor appears later in KEL than the Prior’s anchor THEN accept.
  Otherwise, do not accept.

3.2.2. Signed (Not Anchored) Updates

The Update to some record is signed by the controller of the AID, but the Update itself is NOT included in or anchored to the AID's KEL. The record may have a Prior value that is being updated or the Update serves to create the initial value of the record. Prior means the prior record. All date-times are relative to the controller's date-time, NOT the database host's date-time. There are two cases. These are as follows.¶

Ephemeral AID whose key-state is fixed (no KEL needed)¶
Persistent AID whose key-state is provided by KEL¶

Rules for the acceptance of the *Update*:  (in order of priority)
  Confirm signature on the *Update* verifies against indicated key-state under which signature was made.

  WHEN signature verifies AND...
    IF no *Prior* THEN accept (always).
    IF *Prior* THEN ...
      Compare the *Update’s* verified signature key-state against the *Prior's* verified signature key-state.
      IF the *Update’s* key-state appears later in KEL than the *Prior's* key-state THEN accept.
      IF both the *Update’s* and the *Prior's* key-states appear at the same location in KEL AND...
              *Update’s* date-time is later than the *Prior's* date-time THEN accept.
  Otherwise, do not accept.

3.3. RUN off the CRUD

In the conventional client-server database architecture, the database server is responsible for creating records on the behalf of clients and assigning unique identifiers for each record. The server returns to the client the unique record identifier when it creates a record. The server is the source of truth. But in a zero-trust (end-verifiable) decentralized peer-to-peer architecture, there is no client/server. Every host is a Peer. Each Peer is the source of truth for its own data. Therefore each Peer is responsible for managing its own records. Each Peer MUST be able to create unique identifiers for its own data. This inverts the architecture because each Peer creates a unique identifier for each of its own data items and sends that identifier with the data item to the other Peers. Each Peer stores data on the behalf of the other Peers. This inverted architecture enables consistent authentic data update policies that work asynchronously across multiple Peers and are replay and deletion attack resistant. Each Peer has an end-verifiable (via signature) monotonically updated view of the data records sourced from the other Peers.¶

The acronym for the traditional client-server database update policy is CRUD (Create, Read, Update, Delete). The acronym for the new peer-to-peer end-verifiable monotonic update policy is RUN (Read, Update, Nullify). As described above, because the source of truth for each data item is a decentralized controller Peer, a given database hosted by any Peer does not create records in the traditional sense of a server creating records for a client. The hosting Peer merely stores a copy of an Update to records sent out by the source Peer (controller). Thus there is no Create action only Update action. When a Peer has not yet seen any version of a record, then its copy is vacuous and is replaced by the first Update its sees. To clarify, a source Peer updates other Peers by sending out the latest copy or version of its own record. The original copy or version is always created by the source Peer.¶

In order to ensure that the hosting Peers are resistant to replay and deletion attacks, they apply non-interactive monotonic update logic to any updates they receive from the source Peer. This means that a hosting Peer MUST NOT ever delete a record storing the latest version of an Update. Thus there is no Delete. Instead of Delete, Peers Nullify. A Nullify is a special type of Update that indicates that the data in the record is no longer valid without erasing the record that includes a reference to the latest monotonic determining anchor and/or date-time. There are two ways to indicate Nullification. The first is to assign a null value to the record. This works for single field records. The second is to assign a Boolean logic flag field that indicates the record has been Nullified. This works for multi-field records.¶

3.4. OOBI KERI Endpoint Authorization (OKEA)

An important use case for BADA-RUN is to process OOBIs that provide service endpoint discovery of the AIDS of KERI components. These components include but are not limited to, Controllers, Agents, Backers (Witness or Registrar), Watchers, Jurors, Judges, and Forwarders. An endpoint is a URL that may include an IP Scheme, Host, Port, and Path. The model for securely managing endpoint data starts with a Principal Controller of an AID. A Principal Controller authorizes some other component to act as a Player in a Role. Typically a Role serves some function needed by the Principal Controller to support its AID and may be reached at a service endpoint URL for that Role. Each component in turn is the Controller of its own AID. Each component AID is a Player that may provide or act in a Role on behalf of the Principal Controller by providing services at the associated service endpoint for its associated Role.¶

The authorization model uses a zero-trust BADA-RUN policy to Update authorizations. A Principal Controller authorizes a Player by signing a Role authorization message that authorizes the Player's AID to act in a role. A Player authorizes its endpoint URL by signing an endpoint authorization message that authorizes a URL (location) with a scheme. Any Peer may keep an updated copy of the latest service endpoint URL(s) provided by a Player in a Role for a given Principal AID by following the BADA-RUN policy on updates sent to its database of these authorizations. The authorizations are issued in the context of the KERI key-state for the Principal and Player AIDs.¶

Some components (Players in Roles) are implicitly authorized by the Principal controller by being explicitly designated in the KEL of the Principal, i.e. there is no explicit authorization message of the Player/Role. The authorization is implied by the KEL entry. For example, a Backer designation of a Witness or Registrar AID implicitly authorizes that AID to act as a Player in the Role of Witness or Registrar. An associated explicit endpoint authorization message signed by that Witness or Backer is still needed to provide the URL (location and scheme) of the actual service endpoint for that Player.¶

The combination of KERI and the BADA-RUN policy enables any Controller to manage data in a zero-trust architecture at the database level. Any controller may promulgate verifiably authentic information with replay and deletion attack resistance. The authentic information may be merely source data or may be authorizations to enable some other function. The hard work of determining the associated key-state is provided by KERI. KERI makes the establishment of authenticity straightforward. The BADA-Run policy protects against replay and deletion attacks given authentic data.¶

This approach follows the many thin layers approach of the Hourglass protocol model. BADA-RUN is a thin layer on top of KERI authenticity. OOBIs are a thin discovery layer that sits on top of a thin authorization layer (leveraging reply messages and BADA-RUN logic) on top of KERI.¶

This also follows the design ethos of KERI of minimally sufficient means. OOBIs leverage the existing Internet discovery mechanisms but without needing to trust the Internet security model (or the lack of one). End-verifiability in KERI provides safety to any OOBI discovery. The Internet's discovery mechanism, DNS/CA, is out-of-band with respect to KERI security guarantees. Thus OOBIs may safely use DNS/CA, web search engines, social media, email, and messaging as discovery mechanisms. The worst case is the OOBI fails to result in a successful discovery and some other OOBI must be used.¶

Typically, the query of a ReST endpoint given by the OOBI URL could return as proof any associated authorizing reply message(s) as well as any associated KELs.¶

3.4.1. Authorized Endpoint Disclosure Example

This section provides an example of using OKEA (OOBI KERI Endpoint Authorization) with BADA-RUN for endpoint disclosure.¶

The KERI protocol defines a generic reply message for updating information using the BADA-RUN policy. Each reply message includes a route, r, field that indicates both the type of the payload and the handler that should process the message. The route, r, field value is a slash, / delimited pathname string. The Principal Controller AID is indicated by the CID (Controller ID) or cid field. The endpoint component Player is indicated the EID (Endpoint Controller ID) or eid field. There are two different authorization cases. In one case, a CID authorizes an EID in a Role. In the other case, an EID authorizes a Loc (URL location) for a scheme. There are two routes for each type of authorization. One route updates the authorization and the other nullifies the authorization. These are summarized as follows,¶

Datetime stamped BADA authorization Reply message by CID of EID in Role (Update)¶
Datetime stamped BADA deauthorization by CID of EID in Role (Nullify)¶
Datetime stamped BADA authorization by EID of URL for scheme (Update).¶
Datetime stamped BADA deauthorization by EID of URL for scheme (Nullify)¶

A party interested in discovering the service endpoint for a given Controller AID initiates the discovery by providing an OOBI. A successful discovery will result in the return of signed reply messages that provide verifiable proof that the service endpoint (either directly provided in the OOBI, or indirectly provided via forwarding) is an authorized endpoint for that AID.¶

To summarize, upon acceptance of an OOBI the recipient queries the provided URL for proof that the URL is an authorized endpoint for the given AID. The proof format may depend on the actual role of the endpoint. A current witness for an AID is designated in the current key state's latest establishment event in the AID's KEL. Therefore merely replying with the Key State or KEL may serve as proof for a witness introduced by an OOBI. The actual URL may be authorized by an attendant signed /loc/scheme reply message with the URL.¶

Other roles that are not explicitly part of key-state (i.e. are not designated in KEL establishment events) must be authorized by explicit signed reply messages. Typically these will be a signed /end/role/ reply message. The actual URL may be authorized by an attendant signed /loc/scheme reply message with the URL.¶

Example reply messages.¶

3.4.1.1. Player EID in Role by CID Update

{
  "v": "KERI10JSON000113_",
  "t": "rpy",
  "d": "Ekd189yFsX1eLhQ2NffI6AaF8ZxKXyej_jfn4wMNJq-w",
  "dt": "2021-01-01T00:00:00.000000+00:00",
  "r": "/end/role/add",
  "a":
  {
    "cid": "EhlsdBaCvxnW0z3m2OXxStaZkG76g0zC_vtPbPPglDK0",
    "role": "witness",
    "eid": "BFUOWBaJz-sB_6b-_u_P9W8hgBQ8Su9mAtN9cY2sVGiY"
  }
}

3.4.1.2. Player EID in Role by CID Nullify

{
  "v": "KERI10JSON000113_",
  "t": "rpy",
  "d": "EZ-i0d8JZAoTNZH3ULaU6JR2nmwyvYAfSVPzhzS6b5CM",
  "dt": "2021-01-01T00:00:00.000000+00:00",
  "r": "/end/role/cut",
  "a":
  {
    "cid": "EhlsdBaCvxnW0z3m2OXxStaZkG76g0zC_vtPbPPglDK0",
    "role": "witness",
    "eid": "BFUOWBaJz-sB_6b-_u_P9W8hgBQ8Su9mAtN9cY2sVGiY"
  }
}

3.4.1.3. Endpoint Location with Scheme by EID Update

{
  "v": "KERI10JSON000108_",
  "t": "rpy",
  "d": "EbAwspDQjS-Ve-tzDtAuzx4K8uhh-0AyXWZrSKm64PFQ",
  "dt": "2021-01-01T00:00:00.000000+00:00",
  "r": "/loc/scheme",
  "a":
  {
    "eid": "BFUOWBaJz-sB_6b-_u_P9W8hgBQ8Su9mAtN9cY2sVGiY",
    "scheme": "http",
    "url": "http://localhost:8080/controller/tam"
  }
}

3.4.1.4. Endpoint Location with Scheme by EID Nullify

To Nullify set the url to the empty string "".¶

{
  "v": "KERI10JSON000108_",
  "t": "rpy",
  "d": "EbAwspDQjS-Ve-tzDtAuzx4K8uhh-0AyXWZrSKm64PFQ",
  "dt": "2021-01-01T00:00:00.000000+00:00",
  "r": "/loc/scheme",
  "a":
  {
    "eid": "BFUOWBaJz-sB_6b-_u_P9W8hgBQ8Su9mAtN9cY2sVGiY",
    "scheme": "http",
    "url": ""
  }
}

5. OOBI Variants

5.1. Multi-OOBI (MOOBI)

An OOBI may include a list of URLs thus simultaneously making an introductory association between the AID and multiple URLs. This would be a multi-OOBI (MOOBI). In general, we may refer to a multi-OOBI as a special case of an OOBI without making a named distinction.¶

5.2. OOBI as URL

URLs provide a namespace which means that the mapping between URL and AID can be combined into one namespaced URL where the AID is in the path component and any other hints such as roles or names are in the query component of the URL. This would be a type of self-describing OOBI URL.¶

For example, suppose the aid is¶

EaU6JR2nmwyZ-i0d8JZAoTNZH3ULvYAfSVPzhzS6b5CM

This may be included as a path component of the url such as,¶

http://8.8.5.6:8080/oobi/EaU6JR2nmwyZ-i0d8JZAoTNZH3ULvYAfSVPzhzS6b5CM

This is called an OOBI URL or iurl for short. This means that all that is needed to bootstrap discovery of a KERI AID is an iurl. KERI can leverage the full IP/DNS infra-structure for discovery bootstrap of an aid by providing an iurl with that aid for lookup.¶

The aid may act in any of the KERI roles such as watcher, witness, juror, judge or registrar but is usually a controller. In the later case, the iurl may be a service endpoint provided by one of the supporting components for a given controller. Thus the aid in an OOBI may be either a controller id, cid or an endpoint provider id, eid. The resource at that URL in the OOBI is ultimately responsible for providing that detail but an OOBI as a URL may contain hints in the query string for the URL such as a role or name designation.¶

http://8.8.5.6:8080/oobi/EaU6JR2nmwyZ-i0d8JZAoTNZH3ULvYAfSVPzhzS6b5CM?role=watcher&name=eve

https://example.com/oobi/EaU6JR2nmwyZ-i0d8JZAoTNZH3ULvYAfSVPzhzS6b5CM?role=witness

When the role is provided in the iurl, the AID (EID) of the endpoint provider for that role would be discovered via the proof returned by querying the URL. The proof returned may indicate a different URL for that role. Thus a self-describing OOBI URL may act as a forwarding mechanism.¶

To clarify, the minimum information in an OOBI is the pair, (url, aid). A compact representation of an OOBI leverages the namespacing of the URL itself to provide the AID. Furthermore, the query string in the URL namespace may contain other information or hints such as the role of the service endpoint represented by the URL or a user-friendly name.¶

5.3. Well-Known

An OOBI may be returned as the result of a get request to an IETF RFC 5785 well-known URL. For example,¶

 /.well-known/keri/oobi/EaU6JR2nmwyZ-i0d8JZAoTNZH3ULvYAfSVPzhzS6b5CM

Where EaU6JR2nmwyZ-i0d8JZAoTNZH3ULvYAfSVPzhzS6b5CM is the AID and the result of the request is either target URL or a redirection to the target URL where the target URL is something like¶

https://example.com/witness/witmer

http://8.8.5.5:8080/witness/witmer

http://10.0.5.15:8088/witness/witmer

The resultant target URL may be in a different domain or IP address from the well-known resource.¶

5.4. Full CID and EID

A more verbose version would also include the endpoint role and the AID (EID) of the endpoint provider in a self-describing OOBI URL. For example,¶

https://example.com/oobi/EaU6JR2nmwyZ-i0d8JZAoTNZH3ULvYAfSVPzhzS6b5CM/witness/BrHLayDN-mXKv62DAjFLX1_Y5yEUe0vA9YPe_ihiKYHE

http://8.8.5.6/oobi/EaU6JR2nmwyZ-i0d8JZAoTNZH3ULvYAfSVPzhzS6b5CM/witness/BrHLayDN-mXKv62DAjFLX1_Y5yEUe0vA9YPe_ihiKYHE

Where EaU6JR2nmwyZ-i0d8JZAoTNZH3ULvYAfSVPzhzS6b5CM is the AID (CID) of the controller and¶

BrHLayDN-mXKv62DAjFLX1_Y5yEUe0vA9YPe_ihiKYHE is the AID (EID) of the controller's endpoint provider acting in the role of witness.¶

5.5. KERI Reply Messages as OOBIs

A more verbose expression for an OOBI would be a KERI reply message rpy that is unsigned. The route, r, field in the message starts with /oobi. This specifies that it is an OOBI so the recipient knows to apply OOBI processing logic to the message. A list of URLs may be provided so that one reply message may provide multiple introductions. For example,¶

{
  "v" : "KERI10JSON00011c_",
  "t" : "rpy",
  "d": "EZ-i0d8JZAoTNZH3ULaU6JR2nmwyvYAfSVPzhzS6b5CM",
  "dt": "2020-08-22T17:50:12.988921+00:00",
  "r" : "/oobi/witness",
  "a" :
  {
    "urls":
    [
      "http://example.com/watcher/watson",
      "http://example.com/witness/wilma"
    ],
    "aid":  "EaU6JR2nmwyZ-i0d8JZAoTNZH3ULvYAfSVPzhzS6b5CM"
  }
}

A service endpoint location reply message could also be re-purposed as an OOBI by using a special route path that starts with /oobi but also includes the AID being introduced and optionally the role of the service endpoint provider. This approach effectively combines the information from both the /end/role and /loc/scheme reply messages into one. This may allow a shortcut to authenticate the service endpoint. This is shown below.¶

{
  "v" : "KERI10JSON00011c_",
  "t" : "rpy",
  "d": "EZ-i0d8JZAoTNZH3ULaU6JR2nmwyvYAfSVPzhzS6b5CM",
  "dt": "2020-08-22T17:50:12.988921+00:00",
  "r" : "/oobi/EaU6JR2nmwyZ-i0d8JZAoTNZH3ULvYAfSVPzhzS6b5CM/watcher",
  "a" :
  {
    "eid": "BrHLayDN-mXKv62DAjFLX1_Y5yEUe0vA9YPe_ihiKYHE",
    "scheme": "http",
    "url":  "http://example.com/watcher/wilma"
  }
}

A bare URL but no AID may be used as a blind OOBI for blind or self-introductions e.g. a blind OOBI or self OOBI. Querying that blind OOBI may return or result in a default target OOBI or default target endpoint reply. This provides a mechanism for self-introduction or blind i.e. self OOBI (SOOBI). Consider the examples of blind OOBIs below.¶

http://8.8.5.7:8080/oobi

http://localhost:8080/oobi

http://8.8.5.7:8080/oobi?role=controller&name=eve

http://localhost:8080/oobi?role=controller&name=eve

To elaborate, by default, the result of a GET request to a blind OOBI URL could be another OOBI with an AID that is the self AID of the node providing the blind OOBI endpoint or the actual authenticatable self endpoint with its AID or a default set of authenticatable endpoints. This is useful to bootstrap components in an infrastructure where the target URLs do not use a public DNS address but instead use something more secure like an explicit public IP address or a private IP or private DNS address. A self-introduction provides a bootstrap mechanism similar to a hostname configuration file with the exception that in the OOBI case the AID is not in the configuration file just the bare URL and the given node queries that bare URL (blind OOBI) to get the target endpoint AID. This allows bootstrap using bare IP addresses in systems where the IP infrastructure is more securely managed than public DNS or where some other Out-Of-Band-Authentication (OOBA) mechanism is used in concert.¶

To clarify, because a bare URL, blind OOBI, does not expose an AID, the resultant response when querying the OOBI may depend on other factors such as the source IP of the querier (requester) and/or another out-of-band-authentication (OOBA) mechanism. This supports the private bootstrap of infrastructure. Of course one could argue that this is just kicking the can down the road but IP addresses are correlatable and a blind OOBI can leverage IP infrastructure for discovery when used in combination with some other OOBA mechanism without unnecessary correlation.¶

This may be especially useful to bootstrap components in an infrastructure where the target URLs do not use a public DNS address but use instead something more secure like an explicit public IP address or a private IP or private DNS address. A self-introduction provides a bootstrap mechanism similar to a hostname configuration file with the exception that in the OOBI case the AID is not in the configuration file just the bare OOBI URL and the given node queries that bare OOBI to get the target endpoint AID. This allows bootstrap using bare IP addresses in systems where the IP infrastructure is more securely managed than public DNS or where some other Out-Of-Band-Authentication (OOBA) mechanism is used in concert. Because the OOBI itself does not contain an AID the association of the resultant AID is not provided by the OOBI and the resultant AID's association must be secured by some other mechanism.¶

For example, a given indirect mode controller is identified by its AID (CID). The controller must also create witness hosts with endpoints. This means first spinning up witness host nodes and creating witness AIDs (WIDs) for those nodes. Given that these WIDs must be eventually designated in the KEL for the CID, the controller of the CID can confirm using its KEL that the signed endpoint reply provided by a bare OOBI request is indeed signed by the corresponding private keys for a WID designated in its KEL. This means that the only place that the WID must appear is in the KEL and not in all the config files used to bootstrap communications between the CID host and its designated WID hosts. Bare OOBIs will do. The redundant configuration information may be a vector for a type of DDOS attack where corrupted inconsistent redundant configuration information results in a failure to boot a system that must be manually fixed. Redundancy for security is best applied in the context of a self-healing or resilient threshold structure that explicitly manages the redundancy as a security mechanism not as un-managed inadvertent redundancy.¶