Internet-Draft Encryption algorithm Rocca-S November 2022
Nakano, et al. Expires 9 May 2023 [Page]
Workgroup:
Network Working Group
Internet-Draft:
draft-nakano-rocca-s-02
Published:
Intended Status:
Informational
Expires:
Authors:
Y. Nakano
KDDI Research, Inc.
K. Fukushima
KDDI Research, Inc.
T. Isobe
University of Hyogo

Encryption algorithm Rocca-S

Abstract

This document defines Rocca-S encryption scheme, which is an Authenticated Encryption with Associated Data (AEAD), using a 256-bit key and can be efficiently implemented utilizing the AES New Instruction set (AES-NI).

Status of This Memo

This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

This Internet-Draft will expire on 9 May 2023.

▲

Table of Contents

1. Introduction

1.1. Background

Countries such as the USA, China, and South Korea are adapting to the fifth-generation mobile communication systems (5G) technology at an increasingly rapid pace. There are more than 1500 cities worldwide with access to 5G technology. Other countries are also taking significant steps to make 5G networks commercially available to their citizens. As the research in 5G technology is moving toward global standardization, it is important for the research community to focus on developing solutions beyond 5G and for the 6G era. The first white paper on 6G [WP-6G] was published by 6G Flagship, University of Oulu, Finland under the 6Genesis project in 2019. This white paper identified the key drivers, research requirements, challenges and essential research questions related to 6G. One of the main requirements as listed in this paper was to look at the problem of transmitting data at a speed of over 100 Gbps per user.

Additionally, 3GPP requires that the cryptographic algorithms proposed for 5G systems should support 256-bit keys [SPEC-5G]. Apart from the need of speeds of more than 100 Gbps and supporting 256-bit keys, 3GPP also discusses the possible impacts of quantum computing in the coming years, especially due to Grover's algorithm. While describing the impact of quantum computers on symmetric algorithms required for 5G and beyond, 3GPP states the following in Section 5.3 of [SPEC-5G]:

"The threat to symmetric cryptography from quantum computing is lower than that for asymmetric cryptography. As such there is little benefit in transitioning symmetric algorithms without corresponding changes to the asymmetric algorithms that accompany them."

However, it has been shown in numerous articles that quantum computers can be used to either efficiently break or drastically reduce the time necessary to attack some symmetric-key cryptography methods. These results require a serious reevaluation of the premise that has informed beyond 5G quantum security concerns up to this point. Additionally, since NIST will finally standardize quantum-resistant public key algorithms in the coming few years, we believe it is important for the research community to also focus on symmetric algorithms for future telecommunications that would provide security against quantum adversaries. The effectiveness of post-quantum asymmetric cryptography would only be improved if the symmetric cryptography used with it is also quantum resistant. Thus, a symmetric cryptographic algorithm that

  • supports 256-bit key and provides 256-bit security with respect to key recovery and forgery attacks,
  • has an encryption/decryption speed of more than 100 Gbps, and
  • is at least as secure as AES-256 against quantum adversaries (for 128-bit security against a quantum adversary),

is needed.

Rocca has been designed as an encryption algorithm for a high speed communication such as future internet and beyond 5G mobile communications. Rocca achieves an encryption/decryption speed of more than 100 Gbps in both the raw encryption scheme and the AEAD scheme. It supports a 256-bit key and provides 256-bit and 128-bit security against the key recovery and distinguishing attacks, respectively. The high throughput of Rocca can be achieved by utilizing the AES New Instruction set (AES-NI) [AES-NI]. Similar approach has been taken by AEGIS family [AEGIS] and Tiaoxin-346 [TIAOXIN], both are two submissions to the CAESAR competition [CAESAR]. SNOW-V [SNOW-V] also uses AES round function as a component so that AES-NI can be used.

As Rocca has been designed for future telecommunication services, Rocca satisfies two out of three above mentioned requirements. However, there is still room for the improvement with regard to security against quantum computers. This motivates us to propose a symmetric-key algorithm that satisfies all three of the above-mentioned requirements. In this document, we propose Rocca-S, which is an AES-based encryption scheme with a 256-bit key. Rocca-S provides both a raw encryption scheme and an AEAD scheme with a 256-bit tag. Rocca-S is designed to meet the requirements of high throughput of more than 100 Gbps as well as 256-bit security. Rocca-S achieves an encryption/decryption speed of more than 200 Gbps in both raw encryption scheme and AEAD scheme on Intel(R) Core(TM) i9-12900K, and can provide 256-bit and 128-bit security against classical and quantum adversaries respectively.

1.2. Design Concept

In this document, we present an AES-based AEAD encryption scheme with a 256-bit key and 256-bit tag called Rocca-S, which is a variant of Rocca described in [ROCCA]. The goal of Rocca-S is to further improve the security of Rocca while maintaining its performance advantage.

To achieve such a dramatically fast encryption/decryption speed, Rocca-S follows the same design principle as Rocca, such as the SIMD-friendly round function and an efficient permutation-based structure. We explore the class of AES-based structures to further increase its speed and reduce the state size. Specifically, we take the following different approaches.

  • To minimize the critical path of the round function, we focus on the structure where each 128-bit block of the internal state is updated by either one AES round (aesenc) or XOR while Jean and Nikolic consider the case of applying both aesenc and XOR in a cascade way for one round, and the most efficient structures in [DESIGN] are included in this class.
  • We introduce a permutation between the 128-bit state words of the internal state in order to increase the number of possible candidates while maintaining efficiency, because executing such a permutation is a cost-free operation in the target software, which was not taken into account in [DESIGN].

1.3. Conventions Used in This Document

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.

2. Algorithms Description

In this section, the notations and the specification of our designs will be described.

2.1. Notations

The following notations will be used in the document. Throughout this document, a block means a 2-octet value. For the constants Z0 and Z1, we utilize the same ones as Tiaoxin-346 [TIAOXIN].

  1. X ^ Y: The bitwise Exclusive OR (XOR) of X and Y.
  2. X#Y: For a number X and a positive integer Y, the Y-th power of X.
  3. f#(N): For a function f and a non-negative integer N, the N-th iteration of function f.
  4. |X|: The length of X in bits.
  5. X||Y : The concatenation of X and Y.
  6. ZERO(l): A zero string of length l bits.
  7. PAD(X): X||ZERO(l), where l is the minimal non-negative integer such that |PAD(X)| is a multiple of 256.
  8. PADN(X): X||ZERO(l), where l is the minimal non-negative integer such that |PADN(X)| is a multiple of 128.
  9. LE128(X): the little-endian encoding of 128-bit integer X.
  10. Write X as X = X[0]||X[1]|| ... ||X[n] with |X[i]| = 256, where n is |X|/256 - 1. In addition, X[i] is written as X[i] = X[i]_0||X[i]_1 with |X[i]_0| = |X[i]_1| = 128.
  11. S: The state of Rocca-S, which is composed of 7 blocks, i.e., S = (S[0], S[1], ..., S[6]), where S[i] (0 <= i <= 6) are blocks and S[0] is the first block.
  12. Z0: A 128-bit constant block defined as Z0 = 428a2f98d728ae227137449123ef65cd.
  13. Z1: A 128-bit constant block defined as Z1 = b5c0fbcfec4d3b2fe9b5dba58189dbbc.
  14. A(X): The AES round function without the constant addition operation, as defined below:
    A(X) = MixColumns( ShiftRows( SubBytes(X) ) ), where MixColumns, ShiftRows and SubBytes are the same operations as defined in AES [AES].
  15. AES(X,Y): One AES round is applied to the block X, where the round constant is Y, as defined below:
    AES(X,Y) = A(X) ^ Y.
    This operation is the same as aesenc, which is one of the instructions of AES-NI, performs one regular (not the last) round of AES on an input state X with a subkey Y.
  16. R(S,X0,X1): The round function is used to update the state S, as defined in Section 2.2.

2.2. The Round Function

The input of the round function R(S,X0,X1) of Rocca-S consists of the state S and two blocks (X0,X1). If denoting the output by Snew, Snew:=R(S,X0,X1) can be defined as follows:

Snew[0] = S[6] ^ S[1],
Snew[1] = AES(S[0],X_0),
Snew[2] = AES(S[1],S[0]),
Snew[3] = AES(S[2],S[6]),
Snew[4] = AES(S[3],X_1),
Snew[5] = AES(S[4],S[3]),
Snew[6] = AES(S[5],S[4]).

The corresponding illustration can be found in Figure 1.

+----+      +----+  +----+  +----+ +----+      +----+  +----+
|S[0]|      |S[1]|  |S[6]|  |S[2]| |S[3]|      |S[4]|  |S[5]|
+-+-++      ++-+-+  ++-+-+  ++---+ +-+-++      ++-+-+  ++---+
  | |        | |     | |     |       | |        | |     |
  | +-----+  | +--+  | +--+  |       | +-----+  | +--+  |
  v       |  v    |  v    |  v       v       |  v    |  v
+---+     | +---+ | +---+ | +---+  +---+     | +---+ | +---+
|AES|<-X0 +>|AES| +>|XOR| +>|AES|  |AES|<-X1 +>|AES| +>|AES|
+-+-+       +-+-+   +-+-+   +-+-+  +-+-+       +-+-+   +-+-+
  |           |       |       |      |           |       |
  v           v       v       v      v           v       v
+----+     +----+   +----+  +----+ +----+     +----+  +----+
|Snew|     |Snew|   |Snew|  |Snew| |Snew|     |Snew|  |Snew|
| [1]|     | [2]|   | [0]|  | [3]| | [4]|     | [5]|  | [6]|
+----+     +----+   +----+  +----+ +----+     +----+  +----+
Figure 1: Illustration of the Round Function

2.3. Specification

Rocca-S is an AEAD scheme composed of four phases: initialization, processing the associated data, encryption and finalization. The input consists of a 256-bit key K = K0||K1, a nonce N of between 12 and 16 octets (both inclusive) in length, the associated data AD and the message M, where K0 and K1 are elements of the binary finite field of 2#128. The output is the corresponding ciphertext C and a 256-bit tag T.

The settings described below are required for the parameters:

  • The key K MUST be unpredictable for each invocation.
  • PADN(N), where N is the nonce, MUST be unique per invocation with the same key, so N MUST NOT be randomly generated.

2.3.1. Initialization

First, (N,K0,K1) is loaded into the state S in the following way:

  S[0] = K1,
  S[1] = PADN(N),
  S[2] = Z0,
  S[3] = K0,
  S[4] = Z1,
  S[5] = PADN(N) ^ K1,
  S[6] = ZERO(128)

Then, 16 iterations of the round function R(S,Z0,Z1), which is written as R(S,Z0,Z1)#(16), are applied to state S.

After 16 iterations of the round function, two 128-bit keys are XORed with the state S in the following way:

S[0] = S[0] ^ K0, S[1] = S[1] ^ K0,
S[2] = S[2] ^ K1, S[3] = S[3] ^ K0,
S[4] = S[4] ^ K0, S[5] = S[5] ^ K1,
S[6] = S[6] ^ K1.

2.3.2. Processing the Associated Data

If AD is empty, this phase will be skipped. Otherwise, AD is padded to PAD(AD), and the state is updated as follows:

   for i = 0 to d - 1
      R(S, PAD(AD)[i]_0, PAD(AD)[i]_1),
   end for

where d = |PAD(AD)| / 256.

2.3.3. Encryption

The encryption phase is similar to the phase to process the associated data. If M is empty, the encryption phase will be skipped. Otherwise, M is first padded to PAD(M), and then PAD(M) will be absorbed with the round function. During this procedure, the ciphertext C is generated. If the last block of M is incomplete and its length is b bits, i.e., 0 < b < 256, the last block of C will be truncated to the first b bits. A detailed description is shown below:

   for i = 0 to m - 1
      C[i]_0 = AES(S[3] ^ S[5], S[0]) ^ PAD(M)[i]_0,
      C[i]_1 = AES(S[4] ^ S[6], S[2]) ^ PAD(M)[i]_1,
      R(S, PAD(M)[i]_0, PAD(M)[i]_1),
   end for

where m = |PAD(M)| / 256.

2.3.4. Finalization

After the above three phases, two 128-bit keys K0 and K1 are first XORed with the state S in the following way:

   S[1] = S[1] ^ K0,
   S[2] = S[2] ^ K1.

Then, the state S will again pass through 16 iterations of the round function R(S,LE128(|AD|),LE128(|M|)) and then the 256-bit tag T is computed in the following way:

   T = (S[0] ^ S[1] ^ S[2] ^ S[3]) || (S[4] ^ S[5] ^ S[6]).

2.3.5. Rocca-S Algorithm

A formal description of Rocca-S can be seen in Figure 2, and the corresponding illustration is shown in Figure 3.

// Rocca-S Algorithm. The specification of Rocca-S
   procedure RoccaEncrypt(K0, K1, N, AD, M)
      S = Initialization(N,K0,K1)
      if |AD| > 0 then
         S = ProcessAD(S,PAD(AD))
      if |M| > 0 then
         S =  Encryption(S,PAD(M),C)
         Truncate C
      T = Finalization(S, |AD|, |M|)
      return (C, T)

   procedure RoccaDecrypt(K0, K1, N, AD, C, T)
      S = Initialization(N,K0,K1)
      if |AD| > 0 then
      S = ProcessAD(S,PAD(AD))
      if |C| > 0 then
         S = Decryption(S,PAD(C),M)
         Truncate M
      if T == Finalization(S, |AD|, |C|) then
         return M
      else
         return nil

   procedure Initialization(N, K0, K1)
      S[0] = K1,
      S[1] = PADN(N),
      S[2] = Z0,
      S[3] = K0,
      S[4] = Z1,
      S[5] = PADN(N) ^ K1,
      S[6] = ZERO(128)
      for i = 0 to 15 do
         S = R(S, Z0, Z1)
      S[0] = S[0] ^ K0,
      S[1] = S[1] ^ K0,
      S[2] = S[2] ^ K1,
      S[3] = S[3] ^ K0,
      S[4] = S[4] ^ K0,
      S[5] = S[5] ^ K1,
      S[6] = S[6] ^ K1
      return S

   procedure ProcessAD(S, AD)
      d = |PAD(AD)|/256
      for i = 0 to d - 1 do
         S =  R(S, AD[i]_0, AD[i]_1)
      return S

   procedure Encryption(S, M, C)
      m = |PAD(M)|/256
      for i = 0 to m - 1 do
         C[i]_0 = AES(S[3] ^ S[5], S[0]) ^ M[i]_0
         C[i]_1 = AES(S[4] ^ S[6], S[2]) ^ M[i]_1
         S = R(S,M[i]_0, M[i]_1)
      return S

   procedure Decryption(S, M, C)
      c = |C|/256
      for i = 0 to c - 1 do
         M[i]_0 = AES(S[3] ^ S[5], S[0]) ^ C[i]_0
         M[i]_1 = AES(S[4] ^ S[6], S[2]) ^ C[i]_1
         S = R(S,M[i]_0, M[i]_1)
      return S

   procedure Finalization(S, |AD|, |M|)
      S[1] = S[1] ^ K0
      S[2] = S[2] ^ K1
      for i = 0 to 15 do
         S = R(S, |AD|, |M|)
      T0 = 0
      T1 = 0
      for i = 0 to 3 do
         T0 = T0 ^ S[i]
      for i = 4 to 6 do
         T1 = T1 ^ S[i]
      return T0||T1
Figure 2: The Specification of Rocca-S 
            Z1         AD[0]_1  AD[1]_1
            |             |       |
            v             v       v
         +------+       +---+   +---+
PADN(N)->|      |       |   |   |   |
         |R#(16)+------>| R +-->| R +->...---+
 K0||K1->|      |   ^   |   |   |   |        |
         +------+   |   +---+   +---+        |
            ^     K0||K1  ^       ^          |
            |             |       |          |
            Z0         AD[0]_0  AD[1]_0      |
                                             |
+--------------------------------------------+
|
|             C[0]_1        C[1]_1        C[m-1]_1
|               ^             ^              ^
|               |             |              |                  |AD|
|             +-+-+         +-+-+          +-+-+                 |
|   AD[d-1]_1 |XOR|<-M[0]_1 |XOR|<-M[1]_1  |XOR|<-M[m-1]_1       |
|        |    +---+   |     +---+   |      +---+   |             |
|        v      ^     v       ^     v        ^     v             |
|       +---+   |   +---+     |   +---+      |   +---+           v
|       |   +---+   |   +-----+   |   |     -+   |   |       +------+
|       |   |       |   |         |   |          |   |       |      |
+------>| R +------>| R +-------->| R +->...---->| R +------>|R#(16)+->T
        |   |       |   |         |   |          |   |   ^   |      |
        |   +---+   |   +-----+   |   |     -+   |   |   |   +------+
        +---+   |   +---+     |   +---+      |   +---+   |       ^
         ^      v     ^       v     ^        v     ^    K0||K1   |
         |    +---+   |     +---+   |      +---+   |             |
              |XOR|<-M[0]_0 |XOR|<-M[1]_0  |XOR|<-M[m-1]_0      |M|
    AD[d-1]_0 +-+-+         +-+-+          +-+-+
                |             |              |
                v             v              v
              C[0]_0        C[1]_0        C[m-1]_0
Figure 3: The Procedure of Rocca-S

2.3.6. A Raw Encryption Scheme

If the phases of processing the associated data and finalization are removed, a raw encryption scheme is obtained.

2.3.7. A Keystream Generation Scheme

If the phases of processing the associated data and finalization are removed, and there is no message injection into the round function such that R(S,0,0), a keystream generation scheme is obtained. This scheme can be used as a general stream cipher and random bit generation.

2.3.8. Support for Shorter Key Length

For Rocca-S to support 128-bit or 192-bit keys, the given key needs to be expanded to 256 bits. When 128-bit key is given, it will be set to K0, and K1 is defined as K1 = ZERO(128). When 192-bit key is given, the first 128-bit will be set to K0, and the remaining 64-bit will be set to K1_p. Then K1 is defined as K1 = K1_p||ZERO(64).

Use of Key Derivation Functions (KDF) [KDF] to stretch the key length to 256-bit could be another option. The given 128-bit or 192-bit key will be used as a key derivation key, and the output of the KDF will be 256-bit.

2.3.9. Settings as AEAD Algorithm Specifications

To comply with the requirements defined in Section 4 of [RFC5116], the settings of the parameters for Rocca-S are defined as follows:

  • K_LEN (key length) is 32 octets (256 bits), and K (key) does not require any particular data format.
  • P_MAX (maximum size of the plaintext) is 2#125 octets.
  • A_MAX (maximum size of the associated data) is 2#61 octets.
  • N_MIN (minimum size of the nonce) = 12 octets, and N_MAX (maximum size of the nonce) = 16 octets.
  • C_MAX (the largest possible AEAD ciphertext) = P_MAX + tag length = 2#125 + 32 octets.

In addition,

  • Rocca-S does not structure its ciphertext output with the authentication tag.
  • Rocca-S is not randomized and is not stateful in the meanings of the section 4 of [RFC5116].

2.4. Security Claims

2.4.1. Classic Setting

As described in Section 3, Rocca-S provides 256-bit security against key-recovery and forgery attacks in the nonce-respecting setting. We do not claim its security in the related-key and known-key settings.

The message length for a fixed key is limited to at most 2#128, and we also limit the number of different messages that are produced for a fixed key to be at most 2#128. The length of the associated data for a fixed key is up to 2#64.

2.4.2. Quantum Setting

There exist no quantum attacks for key-recovery and forgery (in nonce-respecting setting) on Rocca-S with time complexity lower than 2#128. Rocca-S does not provide security against related-key and known-key superposition attacks (as is the case of all known block ciphers).

3. Security Considerations

3.1. Security Against Attacks

Rocca-S is secure against the following attacks:

  1. Key-Recovery Attack: 256-bit security against key-recovery attacks.
  2. Differential Attack: Secure against differential attacks in the initialization phase.
  3. Forgery Attack: 256-bit security against forgery attacks.
  4. Integral Attack: Secure against integral attacks.

  5. State-recovery Attack:

    • Guess-and-Determine Attack: The time complexity of the guess-and-determine attack cannot be lower than 2#256.
    • Algebraic Attack: The system of equations, which needs to be solved in algebraic attacks to Rocca-S, cannot be solved with time complexity 2#256.
  6. The Linear Bias: Secure against a statistical attack.

3.2. Other Attacks

While there are many attack vectors for block ciphers, their application to Rocca-S is restrictive, as the attackers can only know partial information about the internal state from the ciphertext blocks. In other words, reversing the round function is impossible in Rocca-S without guessing many secret state blocks. Therefore, only the above potential attack vectors are taken into account. In addition, due to the usage of the constant (Z0,Z1) at the initialization phase, the attack based on the similarity in the four columns of the AES state is also excluded.

3.3. Nonce Reuse

Inadvertent reuse of the same nonce by two invocations of the Rocca-S encryption operation, with the same key, undermines the security of the messages processed with those invocations. A loss of confidentiality ensues because an adversary will be able to reconstruct the bitwise exclusive-or of the two plaintext values.

4. IANA Considerations

IANA has assigned value TBD in the AEAD Algorithms registry to AEAD_ROCCA.

5. References

5.1. Normative References

[RFC2119]
Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC5116]
McGrew, D., "An Interface and Algorithms for Authenticated Encryption", RFC 5116, DOI 10.17487/RFC5116, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5116>.
[RFC8174]
Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

5.2. Informative References

[AEGIS]
Preneel, B., "AEGIS: A fast authenticated encryption algorithm", Selected Areas in Cryptography (SAC 2013) pp.185-201, .
[AES]
National Institute of Standards and Technology, "FIPS 197 Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)", , <https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.FIPS.197>.
[AES-NI]
Gueron, S., "Intel Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) New Instructions Set", , <https://www.intel.com/content/dam/doc/white-paper/advanced-encryption-standard-new-instructions-set-paper.pdf>.
[CAESAR]
"CAESAR: Competition for Authenticated Encryption: Security, Applicability, and Robustness", , <https://competitions.cr.yp.to/caesar.html>.
[DESIGN]
Jean, J. and I. Nikolic, "Efficient Design Strategies Based on the AES Round Function", In: Peyrin, T. (eds) Fast Software Encryption. FSE 2016. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 9783, , <https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-52993-5_17>.
[KDF]
Chena, L., "Recommendation for Key Derivation Using Pseudorandom Functions (Revised)", NIST Special Publication 800-108, , <https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/SP/nistspecialpublication800-108.pdf>.
[ROCCA]
Sakamoto, K., Liu, F., Nakano, Y., Kiyomoto, S., and T. Isobe, "Rocca: An Efficient AES-based Encryption Scheme for Beyond 5G", IACR Transactions on Symmetric Cryptology, 2021(2), 1-30, , <https://doi.org/10.46586/tosc.v2021.i2.1-30>.
[SNOW-V]
Ekdahl, P., Johansson, T., Maximov, A., and J. Yang, "A new SNOW stream cipher called SNOW-V", IACR Transactions on Symmetric Cryptology, 2019(3), 1-42, , <https://doi.org/10.13154/tosc.v2019.i3.1-42>.
[SPEC-5G]
3GPP SA3, "Study on the support of 256-bit algorithms for 5G", , <https://portal.3gpp.org/desktopmodules/Specifications/SpecificationDetails.aspx?specificationId=3422>.
[TIAOXIN]
Nikolic, I., "Tiaoxin-346: VERSION 2.0", CAESAR Competition, , <https://competitions.cr.yp.to/round2/tiaoxinv2.pdf>.
[WP-6G]
Latva-aho, M. and K. Leppaenen, "Key drivers and research challenges for 6G ubiquitous wireless intelligence", .

Appendix A. Software Implementation

A.1. Implementation with SIMD Instructions

Figure 4 shows a sample implementation of Rocca-S.

#include <memory.h>
#include <immintrin.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdint.h>

#define ROCCA_KEY_SIZE       (32)
#define ROCCA_IV_SIZE        (16)
#define ROCCA_MSG_BLOCK_SIZE (32)
#define ROCCA_TAG_SIZE       (32)
#define ROCCA_STATE_NUM      ( 7)

typedef struct ROCCA_CTX {
   uint8_t key[ROCCA_KEY_SIZE/16][16];
   uint8_t state[ROCCA_STATE_NUM][16];
   size_t size_ad;
   size_t size_m;
} rocca_context;

#define load(m)    _mm_loadu_si128((const __m128i *)(m))
#define store(m,a) _mm_storeu_si128((__m128i *)(m),a)
#define xor(a,b)   _mm_xor_si128(a,b)
#define and(a,b)   _mm_and_si128(a,b)
#define enc(a,k)   _mm_aesenc_si128(a,k)
#define setzero()  _mm_setzero_si128()

#define ENCODE_IN_LITTLE_ENDIAN(bytes, v) \
  bytes[ 0] = ((uint64_t)(v) << (    3)); \
  bytes[ 1] = ((uint64_t)(v) >> (1*8-3)); \
  bytes[ 2] = ((uint64_t)(v) >> (2*8-3)); \
  bytes[ 3] = ((uint64_t)(v) >> (3*8-3)); \
  bytes[ 4] = ((uint64_t)(v) >> (4*8-3)); \
  bytes[ 5] = ((uint64_t)(v) >> (5*8-3)); \
  bytes[ 6] = ((uint64_t)(v) >> (6*8-3)); \
  bytes[ 7] = ((uint64_t)(v) >> (7*8-3)); \
  bytes[ 8] = ((uint64_t)(v) >> (8*8-3)); \
  bytes[ 9] = 0; \
  bytes[10] = 0; \
  bytes[11] = 0; \
  bytes[12] = 0; \
  bytes[13] = 0; \
  bytes[14] = 0; \
  bytes[15] = 0;

#define FLOORTO(a,b) ((a) / (b) * (b))

#define S_NUM     ROCCA_STATE_NUM
#define M_NUM     ( 2)
#define INIT_LOOP (16)
#define TAG_LOOP  (16)

#define VARS4UPDATE \
  __m128i k[2], state[S_NUM], stateNew[S_NUM], M[M_NUM];

#define VARS4ENCRYPT \
  VARS4UPDATE \
  __m128i Z[M_NUM], C[M_NUM];

#define COPY_TO_LOCAL(ctx) \
  for(size_t i = 0; i < S_NUM; ++i) \
  { state[i] = load(&((ctx)->state[i][0])); }

#define COPY_FROM_LOCAL(ctx) \
  for(size_t i = 0; i < S_NUM; ++i) \
  { store(&((ctx)->state[i][0]), state[i]); }

#define COPY_TO_LOCAL_IN_TAG(ctx) \
  COPY_TO_LOCAL(ctx)    for(size_t i = 0; i < 2; ++i) \
  { k[i] = load(&((ctx)->key[i][0])); }

#define COPY_FROM_LOCAL_IN_INIT(ctx) \
  COPY_FROM_LOCAL(ctx)  for(size_t i = 0; i < 2; ++i) \
  { store(&((ctx)->key[i][0]), k[i]); }

#define UPDATE_STATE(X) \
  stateNew[0] = xor(state[6], state[1]); \
  stateNew[1] = enc(state[0],     X[0]); \
  stateNew[2] = enc(state[1], state[0]); \
  stateNew[3] = enc(state[2], state[6]); \
  stateNew[4] = enc(state[3],     X[1]); \
  stateNew[5] = enc(state[4], state[3]); \
  stateNew[6] = enc(state[5], state[4]); \
  for(size_t i = 0; i < S_NUM; ++i) \
  {state[i] = stateNew[i];}

#define INIT_STATE(key, iv) \
  k[0] = load((key) + 16*0); \
  k[1] = load((key) + 16*1); \
  state[0] = k[1]; \
  state[1] = load(iv); \
  state[2] = load(Z0); \
  state[3] = k[0]; \
  state[4] = load(Z1); \
  state[5] = xor(state[1], state[0]); \
  state[6] = setzero(); \
  M[0] = state[2]; \
  M[1] = state[4]; \
  for(size_t i = 0; i < INIT_LOOP; ++i) { \
    UPDATE_STATE(M) \
  } \
  state[0] = xor(state[0], k[0]); \
  state[1] = xor(state[1], k[0]); \
  state[2] = xor(state[2], k[1]); \
  state[3] = xor(state[3], k[0]); \
  state[4] = xor(state[4], k[0]); \
  state[5] = xor(state[5], k[1]); \
  state[6] = xor(state[6], k[1]);


#define MAKE_STRM \
  Z[0] = enc(xor(state[3], state[5]), state[0]); \
  Z[1] = enc(xor(state[4], state[6]), state[2]);

#define MSG_LOAD(mem, reg) \
  reg[0] = load((mem) +  0); \
  reg[1] = load((mem) + 16);

#define MSG_STORE(mem, reg) \
  store((mem) +  0, reg[0]); \
  store((mem) + 16, reg[1]);

#define XOR_BLOCK(dst, src1, src2) \
  dst[0] = xor(src1[0], src2[0]); \
  dst[1] = xor(src1[1], src2[1]);

#define MASKXOR_BLOCK(dst, src1, src2, mask) \
  dst[0] = and(xor(src1[0], src2[0]), mask[0]); \
  dst[1] = and(xor(src1[1], src2[1]), mask[1]);

#define ADD_AD(input) \
  MSG_LOAD(input, M) \
  UPDATE_STATE(M)

#define ADD_AD_LAST_BLOCK(input, size) \
  uint8_t tmpblk[ROCCA_MSG_BLOCK_SIZE] = {0}; \
  memcpy(tmpblk, input, size); \
  MSG_LOAD(tmpblk, M) \
  UPDATE_STATE(M)

#define ENCRYPT(output, input) \
  MSG_LOAD(input, M) \
  MAKE_STRM \
  XOR_BLOCK(C, M, Z) \
  MSG_STORE(output, C) \
  UPDATE_STATE(M)

#define ENCRYPT_LAST_BLOCK(output, input, size) \
  uint8_t tmpblk[ROCCA_MSG_BLOCK_SIZE] = {0}; \
  memcpy(tmpblk, input, size); \
  MSG_LOAD(tmpblk, M) \
  MAKE_STRM \
  XOR_BLOCK(C, M, Z) \
  MSG_STORE(tmpblk, C) \
  memcpy(output, tmpblk, size); \
  UPDATE_STATE(M)

#define DECRYPT(output, input) \
  MSG_LOAD(input, C) \
  MAKE_STRM \
  XOR_BLOCK(M, C, Z) \
  MSG_STORE(output, M) \
  UPDATE_STATE(M)

#define DECRYPT_LAST_BLOCK(output, input, size) \
  uint8_t tmpblk[ROCCA_MSG_BLOCK_SIZE] = {0}; \
  uint8_t tmpmsk[ROCCA_MSG_BLOCK_SIZE] = {0}; \
  __m128i mask[M_NUM]; \
  memcpy(tmpblk, input, size); \
  memset(tmpmsk, 0xFF , size); \
  MSG_LOAD(tmpblk, C   ) \
  MSG_LOAD(tmpmsk, mask) \
  MAKE_STRM \
  MASKXOR_BLOCK(M, C, Z, mask) \
  MSG_STORE(tmpblk, M) \
  memcpy(output, tmpblk, size); \
  UPDATE_STATE(M)

#define SET_AD_BITLEN_MSG_BITLEN(sizeAD, sizeM) \
  uint8_t bitlenAD[16]; \
  uint8_t bitlenM [16]; \
  ENCODE_IN_LITTLE_ENDIAN(bitlenAD, sizeAD); \
  ENCODE_IN_LITTLE_ENDIAN(bitlenM , sizeM ); \
  M[0] = load(bitlenAD); \
  M[1] = load(bitlenM );

#define MAKE_TAG(sizeAD, sizeM, tag) \
  SET_AD_BITLEN_MSG_BITLEN(sizeAD, sizeM) \
  state[1] = xor(state[1], k[0]); \
  state[2] = xor(state[2], k[1]); \
  for(size_t i = 0; i < TAG_LOOP; ++i) { \
    UPDATE_STATE(M) \
  } \
  __m128i tag128a = setzero(); \
  for(size_t i = 0; i <= 3; ++i) { \
    tag128a = xor(tag128a, state[i]); \
  } \
  __m128i tag128b = setzero(); \
  for(size_t i = 4; i <= 6; ++i) { \
    tag128b = xor(tag128b, state[i]); \
  } \
  store((tag)   , tag128a); \
  store((tag)+16, tag128b);

static const uint8_t Z0[] = {0xcd,0x65,0xef,0x23,0x91, \
0x44,0x37,0x71,0x22,0xae,0x28,0xd7,0x98,0x2f,0x8a,0x42};
static const uint8_t Z1[] = {0xbc,0xdb,0x89,0x81,0xa5, \
0xdb,0xb5,0xe9,0x2f,0x3b,0x4d,0xec,0xcf,0xfb,0xc0,0xb5};

void rocca_init(rocca_context * ctx, const uint8_t * key, \
const uint8_t * iv) {
   VARS4UPDATE
   INIT_STATE(key, iv);
   COPY_FROM_LOCAL_IN_INIT(ctx);
   ctx->size_ad = 0;
   ctx->size_m  = 0;
}

void rocca_add_ad(rocca_context * ctx, const uint8_t * in, size_t size)
{
   VARS4UPDATE
   COPY_TO_LOCAL(ctx);
   size_t i = 0;
   for(size_t size2 = FLOORTO(size, ROCCA_MSG_BLOCK_SIZE); \
   i < size2; i += ROCCA_MSG_BLOCK_SIZE) {
      ADD_AD(in + i);
   }
   if(i < size) {
      ADD_AD_LAST_BLOCK(in + i, size - i);
   }
   COPY_FROM_LOCAL(ctx);
   ctx->size_ad += size;
}

void rocca_encrypt(rocca_context * ctx, uint8_t * out, \
const uint8_t * in, size_t size) {
   VARS4ENCRYPT
   COPY_TO_LOCAL(ctx);
   size_t i = 0;
   for(size_t size2 = FLOORTO(size, ROCCA_MSG_BLOCK_SIZE); \
   i < size2; i += ROCCA_MSG_BLOCK_SIZE) {
      ENCRYPT(out + i, in + i);
   }
   if(i < size) {
      ENCRYPT_LAST_BLOCK(out + i, in + i, size - i);
   }
   COPY_FROM_LOCAL(ctx);
   ctx->size_m += size;
}

void rocca_decrypt(rocca_context * ctx, uint8_t * out, \
const uint8_t * in, size_t size) {
   VARS4ENCRYPT
   COPY_TO_LOCAL(ctx);
   size_t i = 0;
   for(size_t size2 = FLOORTO(size, ROCCA_MSG_BLOCK_SIZE); \
   i < size2; i += ROCCA_MSG_BLOCK_SIZE) {
      DECRYPT(out + i, in + i);
   }
   if(i < size) {
      DECRYPT_LAST_BLOCK(out + i, in + i, size - i);
   }
   COPY_FROM_LOCAL(ctx);
   ctx->size_m += size;
}

void rocca_tag(rocca_context * ctx, uint8_t *tag) {
   VARS4UPDATE
   COPY_TO_LOCAL_IN_TAG(ctx);
   MAKE_TAG(ctx->size_ad, ctx->size_m, tag);
}
Figure 4: Reference Implementation with SIMD

A.2. Test Vector

This section gives three test vectors of Rocca-S. The least significant octet of the vector is shown on the left and the first 128-bit value is shown on the first line.

=== test vector #1===
key =
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
nonce =
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
associated data =
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
plaintext =
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
ciphertext =
9a c3 32 64 95 a8 d4 14 fe 40 7f 47 b5 44 10 50
24 81 cf 79 ca b8 c0 a6 69 32 3e 07 71 1e 46 17
0d e5 b2 fb ba 0f ae 8d e7 c1 fc ca ee fc 36 26
24 fc fd c1 5f 8b b3 e6 44 57 e8 b7 e3 75 57 bb
tag =
8d f9 34 d1 48 37 10 c9 41 0f 6a 08 9c 4c ed 97
91 90 1b 7e 2e 66 12 06 20 2d b2 cc 7a 24 a3 86

=== test vector #2===
key =
01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01
01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01
nonce =
01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01
associated data =
01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01
01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01
plaintext =
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
ciphertext =
55 9e cb 25 3b cf e2 6b 48 3b f0 0e 9c 74 83 45
97 8f f9 21 03 6a 6c 1f dc b7 12 17 28 36 50 4f
bc 64 d4 30 a7 3f c6 7a cd 3c 3b 9c 19 76 d8 07
90 f4 83 57 e7 fe 0c 06 82 62 45 69 d3 a6 58 fb

tag =
b7 30 e6 b6 19 f6 3c cf 7e 69 73 59 14 d7 6a b5
2f 70 36 0c 8a 65 4b ad 99 13 20 ef 95 2c 40 a2

=== test vector #3===
key =
01 23 45 67 89 ab cd ef 01 23 45 67 89 ab cd ef
01 23 45 67 89 ab cd ef 01 23 45 67 89 ab cd ef
nonce =
01 23 45 67 89 ab cd ef 01 23 45 67 89 ab cd ef
associated data =
01 23 45 67 89 ab cd ef 01 23 45 67 89 ab cd ef
01 23 45 67 89 ab cd ef 01 23 45 67 89 ab cd ef
plaintext =
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
ciphertext =
b5 fc 4e 2a 72 b8 6d 1a 13 3c 0f 02 02 bd f7 90
af 14 a2 4b 2c db 67 6e 42 78 65 e1 2f cc 9d 30
21 d1 84 18 fc 75 dc 19 12 dd 2c d7 9a 3b ee b2
a9 8b 23 5d e2 29 9b 9d da 93 fd 2b 5a c8 f4 36
tag =
32 6e 63 57 e5 00 34 a7 75 0f c2 01 31 aa 6f 76
19 ed 23 db 5b da d0 00 28 20 cc 70 7f 35 9f 8d

Acknowledgements

This draft is partially supported by a contract of "Research and development on new generation cryptography for secure wireless communication services" among "Research and Development for Expansion of Radio Wave Resources (JPJ000254)", which was supported by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, Japan.

Authors' Addresses

Yuto Nakano
KDDI Research, Inc.
2-1-15 Ohara, Fujimino-shi, Saitama,
356-8502
Japan
Kazuhide Fukushima
KDDI Research, Inc.
2-1-15 Ohara, Fujimino-shi, Saitama,
356-8502
Japan
Takanori Isobe
University of Hyogo
7-1-28 Minatojima Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe-shi, Hyogo,
650-0047
Japan