A Non-Queue-Building Per-Hop Behavior (NQB PHB) for Differentiated Services

Internet-Draft	Non-Queue-Building PHB	February 2024
White, et al.	Expires 19 August 2024	[Page]

Abstract

This document specifies characteristics of a Non-Queue-Building Per-Hop Behavior (NQB PHB). The NQB PHB provides a shallow-buffered, best-effort service as a complement to a Default deep-buffered best-effort service for Internet services. The purpose of this NQB PHB is to provide a separate queue that enables smooth (i.e. non-bursty), low-data-rate, application-limited traffic microflows, which would ordinarily share a queue with bursty and capacity-seeking traffic, to avoid the latency, latency variation and loss caused by such traffic. This PHB is implemented without prioritization and can be implemented without rate policing, making it suitable for environments where the use of these features is restricted. The NQB PHB has been developed primarily for use by access network segments, where queuing delays and queuing loss caused by Queue-Building protocols are manifested, but its use is not limited to such segments. In particular, applications to cable broadband links, Wi-Fi links, and mobile network radio and core segments are discussed. This document recommends a specific Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP) to identify Non-Queue-Building microflows.¶

[NOTE (to be removed by RFC-Editor): This document references an ISE submission draft (I-D.briscoe-docsis-q-protection) that is approved for publication as an RFC. This draft should be held for publication until the queue protection RFC can be referenced.]¶

1. Introduction

This document defines a Differentiated Services per-hop behavior (PHB) called "Non-Queue-Building Per-Hop Behavior" (NQB PHB), which isolates traffic microflows (application-to-application flows, see [RFC2475]) that are relatively low data rate and that do not themselves materially contribute to queuing delay and loss, allowing them to avoid the queuing delays and losses caused by other traffic. Such Non-Queue-Building microflows (for example: interactive voice, game sync packets, machine-to-machine applications, DNS lookups, and real-time IoT analytics data) are low-data-rate application-limited microflows that are distinguished from bursty traffic microflows and high-data-rate traffic microflows managed by a classic congestion control algorithm (defined in [RFC9330] to mean one that coexists with standard Reno congestion control [RFC5681]), both of which cause queuing delay and loss.¶

In accordance with IETF guidance in [RFC2914] and [RFC8085], most packets carried by broadband access networks are managed by an end-to-end congestion control algorithm. Many of the commonly-deployed congestion control algorithms, such as Reno, Cubic or BBR, are designed to seek the available capacity of the path from sender to receiver (which can frequently be the access network link capacity), and in doing so generally overshoot the available capacity, causing a queue to build up at the bottleneck link. This queue build-up results in delay (variable latency) and packet loss that can affect all the applications that are sharing the bottleneck link. Moreover, many bottleneck links implement a relatively deep buffer (100 ms or more) in order to enable these congestion control algorithms to use the link efficiently, which exacerbates the latency and latency variation experienced.¶

In contrast to applications that frequently cause queuing delay, there are a variety of relatively low data rate applications that do not materially contribute to queuing delay and loss but are nonetheless subjected to it by sharing the same bottleneck link in the access network. Many of these applications can be sensitive to latency or latency variation, as well as packet loss, and thus produce a poor quality of experience in such conditions.¶

Active Queue Management (AQM) mechanisms intended for single queues (such as PIE [RFC8033], DOCSIS-PIE [RFC8034], PI2 [RFC9332], or CoDel [RFC8289]) can improve the quality of experience for latency sensitive applications, but there are practical limits to the amount of improvement that can be achieved without impacting the throughput of capacity-seeking applications. For example, AQMs generally allow a significant amount of queue depth variation to accommodate the behaviors of congestion control algorithms such as Reno and Cubic. If the AQM attempted to control the queue much more tightly, applications using those algorithms would not fully utilize the link. Alternatively, flow queuing systems, such as fq_codel [RFC8290] can be employed to isolate microflows from one another, but not all operators think they are appropriate for all bottleneck links, due to complexity or other reasons.¶

The NQB PHB supports differentiating between these two classes of traffic in bottleneck links and queuing them separately so that both classes can deliver satisfactory quality of experience for their applications. In particular, the NQB PHB provides a shallow-buffered, best-effort service as a complement to a Default deep-buffered best-effort service. This PHB is primarily applicable for high-speed broadband access network links, where there is minimal aggregation of traffic, and deep buffers are common. The applicability of this PHB to lower-speed links is discussed in Section 5.¶

To be clear, a network implementing the NQB PHB solely provides isolation for traffic classified as behaving in conformance with the NQB DSCP (and optionally enforces that behavior). A node supporting the NQB PHB makes no guarantees on latency or data rate for NQB-marked microflows, it is the NQB senders' behavior itself which results in low latency and low loss.¶

3. Context

3.1. Non-Queue-Building Behavior

There are many applications that send traffic at relatively low data rates and/or in a fairly smooth and consistent manner such that they are highly unlikely to exceed the available capacity of the network path between source and sink even at an inter-packet timescale. Some of these applications are transactional in nature, and might only send one packet (or a few packets) per RTT. These applications might themselves only cause very small, transient queues to form in network buffers, but nonetheless they can be subjected to packet delay and delay variation as a result of sharing a network buffer with applications that tend to cause large and/or standing queues to form. These applications typically implement a response to network congestion that consists of discontinuing (or significantly reducing) transmissions. Many of these applications are negatively affected by excessive packet delay and delay variation. Such applications are ideal candidates to be queued separately from the applications that are the cause of queue build-up, latency and loss.¶

In contrast, Queue-Building (QB) microflows include those that use TCP or QUIC, with Cubic, Reno or other TCP congestion control algorithms that probe for the link capacity and induce latency and loss as a result. Other types of QB microflows include those that send at a high burst rate even if the long-term average data rate is much lower.¶

3.2. Relationship to the Diffserv Architecture

The IETF has defined the Differentiated Services architecture [RFC2475] with the intention that it allows traffic to be marked in a manner that conveys the performance requirements of that traffic either qualitatively or in a relative sense (i.e. priority). The architecture defines the use of the Diffserv field [RFC2474] for this purpose, and numerous RFCs have been written that describe recommended interpretations of the values (Diffserv Code Points) of the field, and standardized treatments (traffic conditioning and per-hop-behaviors) that can be implemented to satisfy the performance requirements of traffic so marked.¶

While this architecture is powerful and flexible enough to be configured to meet the performance requirements of a variety of applications and traffic categories, or to achieve differentiated service offerings, it has not been used for these purposes across the Internet.¶

This is in part due to the fact that meeting the performance requirements of an application across the entire sender-to-receiver path involves all the networks in the path agreeing on what those requirements are and sharing an interest in meeting them. In many cases this is made more difficult since the performance "requirements" are not strict ones (e.g., applications will degrade in some manner as loss/latency/jitter increase), so the importance of meeting them for any particular application in some cases involves a judgment as to the value of avoiding some amount of degradation in quality for that application in exchange for an increase in the degradation of another application.¶

Further, in many cases the implementation of Diffserv PHBs has historically involved prioritization of service classes with respect to one another, which sets up the zero-sum game alluded to in the previous paragraph, and results in the need to limit access to higher priority classes via mechanisms such as access control, admission control, traffic conditioning and rate policing, and/or to meter and bill for carriage of such traffic. These mechanisms can be difficult or impossible to implement in the Internet.¶

Finally, some jurisdictions impose regulations that limit the ability of networks to provide differentiation of services, in large part this seems to be based on the belief that doing so necessarily involves prioritization or privileged access to bandwidth, and thus a benefit to one class of traffic always comes at the expense of another.¶

In contrast, the NQB PHB has been designed with the goal that it avoids many of these issues, and thus could conceivably be deployed across the Internet. The intent of the NQB DSCP is that it signals verifiable behavior that permits the sender to request differentiated treatment. Also, the NQB traffic is to be given a separate queue with forwarding preference equal to Default traffic and given no reserved bandwidth other than any minimum bandwidth that it shares with Default traffic. As a result, the NQB PHB does not aim to meet specific application performance requirements. Instead, the sole goal of the NQB PHB is to isolate NQB traffic from other traffic that degrades loss, latency, and jitter performance, given that the NQB traffic is itself only an insignificant contributor to those degradations. The PHB is also designed to minimize any incentives for a sender to mismark its traffic, since neither higher priority nor reserved bandwidth are being offered. These attributes eliminate many of the trade-offs that underlie the handling of differentiated service classes in the Diffserv architecture as it has traditionally been defined. These attributes also significantly simplify access control and admission control functions, reducing them to simple verification of behavior. This aspect is discussed further in Section 4.1 and Section 5.2.¶

The NQB PHB is therefore intended for the prevalent situation where the performance requirements of applications cannot be assured across the whole sender-to-receiver path, and as a result, applications cannot feasibly place requirements on the network. Instead, many applications have evolved to make the best out of the network environment that they find themselves in. In this context, the NQB PHB provides a better network environment for many applications that send data at relatively low and smooth data rates.¶

In regards to comparison between the NQB PHB and other standardized PHBs in the Diffserv series, the closest similarity is to the Expedited Forwarding (EF) PHB [RFC3246], which also intends to enable low loss, low delay, and low jitter services. Unlike EF, NQB has no requirement for a guaranteed minimum rate, nor to police incoming traffic to such a rate, and NQB is expected to be treated with the same priority as Default (see Appendix B for details).¶

In nodes that support multiple DiffServ Service Classes, NQB traffic is to be treated as a part of the Default treatment. Capacity assigned to this class is not prioritized with respect to other classes, AFxx, EF, etc. Of course, traffic marked as NQB could (like other Default traffic) be prioritized with respect to Lower-Effort (LE) [RFC8622] (i.e. the NQB queue would be emptied in a priority sequence before the LE queue).¶

3.3. Relationship to L4S

The NQB DSCP and PHB described in this document have been defined to operate independently of the experimental L4S Architecture [RFC9330]. Nonetheless, traffic marked with the NQB DSCP is intended to be compatible with L4S [RFC9330], with the result being that NQB traffic and L4S traffic can share the low-latency queue in an L4S DualQ node [RFC9332]. Compliance with the DualQ Coupled AQM requirements (Section 2.5 of [RFC9332]) is considered sufficient to support the NQB PHB requirement of fair allocation of bandwidth between the QB and NQB queues (Section 5). Note that these requirements in turn require compliance with all the requirements in Section 5 of [RFC9331].¶

Applications that comply with both the NQB sender requirements in Section 4.1 and the L4S "Prague" requirements in Section 4 of [RFC9331] could mark their packets both with the NQB DSCP and with the ECT(1) value. NQB network functions SHOULD treat packets marked with the NQB DSCP uniformly, regardless of the value of the ECN field. Here, NQB network functions means the traffic protection function (defined in Section 5.2) and any re-marking/traffic policing function designed to protect unmanaged networks (as described in Section 4.4.1). L4S network functions SHOULD treat packets marked with the NQB DSCP and ECT(1) or CE the same as packets marked with the Default DSCP and the same ECN value. Here, L4S network functions means the L4S Network Node functions (Section 5 of [RFC9331]), and any mechanisms designed to protect the L4S queue (such as those discussed in Section 8.2 of [RFC9330]). The processing by an L4S node of an ECT(0) packet that is classified to the L queue (e.g. as a result of being marked with a NQB DSCP) is specified in Section 5.4.1.1 of [RFC9331] and Section 2.5.1.1 of [RFC9332].¶

4. DSCP Marking of NQB Traffic

4.1. Non-Queue-Building Sender Requirements

Microflows that are eligible to be marked with the NQB DSCP are typically UDP microflows that send traffic at a low data rate relative to typical network path capacities. Here the data rate is limited by the application itself rather than by network capacity - these microflows send at a data rate of no more than about 1 percent of the "typical" network path capacity. In today's network, where access network data rates are typically on the order of 50 Mbps or more (and see Section 6.1 for a discussion of cases where this isn't true), this implies 500 kbps as an upper limit. In addition, these microflows are required to be sent in a smooth (i.e. paced) manner, where the number of bytes sent in any time interval "T" is less than or equal to R * T + 1500 bytes, where "R" is the maximum rate described above.¶

Microflows marked with the NQB DSCP are expected to comply with existing guidance for safe deployment on the Internet, including the guidance around response to network congestion, for example the requirements in [RFC8085] and Section 2 of [RFC3551] (also see the circuit breaker limits in Section 4.3 of [RFC8083] and the description of inelastic pseudowires in Section 4 of [RFC7893]). The fact that a microflow's data rate is low relative to typical network capacities is no guarantee that sufficient capacity exists in any particular network, and it is the responsibility of the application to detect and react appropriately if the network capacity is insufficient. To be clear, the description of NQB-marked microflows in this document is not to be interpreted as suggesting that applications generating such microflows are in any way exempt from this responsibility. One way that an application marking its traffic as NQB can handle this is to implement a low latency congestion control mechanism as described in [RFC9331].¶

Microflows that are marked with the NQB DSCP SHOULD align with the description of behavior in the preceding paragraphs in this section. Applications are RECOMMENDED to use the Diffserv Code Point (DSCP) 45 (decimal) to mark microflows as NQB. The choice of the DSCP value 45 (decimal) is motivated in part by the desire to achieve separate queuing in existing Wi-Fi networks (see Section 7.3) and by the desire to make implementation of the PHB simpler in network gear that has the ability to classify traffic based on ranges of DSCP values (see Section 4.3 for further discussion).¶

The consideration as to whether an application chooses to mark its traffic as NQB involves the risk of being subjected to a traffic protection algorithm (see Section 5.2) if it contributes to the formation of a queue in a node that supports the PHB. This could result in the excess traffic being discarded or queued separately as default traffic (and thus potentially delivered out of order). As a result, if a microflow's traffic exceeds the rate equation provided in the first paragraph of this section, the application SHOULD NOT mark this traffic with the NQB DSCP. In such a case, the application could instead consider implementing a low latency congestion control mechanism as described in [RFC9331]. At the time of writing, it is believed that 500 kbps is a reasonable upper bound on instantaneous traffic rate for a microflow marked with the NQB DSCP on the Internet. This value is of course subject to the context in which the application is expected to be deployed.¶

The sender requirements outlined in this section are all related to observable attributes of the packet stream, which makes it possible for network elements (including nodes implementing the PHB) to monitor for inappropriate usage of the DSCP, and take action (such as discarding or re-marking) on traffic that does not comply. This functionality, when implemented as part of the PHB is described in Section 5.2.¶

4.2. Aggregation of the NQB DSCP into another Diffserv PHB

It is RECOMMENDED that networks and nodes that do not support the NQB PHB be configured to treat traffic marked with the NQB DSCP the same as traffic with the "Default" DSCP. This includes networks and nodes that aggregate service classes as discussed in [RFC5127] and [RFC8100], in which case this recommendation would result in traffic marked with the NQB DSCP being aggregated into the Elastic Treatment Aggregate (for [RFC5127] networks) or the Default / Elastic Treatment Aggregate (for [RFC8100] networks).¶

Networks and nodes that do not support the NQB PHB should only classify packets with the NQB DSCP value into the appropriate treatment aggregate, or encapsulate such packets for purposes of aggregation, and SHOULD NOT re-mark them with a different DSCP. This preservation of the NQB DSCP value enables hops further along the path to provide the NQB PHB successfully. This aligns with recommendations in [RFC5127].¶

In nodes that do not typically experience congestion (for example, many backbone and core network switches), forwarding packets with the NQB DSCP using the Default treatment might be sufficient to preserve loss/latency/jitter performance for NQB traffic.¶

In nodes that do experience congestion, forwarding packets with the NQB DSCP using the Default treatment could result in degradation of loss/latency/jitter performance but nonetheless preserves the incentives described in Section 5.¶

Aggregating traffic marked with the NQB DSCP into a PHB designed for real-time, latency sensitive traffic (e.g. the (Bulk) Real-Time Treatment Aggregate), might better preserve loss/latency/jitter performance in the presence of congestion, but would need to be done with consideration of the risk of creating an incentive for non-compliant traffic to be mis-marked as NQB.¶

4.3. Aggregation of other DSCPs into the NQB PHB

Operators of nodes that support the NQB PHB could choose to aggregate other service classes into the NQB queue. This is particularly useful in cases where specialized PHBs for these other service classes had not been provided at a potential bottleneck, perhaps because it was too complex to manage traffic contracts and conditioning. Candidate service classes for this aggregation would include those that carry low-data-rate inelastic traffic that has low to very-low tolerance for loss, latency and/or jitter. Operators would need to use their own judgment based on the actual traffic characteristics in their networks in deciding whether or not to aggregate other service classes / DSCPs with NQB. For networks that use the [RFC4594] service class definitions, this could include Telephony (EF/VA), Signaling (CS5), and possibly Real-Time Interactive (CS4) (depending on data rate). In some networks, equipment limitations may necessitate aggregating a range of DSCPs (e.g. traffic marked with DSCPs 40-47 (decimal), i.e., those whose three MSBs are 0b101). As noted in Section 4.1, the choice of the DSCP value 45 (decimal) is motivated in part by the desire to make this aggregation simpler in network equipment that can classify packets via comparing the DSCP value to a range of configured values.¶

A node providing only a NQB queue and a Default queue may obtain an NQB performance similar to that of EF, as described by [RFC2598]. Some caveats and differences are discussed in Appendix B.¶

4.4. Cross-domain usage and DSCP Re-marking

In contrast to some existing standard PHBs, many of which are typically only used within a Diffserv Domain (e.g., an AS or an enterprise network), this PHB is expected to be used across the Internet, wherever suitable operator agreements apply. Under the [RFC2474] model, this requires that the corresponding DSCP is recognized and mapped across network boundaries accordingly.¶

If NQB support is extended across a DiffServ domain boundary, the interconnected networks agreeing to support NQB SHOULD use the DSCP value 45 (decimal) for NQB at network interconnection, unless a different DSCP is explicitly documented in the TCA (Traffic Conditioning Agreement, see [RFC2475]) for that interconnection. Similar to the handling of DSCPs for other PHBs (and as discussed in [RFC2475]), networks can re-mark NQB traffic to a DSCP other than 45 (decimal) for internal usage. To ensure reliable NQB PHB treatment on the entire path, the appropriate NQB DSCP would need to be restored when forwarding to another network.¶

4.4.1. Interoperability with Non-DS-Capable Domains

As discussed in Section 4 of [RFC2475], there may be cases where a network operator that supports Diffserv is delivering traffic to another network domain (e.g. a network outside of their administrative control), where there is an understanding that the downstream domain does not support Diffserv or there is no knowledge of the traffic management capabilities of the downstream domain, and no agreement in place. In such cases, Section 4 of [RFC2475] suggests that the upstream domain opportunistically re-mark traffic with a Class Selector codepoint or DSCP 0 (Default) under the assumption that traffic so marked would be handled in a predictable way by the downstream domain.¶

In the case of a network that supports the NQB PHB (and carries traffic marked with the recommended NQB DSCP value) the same concerns apply. In particular, since the recommended NQB DSCP value could be given high priority in some non-DS-compliant network gear (e.g., legacy Wi-Fi APs as described in Section 7.3.1), it is RECOMMENDED that the operator of the upstream domain implement certain safeguards before delivering traffic into a non-DS-capable domain.¶

One option for such a safeguard is to re-mark NQB traffic to DSCP 0 (Default) (or another Class Selector DSCP) before delivering traffic into a non-DS-capable domain, in accordance with the suggestion in Section 4 of [RFC2475]. Network equipment designed for such environments, SHOULD by default re-mark NQB traffic to DSCP 0, and SHOULD support the ability to change and disable this re-marking. Re-marking NQB traffic to Default could be considered the "safest" approach since the upstream domain can thereby ensure that NQB traffic is not given inappropriate treatment in the non-DS-capable domain. That said, it comes with the downside that the re-marking ruins any possibility of NQB isolation in any further downstream domain (not just the immediate neighbor).¶

As an alternative to re-marking all NQB traffic, such an operator could deploy a traffic protection (see Section 5.2) or a shaping/policing function on traffic marked with the NQB DSCP that minimizes the potential for negative impacts on Default traffic, should the downstream domain treat traffic with the NQB DSCP as high priority. In the case that a traffic protection function is used, it SHOULD either re-mark offending traffic to DSCP 0 or discard it. It should be noted that a traffic protection function as defined in this document might only provide protection from issues occurring in subsequent network hops if the device implementing the traffic protection function is the bottleneck link on the path, so it might not be a solution for all situations. In the case that a traffic policing function or a rate shaping function is applied to the aggregate of NQB traffic destined to such a downstream domain, the policer/shaper rate SHOULD be set to either 5% of the interconnection data rate, or 5% of the typical rate for such interconnections, whichever is greater, with excess traffic being re-marked and classified for Default forwarding (or dropped, as a last resort). A traffic policing function SHOULD allow approximately 100 ms of burst tolerance (e.g. a token bucket depth equal to 100 ms multiplied by the policer rate). A traffic shaping function SHOULD allow approximately 10 ms of burst tolerance, and no more than 50 ms of buffering. The burst tolerance values recommended here are intended to reduce the degradation that could be introduced to latency and loss sensitive traffic marked NQB without significantly degrading Default traffic.¶

The recommendation to limit NQB traffic to 5% is based on an assumption that internal links in the downstream domain could have data rates as low as one tenth of the interconnect rate, in which case if the entire aggregate of NQB traffic traversed a single instance of such a link, the aggregate would consume no more than 50% of that link's capacity. This SHOULD be adjusted based on any knowledge of the local network environment that is available.¶

4.5. The NQB DSCP and Tunnels

[RFC2983] discusses tunnel models that support Diffserv. It describes a "uniform model" in which the inner DSCP is copied to the outer header at encapsulation, and the outer DSCP is copied to the inner header at decapsulation. It also describes a "pipe model" in which the outer DSCP is not copied to the inner header at decapsulation. Both models can be used in conjunction with the NQB PHB. In the case of the pipe model, any DSCP manipulation (re-marking) of the outer header by intermediate nodes would be discarded at tunnel egress. In some cases, this could improve the possibility of achieving NQB treatment in subsequent nodes, but in other cases it could degrade that possibility (e.g. if the re-marking was designed specifically to preserve NQB treatment in downstream domains).¶

As is discussed in [RFC2983], tunnel protocols that are sensitive to reordering (such as IPSec [RFC4301] or L2TP [RFC2661]) can result in undesirable interactions if multiple DSCP PHBs are signaled for traffic within a tunnel instance. This is true for traffic marked with the NQB DSCP as well. If a tunnel contains a mix of QB and NQB traffic, and this is reflected in the outer DSCP in a network that supports the NQB PHB, it would be necessary to avoid a reordering-sensitive tunnel protocol. Additionally, since networks supporting the NQB PHB could implement a traffic protection mechanism (see Section 5.2) that results in out-of-order delivery to microflows that are marked with the NQB DSCP, it is RECOMMENDED that reordering-sensitive tunnel protocols not be used with NQB-marked traffic.¶

5. Non-Queue-Building PHB Requirements

For the NQB PHB to succeed, it is important that incentives are aligned correctly, i.e., that there is a benefit to the application in marking its packets correctly, and a disadvantage (or at least no benefit) to an application in intentionally mismarking its traffic. Thus, a useful property of nodes (i.e. network switches and routers) that support separate queues for NQB and QB microflows is that for microflows consistent with the NQB sender requirements in Section 4.1, the NQB queue would likely be a better choice than the QB queue; and for microflows inconsistent with those requirements, the QB queue would likely be a better choice than the NQB queue. By adhering to these principles, there is no incentive for senders to mismark their traffic as NQB.¶

This principle of incentive alignment ensures a system is robust to the behavior of the large majority of individuals and organizations who can be expected to act in their own interests (including application developers and service providers who act in the interests of their users). Malicious behavior is not necessarily based on rational self-interest, so incentive alignment is not a sufficient defense, but the large majority of users do not act out of malice. Protection against malicious attacks (and accidents) is addressed in Section 5.2 and summarized in Section 10. As mentioned previously, the NQB designation and marking is intended to convey verifiable traffic behavior, as opposed to simply a desire for differentiated treatment. As a result, any mismarking can be identified by the network.¶

5.1. Primary Requirements

A node supporting the NQB PHB MUST provide a queue for Non-Queue-Building traffic separate from the queue used for Default traffic.¶

A node supporting the NQB PHB SHOULD NOT rate limit or rate police the aggregate of NQB traffic separately from Default traffic. An exception to this recommendation for traffic sent towards a non-DS-capable domain is discussed in Section 4.4.1. Note also that Section 5.2 discusses potential uses of per-microflow (rather than aggregate) rate policing.¶

The NQB queue SHOULD be given equivalent forwarding preference compared to Default. The node SHOULD provide a scheduler that allows NQB and Default traffic to share the link in a manner that treats the two classes equally, e.g., a deficit round-robin (DRR) scheduler with equal weights, or two Wireless Multimedia Access Categories with the same channel access (EDCA) parameters. The use of equal weights for DRR is given as a reasonable example, and is not intended to preclude other scheduling weights (see below for details). A node that provides rate limits or rate guarantees for Default traffic SHOULD ensure that such limits and/or guarantees are shared with NQB traffic in a manner that treats the two classes equally. This could be supported using a hierarchical scheduler where the rate limits and guarantees are configured on a parent class, and the two queues (Default and NQB) are arranged as the children of the parent class and given equal access to the capacity configured for the parent class (e.g. with equal DRR scheduling). Compliance with these recommendations helps to ensure that there are no incentives for QB traffic to be mismarked as NQB.¶

In the DRR example above, equal scheduling weights was only an example. Ideally the DRR weight would be chosen to match the highest fraction of capacity that NQB compliant flows are likely to use on a particular network segment. Given that NQB compliant flows are not capacity-seeking, while many QB flows are, and since DRR allows unused capacity in one class to be used by traffic in the other, providing a higher-than-necessary NQB scheduler weight could be considered less problematic than the reverse. That said, providing a higher-than-needed NQB scheduler weight does increase the likelihood that a non-compliant microflow mismarked as NQB is able to use more than its fair share of network capacity. NQB microflows are expected to each consume no more than 1% of the link capacity, and in low stat-mux environments (such as at the edge of the network) would be unlikely in aggregate to consume 50% of the link capacity. Thus, 50% seems a reasonable upper bound on the weight for the NQB PHB in these environments.¶

A node supporting the NQB PHB SHOULD by default classify packets marked with the NQB DSCP 45 (decimal) into the queue for Non-Queue-Building traffic. A node supporting the NQB PHB MUST support the ability to configure the DSCP that is used to classify packets into the queue for Non-Queue-Building traffic. A node supporting the NQB PHB SHOULD support the ability to configure multiple DSCPs that are used to classify packets into the queue for Non-Queue-Building traffic.¶

Support for the NQB PHB is advantageous at bottleneck nodes. Many bottleneck nodes have a relatively deep buffer for Default traffic (e.g., roughly equal to the base RTT of the expected connections, which could be tens or hundreds of ms). Providing a similarly deep buffer for the NQB queue would be at cross purposes to providing very low queueing delay and would erode the incentives for QB traffic to be marked correctly at such a bottleneck node. The NQB queue SHOULD have a buffer size that is significantly smaller than the buffer provided for Default traffic. It is RECOMMENDED to configure an NQB buffer size less than or equal to 10 ms at the shared NQB/Default egress rate.¶

While not fully described in this document, it may be possible for network equipment to implement a separate QB/NQB pair of queues for additional service classes beyond the Default PHB / NQB PHB pair.¶

In some cases, existing network gear has been deployed that cannot readily be upgraded or configured to support the PHB requirements. This equipment might however be capable of loosely supporting an NQB service – see Section 7.3.1 for details and an example where this is particularly important. A similar approach might prove to be useful in other network environments.¶

5.2. Traffic Protection

It is possible that, due to an implementation error or misconfiguration, a QB microflow could end up being mismarked as NQB, or vice versa. It is also possible that a malicious actor could introduce a QB microflow marked as NQB with the intention of causing disruptions. In the case of a low data rate microflow that isn't marked as NQB and therefore ends up in the QB queue, it would only impact its own quality of service, and so it seems to be of lesser concern. However, a QB microflow that is mismarked as NQB would cause queuing delays and/or loss for all the other microflows that are sharing the NQB queue.¶

To prevent this situation from harming the performance of the microflows that comply with the requirements in Section 4.1, network elements that support the NQB PHB SHOULD support a "traffic protection" function that can identify microflows or packets that are inconsistent with the sender requirements in Section 4.1, and either reclassify those microflows/packets to the QB queue or discard the offending traffic. In the case of a traffic protection algorithm that reclassifies offending traffic, the implementation MAY additionally re-mark such traffic to Default (or possibly to another local use code point) so that the result of the traffic protection decision can be used by further hops. This sort of re-marking could provide a limited layer of protection in situations where downstream network nodes support separate queuing for NQB marked packets but lack support for traffic protection.¶

Traffic protection as it is defined here differs from Traffic Conditioning implemented in other Diffserv contexts. Traffic Conditioning is commonly performed at the edge of a Diffserv domain (either ingress or egress, depending on Traffic Conditioning Agreements in place). In contrast, traffic protection is intended to be implemented in the nodes that implement the PHB. By placing the traffic protection at the PHB node, an implementation can monitor the actual NQB queue and take action only if a queue begins to form. Implementation of traffic protection at PHB nodes that are most likely to be a bottleneck is particularly important because these are the nodes that would be expected to show the most queue build-up in the presence of QB traffic mismarked as NQB.¶

This specification does not mandate a particular algorithm for traffic protection. This is intentional, since this will probably be an area where implementers innovate, and the specifics of traffic protection could need to be different in different network equipment and in different network contexts. Instead this specification provides guidelines and some examples of traffic protection algorithms which could be employed.¶

The traffic protection function SHOULD NOT base its decisions upon application-layer constructs (such as the port number used by the application or the source/destination IP address). Instead, it ought to base its decisions on the actual behavior of each microflow (i.e. the pattern of packet arrivals).¶

A conventional implementation of such a traffic protection algorithm is a per-microflow rate policer, designed to identify microflows that exceed the bound provided in Section 4.1, where the value R is set to 1 percent of the egress link capacity available for NQB traffic. An alternative is to use a traffic protection algorithm that bases its decisions on the detection of actual queuing (i.e. by monitoring the queuing delay experienced by packets in the NQB queue) in correlation with the arrival of packets for each microflow. While a per-microflow rate policer is conceptually simpler (and is based directly on the NQB sender requirements), it could often end up being more strict than is necessary (for example by policing a flow that exceeds the rate equation even when the link is underutilized). One example traffic protection algorithm based on the detection of actual queuing can be found in [I-D.briscoe-docsis-q-protection]. This algorithm maintains per-microflow state for a certain number of simultaneous "queue-building" microflows (e.g. 32), and shared state for any additional microflows above that number.¶

In the case of a traffic protection algorithm that reclassifies offending traffic, different levels of hysteresis could be considered. For example, the reclassify decision could be made on a packet-by-packet basis, which could result in significant out-of-order delivery for offending microflows as some portion of the microflow's packets remain in the NQB queue and some are reclassified to the Default queue. Alternatively, a traffic protection function could employ a certain level of hysteresis to prevent borderline microflows from being reclassified capriciously, thus causing less potential for out-of-order delivery. As a third option, the decision could be made to take action on all the future packets of the microflow, though sufficient logic would be needed to ensure that a future microflow (e.g. with the same 5-tuple) isn't misidentified as the current offending microflow.¶

In the case of a traffic protection algorithm that discards offending traffic, similar levels of hysteresis could be considered. In this case, it is RECOMMENDED that the decision thresholds be set higher than in the case of designs that reclassify, since the degradation of communications caused by packet discard are likely to be greater than the degradation caused by out-of-order delivery.¶

The traffic protection function described here might require that the network element maintain microflow state. The traffic protection function MUST be designed such that the node implementing the NQB PHB does not fail (e.g. crash) in the case that the microflow state is exhausted.¶

There are some situations where traffic protection is potentially not necessary. One example could be a network element designed for use in controlled environments (e.g., enterprise LAN) where a network administrator is expected to manage the usage of DSCPs. Another example could be highly aggregated links (links designed to carry a large number of simultaneous microflows), where individual microflow burstiness is averaged out and thus is unlikely to cause much actual delay.¶

Some networks might prefer to implement a more traditional Traffic Conditioning approach, and police the application of the NQB DSCP at the ingress edge so that per-hop traffic protection is not needed. This could be accomplished via the use of a per-microflow rate policer that polices microflows at 1 percent of the minimum link capacity of the network. This approach would generally be expected to be inferior to per-hop traffic protection, because on one hand it would be difficult for edge nodes to guarantee that there would never be more than 100 NQB flows that would share a single internal bottleneck, and on the other hand there could be internal links that have much greater capacity than the minimum. So, Traffic Conditioning at the edge could simultaneously be too lenient and too strict.¶

5.3. Limiting Packet Bursts from Links

Some link technologies introduce burstiness by briefly storing packets prior to forwarding them. A common cause of this burstiness is link discontinuity (i.e. where the link is not continuously available for transmission by the device), for example time-division-duplex links or time-division-multiple-access (TDMA) links. Some link technologies that fall into this category are passive optical networks (PON), Wi-Fi, LTE/5G and DOCSIS.¶

As well as NQB senders needing to limit packet bursts (see Section 4.1), traffic designated for the NQB PHB would benefit from configuring these link technologies to limit the burstiness introduced. This is for three reasons. The first reason is that burstiness, whether caused by the sender or by a link on the path, could cause queuing delays at downstream bottlenecks and thus degrade Quality of Experience. The second reason is that burstiness in links typically means that packets have been delayed by a variable amount, i.e. for packets that are being aggregated awaiting a transmission opportunity, some packets would generally have arrived just after the last transmission opportunity, and thus have to wait the longest, while others would generally arrive just in time for the next transmission opportunity, and thus would wait the least. This manifests as latency variation (jitter) which can also degrade Quality of Experience for applications that desire NQB treatment. The third reason is that a downstream bottleneck that implements the NQB PHB could have implemented a traffic protection mechanism (Section 5.2) that responds to queuing delays by re-marking/reclassifying/dropping packets, and bursty arrivals caused by an upstream link could introduce queuing delays in the NQB queue and thus be more likely to be subjected to traffic protection effects.¶

This document does not set any quantified requirements for links to limit burst delay, primarily because link technologies are outside the remit of Diffserv specifications. However, it would not seem necessary to limit bursts lower than roughly 10% of the minimum base RTT expected in the typical deployment scenario (e.g., 250 us burst duration for links within the public Internet). This observation aligns with a similar one in Section 5.5 of [RFC9331].¶

7. Mapping NQB to standards of other SDOs

This section provide recommendations for the support of the NQB PHB in certain use cases. This section is not exhaustive.¶

7.1. DOCSIS Access Networks

Residential cable broadband Internet services are commonly configured with a single bottleneck link (the access network link) upon which the service definition is applied. The service definition, typically an upstream/downstream data rate tuple, is implemented as a configured pair of rate shapers that are applied to the user's traffic. In such networks, the quality of service that each application receives, and as a result, the quality of experience that it generates for the user is influenced by the characteristics of the access network link.¶

To support the NQB PHB, cable broadband services MUST be configured to provide a separate queue for traffic marked with the NQB DSCP. The NQB queue MUST be configured to share the service's rate shaped bandwidth with the queue for QB traffic. Further discussion about support of the NQB PHB in DOCSIS networks can be found in [LOW_LATENCY_DOCSIS].¶

7.2. Mobile Networks

Historically, 3GPP mobile networks have utilized "bearers" to encapsulate each user's user plane traffic through the radio and core networks. A "dedicated bearer" can be allocated a Quality of Service (QoS) to apply any prioritisation to its microflows at queues and radio schedulers. Typically, an LTE operator provides a dedicated bearer for IMS VoLTE (Voice over LTE) traffic, which is prioritized in order to meet regulatory obligations for call completion rates; and a "best effort" default bearer, for Internet traffic. The "best effort" bearer provides no guarantees, and hence its buffering characteristics are not compatible with low-latency traffic. The 5G radio and core systems offer more flexibility over bearer allocation, meaning bearers can be allocated per traffic type (e.g., loss-tolerant, low-latency etc.) and hence support more suitable treatment of Internet real-time microflows.¶

To support the NQB PHB, the mobile network SHOULD be configured to give User Equipment a dedicated, low-latency, non-GBR, EPS bearer, e.g., one with QCI 7, in addition to the default EPS bearer; or a Data Radio Bearer with 5QI 7 in a 5G system (see Table 5.7.4-1: Standardized 5QI to QoS characteristics mapping in [SA-5G]).¶

A packet carrying the NQB DSCP SHOULD be routed through the dedicated low-latency EPS bearer. A packet that has no associated NQB marking SHOULD NOT be routed through the dedicated low-latency EPS bearer.¶

7.3. Wi-Fi Networks

Wi-Fi networking equipment compliant with 802.11e/n/ac/ax [IEEE802-11] generally supports either four or eight transmit queues and four sets of associated Enhanced Multimedia Distributed Control Access (EDCA) parameters (corresponding to the four Wi-Fi Multimedia (WMM) Access Categories) that are used to enable differentiated media access characteristics. As discussed in [RFC8325], it has been a common practice for Wi-Fi implementations to use a default DSCP to User Priority mapping that utilizes the most significant three bits of the Diffserv Field to select "User Priority" which is then mapped to the four WMM Access Categories. [RFC8325] also provides an alternative mapping that more closely aligns with the DSCP recommendations provided by the IETF. In the case of some managed Wi-Fi gear, this mapping can be controlled by the network operator, e.g., via TR-369 [TR-369].¶

In addition to the requirements provided in other sections of this document, to support the NQB PHB, Wi-Fi equipment (including equipment compliant with [RFC8325]) SHOULD map the NQB DSCP 45 (decimal) into a separate queue in the same Access Category as the queue that carries Default traffic (i.e. the Best Effort Access Category). It is RECOMMENDED that Wi-Fi equipment provide a separate queue in UP 0, and map the NQB DSCP 45 (decimal) to that queue. If a separate queue in UP 0 cannot be provided (due to hardware limitations, etc.) a Wi-Fi device MAY map the NQB DSCP 45 (decimal) to UP 3.¶

7.3.1. Interoperability with Existing Wi-Fi Networks

While some existing Wi-Fi equipment might be capable (in some cases via firmware update) of supporting the NQB PHB requirements, many currently deployed devices cannot be configured in this way. As a result, the remainder of this section discusses interoperability with these existing Wi-Fi networks, as opposed to PHB compliance.¶

Since this equipment is widely deployed, and the Wi-Fi link can become a bottleneck link, the performance of traffic marked with the NQB DSCP across such links could have a significant impact on the viability and adoption of the NQB DSCP and PHB. Depending on the DSCP used to mark NQB traffic, existing Wi-Fi equipment that uses the default mapping of DSCPs to Access Categories and the default EDCA parameters will support either the NQB PHB requirement for separate queuing of NQB traffic from Default, or the recommendation to treat NQB traffic with forwarding preference equal to Default traffic, but not both.¶

The DSCP value 45 (decimal) is recommended for NQB. This maps NQB to UP_5 using the default mapping, which is in the "Video" Access Category. While this choice of DSCP enables these Wi-Fi systems to support the NQB PHB requirement for separate queuing, existing Wi-Fi devices generally utilize EDCA parameters that result in statistical prioritization of the "Video" Access Category above the "Best Effort" Access Category. In addition this equipment does not support the remaining NQB PHB recommendations in Section 5. The rationale for the choice of DSCP 45 (decimal) as well as its ramifications, and remedies for its limitations are discussed further below.¶

The choice of separated queuing rather than equal forwarding preference in existing Wi-Fi networks was motivated by the following:¶

Separate queuing is necessary in order to provide a benefit for traffic marked with the NQB DSCP.¶
The arrangement of queues in Wi-Fi gear is typically fixed, whereas the relative priority of the Access Category queues is configurable. Most Wi-Fi gear has hardware support (albeit generally not exposed for user control) which could be used to adjust the EDCA parameters in order to meet the equal forwarding preference recommendation. This is discussed further below.¶
Traffic that is compliant with the NQB sender requirements Section 4.1 is unlikely to cause more degradation to lower priority Access Categories than the existing recommended Video Access Category traffic types: Broadcast Video, Multimedia Streaming, Multimedia Conferencing from [RFC8325], and AudioVideo, ExcellentEffort from [QOS_TRAFFIC_TYPE].¶
Several existing client applications that are compatible with the NQB sender requirements already select the Video Access Category, and thus would not see a degradation in performance by transitioning to the NQB DSCP, regardless of whether the network supported the PHB.¶
Application instances on Wi-Fi client devices are already free to choose any Access Category that they wish, regardless of their sending behavior, without any policing of usage. So, the choice of using DSCP 45 (decimal) for NQB creates no new avenues for non-NQB-compliant client applications to exploit the prioritization function in Wi-Fi.¶
For application traffic that originates outside of the Wi-Fi network, and thus is transmitted by the Access Point, the choice of DSCP 45 does create a potential for abuse by non-compliant applications. But, opportunities exist in the network components upstream of the Wi-Fi Access Point to police the usage of the NQB DSCP and potentially re-mark traffic that is considered non-compliant, as is recommended in Section 4.4.1. Furthermore, it is a common practice for residential ISPs to re-mark the Diffserv field to zero on all traffic destined to their customers' networks, and any change to this practice done to enable the NQB DSCP to pass through could be done alongside the implementation of the recommendations in Section 4.4.1.¶

The choice of Video Access Category rather than the Voice Access Category was motivated by the desire to minimize the potential for degradation of Best Effort Access Category traffic. The choice of Video Access Category rather than the Background Access Category was motivated by the much greater potential of degradation to NQB traffic that would be caused by the vast majority of traffic in most Wi-Fi networks, which utilizes the Best Effort Access Category.¶

If left unchanged, the prioritization of traffic marked with the NQB DSCP via the Video Access Category (particularly in the case of traffic originating outside of the Wi-Fi network as mentioned above) could erode the principle of alignment of incentives discussed in Section 5. In order to preserve the incentives principle for NQB, Wi-Fi systems SHOULD be configured such that the EDCA parameters for the Video Access Category match those of the Best Effort Access Category. These changes can be deployed in managed Wi-Fi systems or those deployed by an ISP and are intended for situations when the vast majority of traffic that would use AC_VI is NQB. In other situations (e.g., consumer-grade Wi-Fi gear deployed by an ISP's customer) this configuration might not be possible, and the requirements and recommendations in Section 4.4.1 would apply.¶

Similarly, systems that utilize [RFC8325] but that are unable to fully support the PHB requirements, SHOULD map the recommended NQB DSCP 45 (decimal) (or the locally determined alternative) to UP_5 in the "Video" Access Category.¶

10. Security Considerations

When the NQB PHB is fully supported in bottleneck links, there is no incentive for a Queue-Building application to mismark its packets as NQB (or vice versa). If a Queue-Building microflow were to mismark its packets as NQB, it would be unlikely to receive a benefit by doing so, and it would usually experience a degradation. The nature of the degradation would depend on the specifics of the PHB implementation (and on the presence or absence of a traffic protection function), but could include excessive packet loss, excessive latency variation and/or excessive out-of-order delivery. If a Non-Queue-Building microflow was to fail to mark its packets as NQB, it could suffer the latency and loss typical of sharing a queue with capacity seeking traffic.¶

To preserve low latency performance for NQB traffic, networks that support the NQB PHB will need to ensure that mechanisms are in place to prevent malicious traffic marked with the NQB DSCP from causing excessive queue delays. Section 5.2 recommends the implementation of a traffic protection mechanism to achieve this goal but recognizes that other options might be more desirable in certain situations. The recommendations on traffic protection mechanisms in this document presume that some type of "flow" state be maintained in order to differentiate between microflows that are causing queuing delay and those that aren't. Since this flow state is likely finite, this opens up the possibility of flow-state exhaustion attacks. While this document requires that traffic protection mechanisms be designed with this possibility in mind, the outcomes of flow-state exhaustion would depend on the implementation.¶

Notwithstanding the above, the choice of DSCP for NQB does allow existing Wi-Fi networks to readily (and by default) support some of the PHB requirements, but without a traffic protection function, and (when left in the default state) by giving NQB traffic higher priority than QB traffic. This is not considered to be a compliant implementation of the PHB. These existing Wi-Fi networks currently provide priority to half of the DSCP space, whether or not 45 is assigned to the NQB DSCP. While the NQB DSCP value could also be abused to gain priority on such links, the potential presence of traffic protection functions in other hops along the path (which likely act on the NQB DSCP value alone) would make it less attractive for such abuse than any of the other 31 DSCP values that are given priority.¶

This document discusses the potential use of the NQB DSCP and NQB PHB in network technologies that are standardized in other SDOs. Any security considerations that relate to deployment and operation of NQB solely in specific network technologies are not discussed here.¶

NQB uses the Diffserv field. The design of Diffserv does not include integrity protection for the DSCP, and thus it is possible for the DSCP to be changed by an on-path attacker. The NQB PHB and associated DSCP don't change this. While re-marking DSCPs is permitted for various reasons (some are discussed in this document, others can be found in [RFC2474] and [RFC2475]), if done maliciously, this might negatively affect the QoS of the tampered microflow. Nonetheless, an on-path attacker can also alter other mutable fields in the IP header (e.g. the TTL), which can wreak much more havoc than just altering QoS treatment.¶

11. References

11.1. Normative References

[RFC2119]: Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC2474]: Nichols, K., Blake, S., Baker, F., and D. Black, "Definition of the Differentiated Services Field (DS Field) in the IPv4 and IPv6 Headers", RFC 2474, DOI 10.17487/RFC2474, December 1998, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2474>.
[RFC2983]: Black, D., "Differentiated Services and Tunnels", RFC 2983, DOI 10.17487/RFC2983, October 2000, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2983>.
[RFC8085]: Eggert, L., Fairhurst, G., and G. Shepherd, "UDP Usage Guidelines", BCP 145, RFC 8085, DOI 10.17487/RFC8085, March 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8085>.
[RFC8174]: Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174, May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
[RFC8325]: Szigeti, T., Henry, J., and F. Baker, "Mapping Diffserv to IEEE 802.11", RFC 8325, DOI 10.17487/RFC8325, February 2018, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8325>.

11.2. Informative References

[Barik]: Barik, R., Welzl, M., Elmokashfi, A., Dreibholz, T., and S. Gjessing, "Can WebRTC QoS Work? A DSCP Measurement Study", ITC 30, September 2018.
[Custura]: Custura, A., Venne, A., and G. Fairhurst, "Exploring DSCP modification pathologies in mobile edge networks", TMA , 2017.
[I-D.briscoe-docsis-q-protection]: Briscoe, B. and G. White, "The DOCSIS(r) Queue Protection Algorithm to Preserve Low Latency", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-briscoe-docsis-q-protection-06, 13 May 2022, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-briscoe-docsis-q-protection-06>.
[IEEE802-11]: IEEE-SA, "IEEE 802.11-2020", IEEE 802, December 2020, <https://standards.ieee.org/standard/802_11-2020.html>.
[LOW_LATENCY_DOCSIS]: CableLabs, "Low Latency DOCSIS: Technology Overview", February 2019, <https://cablela.bs/low-latency-docsis-technology-overview-february-2019>.
[QOS_TRAFFIC_TYPE]: Microsoft, Corporation, "QOS_TRAFFIC_TYPE enumeration", 2022, <https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/qos2/ne-qos2-qos_traffic_type>.
[RFC2475]: Blake, S., Black, D., Carlson, M., Davies, E., Wang, Z., and W. Weiss, "An Architecture for Differentiated Services", RFC 2475, DOI 10.17487/RFC2475, December 1998, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2475>.
[RFC2598]: Jacobson, V., Nichols, K., and K. Poduri, "An Expedited Forwarding PHB", RFC 2598, DOI 10.17487/RFC2598, June 1999, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2598>.
[RFC2661]: Townsley, W., Valencia, A., Rubens, A., Pall, G., Zorn, G., and B. Palter, "Layer Two Tunneling Protocol "L2TP"", RFC 2661, DOI 10.17487/RFC2661, August 1999, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2661>.
[RFC2914]: Floyd, S., "Congestion Control Principles", BCP 41, RFC 2914, DOI 10.17487/RFC2914, September 2000, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2914>.
[RFC3246]: Davie, B., Charny, A., Bennet, J.C.R., Benson, K., Le Boudec, J.Y., Courtney, W., Davari, S., Firoiu, V., and D. Stiliadis, "An Expedited Forwarding PHB (Per-Hop Behavior)", RFC 3246, DOI 10.17487/RFC3246, March 2002, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3246>.
[RFC3551]: Schulzrinne, H. and S. Casner, "RTP Profile for Audio and Video Conferences with Minimal Control", STD 65, RFC 3551, DOI 10.17487/RFC3551, July 2003, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3551>.
[RFC4301]: Kent, S. and K. Seo, "Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol", RFC 4301, DOI 10.17487/RFC4301, December 2005, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4301>.
[RFC4594]: Babiarz, J., Chan, K., and F. Baker, "Configuration Guidelines for DiffServ Service Classes", RFC 4594, DOI 10.17487/RFC4594, August 2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4594>.
[RFC5127]: Chan, K., Babiarz, J., and F. Baker, "Aggregation of Diffserv Service Classes", RFC 5127, DOI 10.17487/RFC5127, February 2008, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5127>.
[RFC5681]: Allman, M., Paxson, V., and E. Blanton, "TCP Congestion Control", RFC 5681, DOI 10.17487/RFC5681, September 2009, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5681>.
[RFC7893]: Stein, Y., Black, D., and B. Briscoe, "Pseudowire Congestion Considerations", RFC 7893, DOI 10.17487/RFC7893, June 2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7893>.
[RFC8033]: Pan, R., Natarajan, P., Baker, F., and G. White, "Proportional Integral Controller Enhanced (PIE): A Lightweight Control Scheme to Address the Bufferbloat Problem", RFC 8033, DOI 10.17487/RFC8033, February 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8033>.
[RFC8034]: White, G. and R. Pan, "Active Queue Management (AQM) Based on Proportional Integral Controller Enhanced (PIE) for Data-Over-Cable Service Interface Specifications (DOCSIS) Cable Modems", RFC 8034, DOI 10.17487/RFC8034, February 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8034>.
[RFC8083]: Perkins, C. and V. Singh, "Multimedia Congestion Control: Circuit Breakers for Unicast RTP Sessions", RFC 8083, DOI 10.17487/RFC8083, March 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8083>.
[RFC8100]: Geib, R., Ed. and D. Black, "Diffserv-Interconnection Classes and Practice", RFC 8100, DOI 10.17487/RFC8100, March 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8100>.
[RFC8289]: Nichols, K., Jacobson, V., McGregor, A., Ed., and J. Iyengar, Ed., "Controlled Delay Active Queue Management", RFC 8289, DOI 10.17487/RFC8289, January 2018, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8289>.
[RFC8290]: Hoeiland-Joergensen, T., McKenney, P., Taht, D., Gettys, J., and E. Dumazet, "The Flow Queue CoDel Packet Scheduler and Active Queue Management Algorithm", RFC 8290, DOI 10.17487/RFC8290, January 2018, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8290>.
[RFC8622]: Bless, R., "A Lower-Effort Per-Hop Behavior (LE PHB) for Differentiated Services", RFC 8622, DOI 10.17487/RFC8622, June 2019, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8622>.
[RFC9330]: Briscoe, B., Ed., De Schepper, K., Bagnulo, M., and G. White, "Low Latency, Low Loss, and Scalable Throughput (L4S) Internet Service: Architecture", RFC 9330, DOI 10.17487/RFC9330, January 2023, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9330>.
[RFC9331]: De Schepper, K. and B. Briscoe, Ed., "The Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) Protocol for Low Latency, Low Loss, and Scalable Throughput (L4S)", RFC 9331, DOI 10.17487/RFC9331, January 2023, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9331>.
[RFC9332]: De Schepper, K., Briscoe, B., Ed., and G. White, "Dual-Queue Coupled Active Queue Management (AQM) for Low Latency, Low Loss, and Scalable Throughput (L4S)", RFC 9332, DOI 10.17487/RFC9332, January 2023, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9332>.
[RFC9435]: Custura, A., Fairhurst, G., and R. Secchi, "Considerations for Assigning a New Recommended Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP)", RFC 9435, DOI 10.17487/RFC9435, July 2023, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9435>.
[SA-5G]: 3GPP, "System Architecture for 5G", TS 23.501, 2019.
[TR-369]: Broadband Forum, "The User Services Platform", January 2022, <https://usp.technology/specification/index.html>.

Appendix A. DSCP Re-marking Policies

Some network operators typically bleach (zero out) the Diffserv field on ingress into their network [RFC9435][Custura][Barik], and in some cases apply their own DSCP for internal usage. Bleaching the NQB DSCP is not expected to cause harm to Default traffic, but it will severely limit the ability to provide NQB treatment. Reports on existing deployments of DSCP manipulation [Custura][Barik] categorize the re-marking behaviors into the following six policies: bleach all traffic (set DSCP to zero), set the top three bits (the former Precedence bits) on all traffic to 0b000, 0b001, or 0b010, set the low three bits on all traffic to 0b000, or re-mark all traffic to a particular (non-zero) DSCP value.¶

Regarding the DSCP value 45 (decimal), there were no observations of DSCP manipulation reported in which traffic was marked 45 (decimal) by any of these policies. Thus it appears that these re-marking policies would be unlikely to result in QB traffic being marked as NQB (45). In terms of the fate of traffic marked with the NQB DSCP that is subjected to one of these policies, it would be indistinguishable from some subset (possibly all) of other traffic. In the policies where all traffic is re-marked using the same (zero or non-zero) DSCP, the ability for a subsequent network hop to differentiate NQB traffic via DSCP would clearly be lost entirely.¶

In the policies where the top three bits are overwritten (see Section 4.2 of [RFC9435]), the NQB DSCP (45) would receive the same marking as would the currently unassigned Pool 3 DSCPs 5,13,21,29,37,53,61, with all of these DSCPs getting re-marked to DSCP = 5, 13 or 21 (depending on the overwrite value used). Since none of the DSCPs in the preceding lists are currently assigned by IANA, and they all are reserved for Standards Action, it is believed that they are not widely used currently, but this could vary based on local-usage, and could change in the future. If networks in which this sort of re-marking occurs (or networks downstream) classify the resulting DSCP (i.e. 5, 13, or 21) to the NQB PHB, or re-mark such traffic as 45 (decimal), they risk treating as NQB other traffic, which was not originally marked as NQB. In addition, as described in Section 6 of [RFC9435] future assignments of these 0bxxx101 DSCPs would need to be made with consideration of the potential that they all are treated as NQB in some networks.¶

For the policy in which the low three bits are set to 0b000, the NQB (45) value would be re-marked to CS5 and would be indistinguishable from CS5, VA, EF (and the unassigned DSCPs 41, 42, 43). Traffic marked using the existing standardized DSCPs in this list are likely to share the same general properties as NQB traffic (non-capacity-seeking, very low data rate or relatively low and consistent data rate). Similarly, any future recommended usage for DSCPs 41, 42, 43 would likely be somewhat compatible with NQB treatment, assuming that IP Precedence compatibility (see Section 1.5.4 of [RFC4594]) is maintained in the future. Here there might be an opportunity for a node to provide the NQB PHB or the CS5 PHB to CS5-marked traffic and retain some of the benefits of NQB marking. This could be another motivation to classify CS5-marked traffic into the NQB queue (as discussed in Section 4.3).¶

Appendix B. Comparison with Expedited Forwarding

The Expedited Forwarding definition [RFC3246] provides the following text to describe the EF PHB forwarding behavior: "This specification defines a PHB in which EF packets are guaranteed to receive service at or above a configured rate" and "the rate at which EF traffic is served at a given output interface should be at least the configured rate R, over a suitably defined interval, independent of the offered load of non-EF traffic to that interface." Notably, this description is true of any class of traffic that is configured with a guaranteed minimum rate, including the Default PHB if configured per the guidelines in Section 1.5.1 of [RFC4594]. [RFC3246] goes on to formalize the definition of EF by requiring that an EF node be characterizable in terms of the fidelity with which it is able to provide a guaranteed rate.¶

While the NQB PHB is not required to be configured with a guaranteed minimum rate, [RFC2474] and [RFC4594] recommend assigning some minimum resources for the Default PHB, in particular some dedicated bandwidth. If such a guaranteed minimum rate is configured for the Default PHB, it is recommended (Section 5) that NQB traffic share and be given equal access to that rate. In such cases, the NQB PHB could effective receive a rate guarantee of (e.g.) 50% of the rate guaranteed to the combined NQB/Default PHBs, and so technically complies with the PHB forwarding behavior defined for EF.¶

However, EF is intended to be a managed service, and requires that traffic be policed such that the arriving rate of traffic into the EF PHB doesn't exceed the guaranteed forwarding rate configured for the PHB, thereby ensuring that low latency and low latency variation are provided. NQB is intended as a best effort service, and hence the aggregate of traffic arriving to the NQB PHB queue could exceed the forwarding rate available to the PHB. Section 5.2 discusses the recommended mechanism for handling excess traffic in NQB. While EF relies on rate policing and dropping of excess traffic at the domain border, this is only one option for NQB. NQB primarily recommends traffic protection located at each potential bottleneck, where actual queuing can be detected and where excess traffic can be reclassified into the Default PHB rather than dropping it. Local traffic protection is more feasible for NQB, given the focus is on access networks, where one node is typically designed to be the known bottleneck where traffic control functions all reside. In contrast, EF is presumed to follow the Diffserv architecture [RFC2475] for core networks, where traffic conditioning is delegated to border nodes, in order to simplify high capacity interior nodes. Further, NQB recommends a microflow-based mechanism to limit the performance impact of excess traffic to those microflows causing potential congestion of the NQB queue, whereas EF ignores microflow properties. Note that under congestion, low loss for NQB conformant flows is only ensured if such a mechanism is operational. Note also that this mechanism for NQB operates at the available forwarding rate for the PHB (which could vary based on other traffic load) as opposed to a configured guaranteed rate, as in EF.¶

The lack of a requirement of a guaranteed minimum rate, and the lack of a requirement to police incoming traffic to such a rate, makes the NQB PHB suitable for implementation in networks where link capacity is not or cannot be guaranteed.¶

There are additional distinctions between EF and NQB arising from the intended usage as described in [RFC4594] and the actual usage in practice in the Internet. In Section 1.5.3 of [RFC4594], EF is described as generally being used to carry voice or data that requires "wire like" behavior through the network. The NQB PHB similarly is useful to carry application traffic requiring wire like performance, characterized by low packet delay and delay variation, but places a pre-condition that each microflow be relatively low data rate and sent in a smooth (non-bursty) manner. In actual practice, EF traffic is oftentimes prioritized over Default traffic. This contrasts with NQB traffic which is to be treated with the same forwarding priority as Default (and sometimes aggregated with Default).¶