Extensions to the Emergency Services Architecture for dealing with Unauthenticated and Unauthorized Devices
draft-schulzrinne-ecrit-unauthenticated-access-02.txt

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Abstract

The IETF emergency services architecture assumes that access to a network has already happened using the traditional network access authentication procedures or that no authentication for network access is needed (e.g., in case of public hotspots). Subsequent protocol interactions, such as obtaining location information, learning the address of the Public Safety Answering Point (PSAP) and the emergency call itself are largely decoupled from the underlying network access procedures.

There are, however, cases where a device is not in possession of credentials for network access, does not have a VoIP provider, or where the credentials are available but became invalid due to various reasons (e.g., credit exhaustion, expired accounts, etc.).

This document provides a problem statement, introduces terminology and describes an extension for the base IETF emergency services architecture.

Table of Contents

1.  Introduction
2.  A Warning Note
3.  Terminology
4.  Considerations for ISPs to support Unauthenticated Emergency Services without Architecture Extensions
5.  Considerations for ISPs to support Unauthenticated Emergency Services with Architecture Extensions
6.  Profiles
    6.1.  End Host Profile
        6.1.1.  LoST Server Discovery
        6.1.2.  ESRP Discovery
        6.1.3.  Location Determination and Location Configuration
        6.1.4.  Emergency Call Identification
        6.1.5.  SIP Emergency Call Signaling
        6.1.6.  Media
        6.1.7.  Testing
    6.2.  IAP/ISP Profile
        6.2.1.  ESRP Discovery
        6.2.2.  Location Determination and Location Configuration
    6.3.  ESRP Profile
        6.3.1.  Emergency Call Routing
        6.3.2.  Emergency Call Identification
        6.3.3.  SIP Emergency Call Signaling
        6.3.4.  Location Retrieval
7.  Example
8.  Security Considerations
9.  Acknowledgments
10.  References
    10.1.  Normative References
    10.2.  Informative References
§  Authors' Addresses
§  Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements

1.  Introduction

Summoning police, the fire department or an ambulance in emergencies is one of the fundamental and most-valued functions of the telephone. As telephone functionality moves from circuit-switched telephony to Internet telephony, its users rightfully expect that this core functionality will continue to work at least as well as it has for the older technology. New devices and services are being made available that could be used to make a request for help, which are not traditional telephones, and users are increasingly expecting them to be used to place emergency calls.

Based on the communication model of the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) as excercised in the IETF it is not necessary to deploy SIP entities in access networks (or associated to them). Instead, VoIP provider may deploy their SIP entities at any place on the Internet. The IETF emergency services architecture acknowledges this deployment model and even goes a step further by recognizing that there are potentially other, non-SIP VoIP providers, that might want to offer emergency service support to their customers. Hence, the interaction between a SIP User Agent and its VoIP provider does not need to be standardized although [I‑D.ietf‑ecrit‑phonebcp] (Rosen, B. and J. Polk, “Best Current Practice for Communications Services in support of Emergency Calling,” January 2010.) provides best current practise recommendations regarding the usage of certain features as excercised in the case of SIP.

This flexibility has implications for the architecture, as briefly described in [I‑D.tschofenig‑ecrit‑architecture‑overview] (Tschofenig, H. and H. Schulzrinne, “Emergency Services Architecture Overview: Sharing Responsibilities,” July 2007.), but allows access networks to be application layer agnostic. Furthermore, since the normal VoIP communication exchanges do not traverse these entities in the access network it is quite likely that interoperability problems will occur especially in an emergency case.

There are essentially three environments that need to be considered (and the terms are described in Section 3 (Terminology)):

1. Emergency Services with non-service-initialized devices
2. Unauthenticated Emergency Services
3. Unauthorized Emergency Service

The implications of un-initialized device, scenario (1) for emergency services are ignored in this specification. Scenario (2) is quite likely and therefore the main focus of this document. Scenario (3) is relevant to this specification if the outcome of the lack of authorization leads to falling back to a scenario where no valid credentials are assumed.

In all these cases it is not possible to place an emergency call as envisioned in the IETF emergency services architecture, described in [I‑D.ietf‑ecrit‑framework] (Rosen, B., Schulzrinne, H., Polk, J., and A. Newton, “Framework for Emergency Calling using Internet Multimedia,” July 2009.), unless the ISP grants access to certain entities (as described in Section 4 (Considerations for ISPs to support Unauthenticated Emergency Services without Architecture Extensions)) or the ISP extends the emergency services architecture (as described in Section 5 (Considerations for ISPs to support Unauthenticated Emergency Services with Architecture Extensions)).

2.  A Warning Note

At the time of writing there is no regulation in place that demands the functionality described in this memo. SDOs have started their work on this subject in a proactive fashion in the anticipation that national regulation will demand it for a subset of network environments.

There are also indications that the functionality of unauthenticated emergency calls (called SIM-less calls) in today's cellular system in certain countries leads to a fair amount of hoaks or test calls. This causes overload situations at PSAPs with .

As an example, Federal Office of Communications (OFCOM, Switzerland) provided statistics about 112 calls in Switzerland from Jan. 1997 to Nov. 2001. Switzerland did not offer SIM-less emergency calls except for almost a month in July 2000 where a significant increase in hoaks and test calls was reported. As a consequence, the functionality was disabled again. More details can be found in the panel presentations of the 3rd SDO Emergency Services Workshop [esw07] (, “3rd SDO Emergency Services Workshop, http://www.emergency-services-coordination.info/2007Nov/,” October 30th - November 1st 2007.).

3.  Terminology

In this document, the key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119] (Bradner, S., “Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels,” March 1997.).

This document introduces the following new terms:

Un-initialized Device:

A device without VoIP client software.

Non-Service-Initialized Device:

A device for which there is no valid service contract with a provider of the services. Other terms: "un-activated", "un-provisioned", or "unbranded" device.

Unauthenticated Emergency Service:

The term "unauthenticated emergency services" refers to the case where an emergency caller does not have credentials (e.g., no SIM card, no username and password, no private key) to successfully complete network access authentication procedures or to use a VoIP service or both.

The case of no credentials for network access is likely case in enterprise networks, home networks, or governmental networks. In other cases the user might be able to obtain such credentials, for example in hotspots found in hotels, at airports, and in many coffee shops. Unfortunately, users have to go through a lengthy procedure (often involving captive portals) to obtain a temporary account in exchange of money. In emergency situations it is certainly not desirable to let the user find their way through a number of webpages and to type-in their credit card details.

It is important to differentiate between the unavailability of credentials for network access and for VoIP access as the network provider and the VoIP provider are often distinct entities and therefore the user might have different credentials with the two.

Unauthorized Emergency Service:

The term "unauthorized emergency services" refers to the case where a device aims to attach to the network or to use a VoIP service but the authorization procedure fails. The authorization step may fail as a consequence of triggering different procedures (such as network access authentication or registration at the VoIP providers registrar). Still, the device is granted (limited) access to perform emergency calling. It is important to differentiate between network operator and VoIP provider as they often refer to different parties and therefore the authorization decision might be executed by a different backend infrastructure.

Lack of authorization might be caused by a number of reasons, including credit exhaustion, expired accounts, locked account, missing access rights (e.g., access to the competitors enterprise network), etc.

This document reuses terminology from [I‑D.ietf‑geopriv‑l7‑lcp‑ps] (Tschofenig, H. and H. Schulzrinne, “GEOPRIV Layer 7 Location Configuration Protocol; Problem Statement and Requirements,” July 2009.) and [I‑D.ietf‑ecrit‑requirements] (Schulzrinne, H. and R. Marshall, “Requirements for Emergency Context Resolution with Internet Technologies,” March 2007.), namely Internet Access Provider (IAP), Internet Service Provider (ISP), Application Service Provider (ASP), Voice Service Provider (VSP), Emergency Service Routing Proxy (ESRP), Public Safety Answering Point (PSAP), Location Configuration Server (LCS), (emergency) service dial string, and (emergency) service identifier.

4.  Considerations for ISPs to support Unauthenticated Emergency Services without Architecture Extensions

On a very high-level, the steps to be performed by an end host not being attached to the network and the user starting to make an emergency call are the following:

• Some radio networks have added support for unauthenticated emergency access, some other type of networks advertise these capabilities using layer beacons. The end host learns about these unauthenticated emergency services capabilities either from the link layer type or from advertisement.
• The end host uses the link layer specific network attachment procedures defined for unauthenticated network access in order to get access to emergency services.
• When the link layer network attachment procedure is completed the end host learns basic configuration information using DHCP from the ISP, including the address of the LoST server.
• The end host MUST use a Location Configuration Protocol (LCP) supported by the IAP or ISP to learn its own location.
• The end host MUST use the LoST protocol [I‑D.ietf‑ecrit‑lost] (Hardie, T., Newton, A., Schulzrinne, H., and H. Tschofenig, “LoST: A Location-to-Service Translation Protocol,” May 2008.) to query the LoST server and ask for the PSAP URI responsible for that location.
• After the PSAP URI has been returned to the end host, the SIP UA in the end host directly initiates a SIP INVITE towards the PSAP URI.

The IAP and the ISP will probably want to make sure that the claimed emergency caller indeed performs an emergency call rather than using the network for other purposes, and thereby acting fraudulent by skipping any authentication, authorization and accounting procedures. By restricting access of the unauthenticated emergency caller to the LoST server and the PSAP URI, traffic can be restricted only to emergency calls.

Using the above procedures, the unauthenticated emergency caller will be successful only if:

• the ISP (or the IAP) support an LCP that the end host can use to learn its location. A list of mandatory-to-implement LCPs can be found in [I‑D.ietf‑ecrit‑phonebcp] (Rosen, B. and J. Polk, “Best Current Practice for Communications Services in support of Emergency Calling,” January 2010.)).
• the ISP configures it's firewalls appropriately to allow emergency calls to traverse the network towards the PSAP.

Some IAPs/ISPs may not be able to fulfill the above requirements. If those IAPs/ISPs want to support unauthenticated emergency calls, then they can deploy an extended architecture as described in Section 5 (Considerations for ISPs to support Unauthenticated Emergency Services with Architecture Extensions).

5.  Considerations for ISPs to support Unauthenticated Emergency Services with Architecture Extensions

For unauthenticated emergency services support it is insufficient to provide mechanisms only at the link layer in order to bypass authentication for the cases when:

• the IAP/ISP does not support any Location Configuration Protocol
• the IAP/ISP does not have knowledge of a LoST server (which would assist the client to find the correct PSAP)

A modification to the emergency services architecture is necessary since the IAP and the ISP need to make sure that the claimed emergency caller indeed performs an emergency call rather than using the network for other purposes, and thereby acting fraudulent by skipping any authentication, authorization and accounting procedures. Hence, without introducing some understanding of the specific application the ISP (and consequently the IAP) will not be able to detect and filter malicious activities. This leads to the architecture described in Figure 1 (Overview) where the IAP needs to implement extensions to link layer procedures for unauthenticated emergency service access and the ISP needs to deploy emergency services related entities used for call routing, such as the Emergency Services Routing Proxy (ESRP), a Location Configuration Server (LCS) and a mapping database.

On a very high-level, the interaction is as follows starting with the end host not being attached to the network and the user starting to make an emergency call.

• Some radio networks have added support for unauthenticated emergency access, some other type of networks advertise these capabilities using layer beacons. The end host learns about these unauthenticated emergency services capabilities either from the link layer type or from advertisement.
• The end host uses the link layer specific network attachment procedures defined for unauthenticated network access in order to get access to emergency services.
• When the link layer network attachment procedure is completed the end host learns basic configuration information using DHCP from the ISP, including the address of the ESRP, as shown in (2).
• When the IP address configuration is completed then the SIP UA initiates a SIP INVITE towards the indicated ESRP, as shown in (3). The INVITE message contains all the necessary parameters required by Section 6.1.5 (SIP Emergency Call Signaling).
• The ESRP receives the INVITE and processes it according to the description in Section 6.3.3 (SIP Emergency Call Signaling). The location of the end host may need to be determined using a protocol interaction shown in (4).
• Potentially, an interaction between the LCS of the ISP and the LCS of the IAP may be necessary, see (5).
• Finally, the correct PSAP for the location of the end host has to be evaluated, see (6).
• The ESRP routes the call to the PSAP, as shown in (7).
• The PSAP evaluates the initial INVITE and aims to complete the call setup.
• Finally, when the call setup is completed media traffic can be exchanged between the PSAP and the emergency caller.

For editorial reasons the end-to-end SIP and media exchange between the PSAP and SIP UA are not shown in Figure 1 (Overview).

Two important aspects are worth to highlight:

• The IAP/ISP needs to understand the concept of emergency calls and the SIP profile described in this document. No other VoIP protocol profile, such as XMPP, Skype, etc., are supported for emergency calls in this particular architecture. Other profiles may be added in the future, but the deployment effort is enormous since they have to be universally deployed.
• The end host has no obligation to determine location information. It may attach location information if it has location available (e.g., from a GPS receiver).

Figure 1 (Overview) shows that the ISP needs to deploy SIP-based emergency services functionality. It is important to note that the ISP itself may outsource the functionality by simply providing access to them (e.g., it puts the IP address of an ESRP or a LoST server into an allow-list). For editorial reasons this outsourcing is not shown.

      +---------------------------+
      |                           |
      | Emergency Network         |
      | Infrastructure            |
      |                           |
      | +----------+ +----------+ |
      | | PSAP     | | ESRP     | |
      | |          | |          | |
      | +----------+ +----------+ |
      +-------------------^-------+
                          |
                          | (7)
 +------------------------+-----------------------+
 | ISP                    |                       |
 |                        |                       |
 |+----------+            v                       |
 || Mapping  |  (6)  +----------+                 |
 || Database |<----->| ESRP /   |                 |
 |+----------+       | SIP Proxy|<-+              |
 |+----------+       +----------+  |  +----------+|
 || LCS-ISP  |          ^          |  | DHCP     ||
 ||          |<---------+          |  | Server   ||
 |+----------+     (4)             |  +----------+|
 +-------^-------------------------+-----------^--+
 +-------|-------------------------+-----------|--+
 | IAP   | (5)                     |           |  |
 |       V                         |           |  |
 |+----------+                     |           |  |
 || LCS-IAP  |       +----------+  |           |  |
 ||          |       | Link     |  |(3)        |  |
 |+----------+       | Layer    |  |           |  |
 |                   | Device   |  |        (2)|  |
 |                   +----------+  |           |  |
 |                        ^        |           |  |
 |                        |        |           |  |
 +------------------------+--------+-----------+--+
                          |        |           |
                       (1)|        |           |
                          |        |           |
                          |   +----+           |
                          v   v                |
                     +----------+              |
                     | End      |<-------------+
                     | Host     |
                     +----------+

It is important to note that a single ESRP may also offer it's service to several ISPs.

6.  Profiles

6.1.  End Host Profile

6.1.1.  LoST Server Discovery

The end host MAY attempt to use [I‑D.ietf‑ecrit‑lost] (Hardie, T., Newton, A., Schulzrinne, H., and H. Tschofenig, “LoST: A Location-to-Service Translation Protocol,” May 2008.) to discover a LoST server. If that attempt fails, the end host SHOULD attempt to discover the address of an ESRP.

6.1.2.  ESRP Discovery

The end host only needs an ESRP when location configuration or LoST server discovery fails. If that is the case, then the end host MUST use the "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP-for-IPv4) Option for Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Servers" [RFC3361] (Schulzrinne, H., “Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP-for-IPv4) Option for Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Servers,” August 2002.) (for IPv6) and / or the "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCPv6) Options for Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Servers" [RFC3319] (Schulzrinne, H. and B. Volz, “Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCPv6) Options for Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Servers,” July 2003.) to discover the address of an ESRP. This SIP proxy located in the ISP network will be used as the ESRP for routing emergency calls. There is no need to discovery a separate SIP proxy with specific emergency call functionality since the internal procedure for emergency call processing is subject of ISP internal operation.

6.1.3.  Location Determination and Location Configuration

The end host SHOULD attempt to use the supported LCPs to configure its location. If no LCP is supported in the end host or the location configuration is not successful, then the end host MUST attempt to discover an ESRP, which would assist the end host in providing the location to the PSAP.

The SIP UA in the end host SHOULD attach the location information in a PIDF-LO when making an emergency call. When constructing the PIDF-LO the guidelines in PIDF-LO profile [I‑D.ietf‑geopriv‑pdif‑lo‑profile] (Winterbottom, J., Thomson, M., and H. Tschofenig, “GEOPRIV PIDF-LO Usage Clarification, Considerations and Recommendations,” November 2008.) MUST be followed. For civic location information the format defined in [I‑D.ietf‑geopriv‑revised‑civic‑lo] (Thomson, M. and J. Winterbottom, “Revised Civic Location Format for PIDF-LO,” December 2007.) MUST be supported.

6.1.4.  Emergency Call Identification

To determine which calls are emergency calls, some entity needs to map a user entered dialstring into this URN scheme. A user may "dial" 1-1-2, but the call would be sent to urn:service:sos. This mapping SHOULD be performed at the endpoint device.

End hosts MUST use the Service URN mechanism [I‑D.ietf‑ecrit‑service‑urn] (Schulzrinne, H., “A Uniform Resource Name (URN) for Emergency and Other Well-Known Services,” August 2007.) to mark calls as emergency calls for their home emergency dial string (if known). For visited emergency dial string the translation into the Service URN mechanism is not mandatory since the ESRP in the ISPs network knows the visited emergency dial strings.

6.1.5.  SIP Emergency Call Signaling

SIP signaling capabilities [RFC3261] (Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston, A., Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M., and E. Schooler, “SIP: Session Initiation Protocol,” June 2002.) are mandated for end hosts.

The initial SIP signaling method is an INVITE. The SIP INVITE request MUST be constructed according to the requirements in Section 9.2 [I‑D.ietf‑ecrit‑phonebcp] (Rosen, B. and J. Polk, “Best Current Practice for Communications Services in support of Emergency Calling,” January 2010.).

Regarding callback behavior SIP UAs MUST have a globally routable URI in a Contact: header.

6.1.6.  Media

End points MUST comply with the media requirements for end points placing an emergency call found in Section 14 of [I‑D.ietf‑ecrit‑phonebcp] (Rosen, B. and J. Polk, “Best Current Practice for Communications Services in support of Emergency Calling,” January 2010.).

6.1.7.  Testing

The description in Section 15 of [I‑D.ietf‑ecrit‑phonebcp] (Rosen, B. and J. Polk, “Best Current Practice for Communications Services in support of Emergency Calling,” January 2010.) is fully applicable to this document.

6.2.  IAP/ISP Profile

6.2.1.  ESRP Discovery

An ISP hosting an ESRP MUST implement the server side part of "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP-for-IPv4) Option for Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Servers" [RFC3361] (Schulzrinne, H., “Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP-for-IPv4) Option for Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Servers,” August 2002.) (for IPv4) and / or the "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCPv6) Options for Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Servers" [RFC3319] (Schulzrinne, H. and B. Volz, “Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCPv6) Options for Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Servers,” July 2003.).

6.2.2.  Location Determination and Location Configuration

The ISP not hosting an ESRP MUST support at least one widely used LCP. The ISP hosting an ESRP MUST perform the neccesary steps to determine the location of the end host. It is not necessary to standardize a specific mechanism.

The role of the ISP is to operate the LIS. The usage of HELD [I‑D.ietf‑geopriv‑http‑location‑delivery] (Barnes, M., Winterbottom, J., Thomson, M., and B. Stark, “HTTP Enabled Location Delivery (HELD),” August 2009.) with the identity extensions [I‑D.winterbottom‑geopriv‑held‑identity‑extensions] (Thomson, M., Tschofenig, H., Barnes, R., and J. Winterbottom, “Use of Target Identity in HTTP-Enabled Location Delivery (HELD),” August 2009.) may be a possible choice. It might be necessary for the ISP to talk to the IAP in order to determine the location of the end host. The work on LIS-to-LIS communication may be relevant, see [I‑D.winterbottom‑geopriv‑lis2lis‑req] (Winterbottom, J. and S. Norreys, “LIS to LIS Protocol Requirements,” November 2007.).

6.3.  ESRP Profile

6.3.1.  Emergency Call Routing

The ESRP must route the emergency call to the PSAP responsible for the physical location of the end host. However, a standardized approach for determining the correct PSAP based on a given location is useful but not mandatory.

For cases where a standardized protocol is used LoST [I‑D.ietf‑ecrit‑lost] (Hardie, T., Newton, A., Schulzrinne, H., and H. Tschofenig, “LoST: A Location-to-Service Translation Protocol,” May 2008.) is a suitable mechanism.

6.3.2.  Emergency Call Identification

The ESRP MUST understand the Service URN mechanism [I‑D.ietf‑ecrit‑service‑urn] (Schulzrinne, H., “A Uniform Resource Name (URN) for Emergency and Other Well-Known Services,” August 2007.) (i.e., the 'urn:service:sos' tree) and additionally the national emergency dial strings. The ESRP SHOULD perform a mapping of national emergency dial strings to Service URNs to simplify processing at PSAPs.

6.3.3.  SIP Emergency Call Signaling

SIP signaling capabilities [RFC3261] (Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston, A., Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M., and E. Schooler, “SIP: Session Initiation Protocol,” June 2002.) are mandated for the ESRP. The ESRP MUST process the messages sent by the client, according to Section 6.1.5 (SIP Emergency Call Signaling). Furthermore, the ESRP MUST be able to add a reference to location information, as described in SIP Location Conveyance [I‑D.ietf‑sip‑location‑conveyance] (Polk, J. and B. Rosen, “Location Conveyance for the Session Initiation Protocol,” March 2009.), before forwarding the call to the PSAP. The ISP MUST be prepared to receive incoming dereferencing requests to resolve the reference to the location information.

6.3.4.  Location Retrieval

The ESRP acts a location recipient and the usage of HELD [I‑D.ietf‑geopriv‑http‑location‑delivery] (Barnes, M., Winterbottom, J., Thomson, M., and B. Stark, “HTTP Enabled Location Delivery (HELD),” August 2009.) with the identity extensions [I‑D.winterbottom‑geopriv‑held‑identity‑extensions] (Thomson, M., Tschofenig, H., Barnes, R., and J. Winterbottom, “Use of Target Identity in HTTP-Enabled Location Delivery (HELD),” August 2009.) may be a possible choice. The ESRP would thereby act as a HELD client and the corresponding LIS at the ISP as the HELD server.

The ESRP needs to obtain enough information to route the call. The ESRP itself, however, does not necessarily need to process location information obtained via HELD since it may be used as input to LoST to obtain the PSAP URI.

7.  Example

[Editor's Note: A WLAN hotspot or a DSL home network example could go in here.]

8.  Security Considerations

The security threats discussed in [I‑D.ietf‑ecrit‑security‑threats] (Taylor, T., “Security Threats and Requirements for Emergency Call Marking and Mapping,” August 2007.) are applicable to this document. A number of security vulnerabilities discussed in [I‑D.barnes‑geopriv‑lo‑sec] (Barnes, R., Lepinski, M., Cooper, A., Morris, J., Tschofenig, H., and H. Schulzrinne, “An Architecture for Location and Location Privacy in Internet Applications,” March 2009.) around faked location information are less problematic in this case since location information does not need to be provided by the end host itself or it can be verified to fall within a specific geographical area.

There are a couple of new vulnerabilities raised with unauthenticated emergency services since the PSAP operator does is not in possession of any identity information about the emergency call via the signaling path itself. In countries where this functionality is used for GSM networks today this has lead to a significant amount of misuse.

The link layer mechanisms need to provide a special way of handling unauthenticated emergency services. Although this subject is not a topic for the IETF itself but there are at least a few high-level assumptions that may need to be collected. This includes security features that may be desirable.

9.  Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the authors of [I‑D.ietf‑ecrit‑phonebcp] (Rosen, B. and J. Polk, “Best Current Practice for Communications Services in support of Emergency Calling,” January 2010.) (James Polk and Brian Rosen) for their good work. This document makes heavy use of their document.

We would like to thank members from the Wimax Forum for their help with the terminology. We would also like to thank the participants of the 2nd and 3rd SDO Emergency Services Workshop for their input regarding this subject.

10.  References

10.1. Normative References

10.2. Informative References

Authors' Addresses

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