Use Cases for PCE as a Central Controller (PCECC).

3.1. PCECC for Label Management

As per [RFC8283], in some cases, the PCE-based controller can take responsibility for managing some part of the MPLS label space for each of the routers that it controls, and it may take wider responsibility for partitioning the label space for each router and allocating different parts for different uses, communicating the ranges to the router using PCEP.¶

[RFC9050] describes a mode where LSPs are provisioned as explicit label instructions at each hop on the end-to-end path. Each router along the path must be told what label forwarding instructions to program and what resources to reserve. The controller uses PCEP to communicate with each router along the path of the end-to-end LSP. For this to work, the PCE-based controller will take responsibility for managing some part of the MPLS label space for each of the routers that it controls. An extension to PCEP could be done to allow a PCC to inform the PCE of such a label space to control. (See [I-D.li-pce-controlled-id-space] for a possible PCEP extension to support the advertisement of the MPLS label space to the PCE to control.)¶

[RFC8664] specifies extensions to PCEP that allow a stateful PCE to compute, update or initiate SR-TE paths. [I-D.ietf-pce-pcep-extension-pce-controller-sr] describes the mechanism for PCECC to allocate and provision the node/prefix/ adjacency label (Segment Routing Identifier (SID)) via PCEP. To make such an allocation PCE needs to be aware of the label space from the Segment Routing Global Block (SRGB) or Segment Routing Local Block (SRLB) [RFC8402] of the node that it controls. A mechanism for a PCC to inform the PCE of such a label space to control is needed within the PCEP. The full SRGB/SRLB of a node could be learned via existing IGP or BGP-LS mechanisms too.¶

Further, there have been proposals for a global label range in MPLS, the PCECC architecture could be used as a means to learn the label space of nodes, and could also be used to determine and provision the global label range.¶

+------------------------------+    +------------------------------+
|         PCE DOMAIN 1         |    |         PCE DOMAIN 2         |
|          +--------+          |    |          +--------+          |
|          |        |          |    |          |        |          |
|          | PCECC1 |  ---------PCEP---------- | PCECC2 |          |
|          |        |          |    |          |        |          |
|          |        |          |    |          |        |          |
|          +--------+          |    |          +--------+          |
|         ^          ^         |    |         ^          ^         |
|        /            \  PCEP  |    |  PCEP  /            \        |
|       V              V       |    |       V              V       |
| +--------+        +--------+ |    | +--------+        +--------+ |
| |NODE 11 |        | NODE 1n| |    | |NODE 21 |        | NODE 2n| |
| |        | ...... |        | |    | |        | ...... |        | |
| | PCECC  |        |  PCECC | |    | | PCECC  |        |PCECC   | |
| |Enabled |        | Enabled|      | |Enabled |        |Enabled | |
| +--------+        +--------+ |    | +--------+        +--------+ |
|                              |    |                              |
+------------------------------+    +------------------------------+

• As shown in Figure 1, PCC will advertise the PCECC capability to the PCE central controller (PCECC) [RFC9050].¶

• The PCECC could also learn the label range set aside by the PCC ([I-D.li-pce-controlled-id-space]).¶

• Optionally, the PCECC could determine the shared MPLS global label range for the network.¶

  • In the case that the shared global label range needs to be negotiated across multiple domains, the central controllers of these domains will also need to negotiate a common global label range across domains.¶

  • The PCECC will need to set the shared global label range to all PCC nodes in the network.¶

As per [RFC9050], PCECC could also rely on the PCC to make label allocations initially and use PCEP to distribute it to where it is needed.¶

3.2. PCECC and Segment Routing

Segment Routing (SR) leverages the source routing paradigm. Using SR, a source node steers a packet through a path without relying on hop-by-hop signalling protocols such as LDP [RFC5036] or RSVP-TE [RFC3209]. Each path is specified as an ordered list of instructions called "segments". Each segment is an instruction to route the packet to a specific place in the network, or to perform a specific service on the packet. A database of segments can be distributed through the network using a routing protocol (such as IS-IS or OSPF) or by any other means. PCEP (and PCECC) could also be one of them.¶

[RFC8664] specifies the SR-specific PCEP extensions. PCECC may further use PCEP protocol for SR SIDs (Segment Identifiers) distribution to the SR nodes (PCC) with some benefits. If the PCECC allocates and maintains the SIDs in the network for the nodes and adjacencies; and further distributes them to the SR nodes directly via the PCEP session then it is more advantageous over the configurations on each SR node and flooding them via IGP, especially in an SDN environment.¶

When the PCECC is used for the distribution of the Node-SID and Adj-SID, the Node-SID is allocated from the SRGB of the node. For the allocation of Adj-SID, the allocation is from the SRLB of the node as described in [I-D.ietf-pce-pcep-extension-pce-controller-sr].¶

[RFC8355] identifies various protection and resiliency usecases for SR. Path protection lets the ingress node be in charge of the failure recovery (used for SR-TE). Also, protection can be performed by the node adjacent to the failed component, commonly referred to as local protection techniques or fast-reroute (FRR) techniques. In the case of PCECC, the protection paths can be pre-computed and set up by the PCE.¶

The Figure 2 illustrates the use case where the Node-SID and Adj-SID are allocated by the PCECC.¶

                       192.0.2.1/32
                       +----------+
                       | R1(1001) |
                       +----------+
                            |
                       +----------+
                       | R2(1002) |  192.0.2.2/32
                       +----------+
                      *   |   *    *
                     *    |   *     *
                    *link1|   *      *
     192.0.2.4/32  *      |   *link2  *  192.0.2.5/32
        +-----------+ 9001|   *     +-----------+
        | R4(1004)  |     |   *     | R5(1005)  |
        +-----------+     |   *     +-----------+
                   *      |   *9003  *   +
                    *     |   *     *    +
                     *    |   *    *     +
                     +-----------+   +-----------+
        192.0.2.3/32 | R3(1003)  |   |R6(1006)   |192.0.2.6/32
                     +-----------+   +-----------+
                          |
                     +-----------+
                     | R8(1008)  |  192.0.2.8/32
                     +-----------+

                      192.0.2.1/32
                      +----------+
                      | R1 (1001)|
                      +----------+
                        |       |
                 90011  |       |90012
                 link1  |       |link2
                       +----------+
                       | R2 (1002)|  192.0.2.2/32
                       +----------+
                link3 *   |   *    * link4
               90023 *    |   *     * 90024
                    *link5|   *      *
     192.0.2.4/32  *90025 |   *link6  *  192.0.2.5/32
        +-----------+     |   *90026+-----------+
        | R4 (1004) |     |   *     | R5 (1005) |
        +-----------+     |   *     +-----------+
                   *      |   *             +
            link10  *     |   *     link7   +
                     *    |   *             +
                     +-----------+   +-----------+
        192.0.2.3/32 | R3 (1003) |   |R6 (1006)  |192.0.2.6/32
                     +-----------+   +-----------+
                      |                   |
                      |link8              |
                      |        |----------|link9
                     +-----------+
                     | R8 (1008) |  192.0.2.8/32
                     +-----------+

                       2001:db8::1
                       +----------+
                       | R1       |
                       +----------+
                            |
                       +----------+
                       | R2       |  2001:db8::2
                       +----------+
                      *   |   *    *
                     *    |   *     *
                    *link1|   *      *
     2001:db8::4   *      |   *link2  *  2001:db8::5
        +-----------+     |   *     +-----------+
        | R4        |     |   *     | R5        |
        +-----------+     |   *     +-----------+
                   *      |   *      *   +
                    *     |   *     *    +
                     *    |   *    *     +
                     +-----------+   +-----------+
        2001:db8::3  | R3        |   |R6         |2001:db8::6
                     +-----------+   +-----------+
                          |
                     +-----------+
                     | R8        |  2001:db8::8
                     +-----------+

3.3. PCECC for Static TE LSP

As described in Section 3.1.2 of [RFC8283], PCECC architecture support the provisioning of static TE LSP. To achieve this, the existing PCEP can be used to communicate between the PCECC and nodes along the path to provision explicit label instructions at each hop on the end-to-end path. Each router along the path must be told what label-forwarding instructions to program and what resources to reserve. The PCE-based controller keeps a view of the network and determines the paths of the end-to-end LSPs, and the controller uses PCEP to communicate with each router along the path of the end-to-end LSP.¶

                       192.0.2.1/32
                      +----------+
                      | R1       |
                      +----------+
                        |       |
                        |link1  |
                        |       |link2
                       +----------+
                       | R2       |  192.0.2.2/32
                       +----------+
                link3 *   |   *    * link4
                     *    |   *     *
                    *link5|   *      *
     192.0.2.4/32  *      |   *link6  *  192.0.2.5/32
        +-----------+     |   *     +-----------+
        | R4        |     |   *     | R5        |
        +-----------+     |   *     +-----------+
                   *      |   *      *       +
            link10  *     |   *     *link7   +
                     *    |   *    *         +
                     +-----------+   +-----------+
        192.0.2.3/32 | R3        |   |R6         |192.0.2.6/32
                     +-----------+   +-----------+
                      |         |
                      |link8    |
                      |         |link9
                     +-----------+
                     | R8        |  192.0.2.8/32
                     +-----------+

Refer Figure 5 for an example TE topology.¶

• Based on path computation request/delegation or PCE initiation, the PCECC receives a request with constraints and optimization criteria.¶

• PCECC will calculate the optimal path according to the given constraints (e.g. bandwidth).¶

• PCECC will provision each node along the path and assign incoming and outgoing labels from R1 to R8 with the path as "R1-link1-R2-link3-R4-link10-R3-link8-R8":¶

  • R1: Outgoing label 1001 on link 1¶

  • R2: Incoming label 1001 on link 1¶

  • R2: Outgoing label 2003 on link 3¶

  • R4: Incoming label 2003 on link 3¶

  • R4: Outgoing label 4010 on link 10¶

  • R3: Incoming label 4010 on link 10¶

  • R3: Outgoing label 3008 on link 8¶

  • R8: Incoming label 3008 on link 8¶

• This can also be represented as {R1, link1, 1001}, {1001, R2, link3, 2003], {2003, R4, link10, 4010}, {4010, R3, link8, 3008}, {3008, R8}.¶

• For the end to end protection, PCECC program each node along the path from R1 to R8 with the secondary path: {R1, link2, 1002}, {1002, R2, link4, 2004], {2004, R5, link7, 5007}, {5007, R3, link9, 3009}, {3009, R8}.¶

• It is also possible to have a bypass path for the local protection set up by the PCECC. For example, the primary path as above, then to protect the node R4 locally, PCECC can program the bypass path like this: {R2, link5, 2005}, {2005, R3}. By doing this, the node R4 is locally protected at R2.¶

3.4. PCECC for Load Balancing (LB)

Very often many service providers use TE tunnels for solving issues with non-deterministic paths in their networks. One example of such applications is the usage of TEs in the mobile backhaul (MBH). Consider the topology as shown in Figure 6 (AGG1...AGGN are Aggregation Routers, Core 1...Core N are Core routers) -¶

                              TE1 -------------->
+---------+    +--------+    +--------+    +--------+    +------+  +---+
| Access  |----| Access |----| AGG 1  |----| AGG N-1|----|Core 1|--|SR1|
| SubNode1|    | Node 1 |    +--------+    +--------+    +------+  +---+
+---------+    +--------+         | |           | ^          |
     |   Access    |    Access    | AGG Ring 1  | |          |
     |  SubRing 1  |    Ring 1    | |           | |          |
+---------+    +--------+    +--------+         | |          |
| Access  |    | Access |    | AGG 2  |         | |          |
| SubNode2|    | Node 2 |    +--------+         | |          |
+---------+    +--------+         | |           | |          |
     |             |              | |           | |          |
     |             |              | +----TE2----|-+          |
+---------+    +--------+    +--------+    +--------+    +------+  +---+
| Access  |    | Access |----| AGG 3  |----| AGG N  |----|Core N|--|SRn|
| SubNodeN|----| Node N |    +--------+    +--------+    +------+  +---+
+---------+    +--------+

This MBH architecture uses L2 access rings and sub-rings. L3 starts at the aggregation layer. For the sake of simplicity, the figure shows only one access sub-ring. The access ring and aggregation ring are connected by Nx10GE interfaces. The aggregation domain runs its own IGP. There are two Egress routers (AGG N-1,AGG N) that are connected to the Core domain (Core 1...Core N) via L2 interfaces. Core also has connections to service routers, RSVP-TE or SR-TE is used for MPLS transport inside the ring. There could be at least 2 tunnels (one way) from each AGG router to egress AGG routers. There are also many L2 access rings connected to AGG routers.¶

Service deployment is made by means of Layer 2 Virtual Private Networks (L2VPNs) (Virtual Private LAN Services (VPLS)), Layer 3 Virtual Private Networks (L3VPNs) or Ethernet VPNs (EVPNs). Those services use MPLS TE (or SR-TE) as transport towards egress AGG routers. TE tunnels could be also used as transport towards service routers in case of seamless MPLS ([I-D.ietf-mpls-seamless-mpls]) based architecture.¶

There is a need to solve the following tasks:¶

• Perform automatic load-balance amongst TE tunnels according to current traffic load.¶

• TE bandwidth (BW) management: Provide guaranteed BW for specific services: High-Speed Data Service (HSI)), IPTV, etc., and provide time-based BW reservation (BW on demand (BoD)) for other services.¶

• Simplify the development of TE tunnels by automation without any manual intervention.¶

• Provide flexibility for Service Router placement (anywhere in the network by the creation of transport LSPs to them).¶

In this section, the focus is on load balancing (LB) tasks. LB task could be solved by means of PCECC in the following way:¶

• Application or network service or operator can ask SDN controller (PCECC) for LSP-based load balancing between AGG X and AGG N/AGG N-1 (egress AGG routers that have connections to the core). Each of these will have associated constraints (i.e. bandwidth, inclusion or exclusion specific links or nodes, number of paths, objective function (OF), need for disjoint LSP paths etc.);¶

• PCECC could calculate multiple (say N) LSPs according to given constraints, the calculation is based on results of Objective Function (OF) [RFC5541], constraints, endpoints, same or different bandwidth (BW), different links (in case of disjoint paths) and other constraints.¶

• Depending on the given LSP Path setup type (PST), PCECC will download instructions to the PCC. At this stage it is assumed the PCECC is aware of the label space it controls and SID allocation and distribution is already done in the case of SR.¶

• PCECC will send PCInitiate message [RFC8281] towards ingress AGG X router(PCC) for each of N LSPs and receives PCRpt PCEP message [RFC8231] back from PCCs. If PST is PCECC-SR, the PCECC will include a SID stack as per [RFC8664]. If PST is PCECC (basic), then the PCECC will assign labels along the calculated path and set up the path by sending central controller instructions in a PCEP message to each node along the path of the LSP as per [RFC9050] and then send PCUpd message to the ingress AGG X router with information about new LSP. AGG X(PCC) will respond with PCRpt with LSP status.¶

• AGG X as ingress router now has N LSPs towards AGG N and AGG N-1 which are available for installing to router's forwarding table and load-balance traffic between them. Traffic distribution between those LSPs depends on the particular realization of hash-function on that router.¶

• Since PCECC is aware of TEDB (TE state) and LSP-DB, it can manage and prevent possible over-subscriptions and limit the number of available load-balance states. Via PCECC mechanism the control can take quick actions into the network by directly provisioning the central control instructions.¶

3.5. PCECC and Inter-AS TE

There are various signalling options for establishing Inter-AS TE LSP: contiguous TE LSP [RFC5151], stitched TE LSP [RFC5150], and nested TE LSP [RFC4206].¶

Requirements for PCE-based Inter-AS setup [RFC5376] describe the approach and PCEP functionality that is needed for establishing Inter-AS TE LSPs.¶

[RFC5376] also gives Inter- and Intra-AS PCE Reference Model (as shown in Figure 7) that is provided below in shortened form for the sake of simplicity.¶

           Inter-AS       Inter-AS
     PCC <-->PCE1<--------->PCE2
      ::      ::             ::
      ::      ::             ::
      R1----ASBR1====ASBR3---R3---ASBR5
      |   AS1 |        |    PCC     |
      |       |        |    AS2     |
      R2----ASBR2====ASBR4---R4---ASBR6
      ::                     ::
      ::                     ::
   Intra-AS               Intra-AS
      PCE3                   PCE4

The PCECC belonging to the different domains can cooperate to set up inter-AS TE LSP. The stateful H-PCE [RFC8751] mechanism could also be used to establish a per-domain PCECC LSP first. These could be stitched together to form inter-AS TE LSP as described in [I-D.ietf-pce-stateful-interdomain].¶

For the sake of simplicity, here the focus is on a simplified Inter-AS case when both AS1 and AS2 belong to the same service provider administration. In that case, Inter and Intra-AS PCEs could be combined in one single PCE if such combined PCE performance is enough for handling the load. The PCE will require interfaces (PCEP and BGP-LS) to both domains. PCECC redundancy mechanisms are described in [RFC8283]. Thus routers (PCCs) in AS1 and AS2 can send PCEP messages towards the same PCECC.¶

             +----BGP-LS------+ +------BGP-LS-----+
             |                | |                 |
      +-PCEP-|----++-+-------PCECC-----PCEP--++-+-|-------+
    +-:------|----::-:-+                  +--::-:-|-------:---+
    | :      |    :: : |                  |  :: : |       :   |
    | :     RR1   :: : |                  |  :: : RR2     :   |
    | v           v: : |      LSP1        |  :: v         v   |
    | R1---------ASBR1=======================ASBR3--------R3  |
    | |            v : |                  |  :v            |  |
    | +----------ASBR2=======================ASBR4---------+  |
    | |   Region 1   : |                  |  : Region 1    |  |
    |----------------:-|                  |--:-------------|--|
    | |              v |       LSP2       |  v             |  |
    | +----------ASBR5=======================ASBR6---------+  |
    |     Region 2     |                  |       Region 2    |
    +------------------+ <--------------> +-------------------+
        MPLS Domain 1          Inter-AS         MPLS Domain 2
    <=======AS1=======>                    <========AS2=======>

In the case of the PCECC Inter-AS TE scenario (as shown in Figure 8) where the service provider controls both domains (AS1 and AS2), each of them has its own IGP and MPLS transport. There is a need to set up Inter-AS LSPs for transporting different services on top of them (Voice, L3VPN etc.). Inter-AS links with different capacities exist in several regions. The task is not only to provision those Inter-AS LSPs with given constraints but also to calculate the path and pre-setup the backup Inter-AS LSPs that will be used if the primary LSP fails.¶

As per the Figure 8, LSP1 from R1 to R3 goes via ASBR1 and ASBR3, and it is the primary Inter-AS LSP. R1-R3 LSP2 that goes via ASBR5 and ASBR6 are the backup ones. In addition, there could also be a bypass LSP setup to protect against ASBR or inter-AS link failures.¶

After the addition of PCECC functionality to PCE (SDN controller), the PCECC-based Inter-AS TE model should follow the PCECC use case for TE LSP including requirements of [RFC5376] with the following details:¶

• Since PCECC needs to know the topology of both domains AS1 and AS2, PCECC can utilize the BGP-LS peering with routers (or RRs) in both domains.¶

• PCECC needs to establish PCEP connectivity with all routers in both domains (see also section 4 in [RFC5376]).¶

• After the operator's application or service orchestrator creates a request for tunnel creation of a specific service, PCECC will receive that request via NBI (NBI type is implementation dependent, could be NETCONF/Yang, REST etc.). Then PCECC will calculate the optimal path based on Objective Function (OF) and given constraints (i.e. path setup type, bandwidth etc.), including those from [RFC5376]: priority, AS sequence, preferred ASBR, disjoint paths, and protection type. In this step, we will have two paths: R1-ASBR1-ASBR3-R3, R1-ASBR5-ASBR6-R3¶

• Depending on the given LSP PST (PCECC or PCECC-SR), PCECC will use central control download instructions to the PCC. At this stage, it is assumed the PCECC is aware of the label space it controls and in the case of SR the SID allocation and distribution is already done.¶

• PCECC will send PCInitiate message [RFC8281] towards the ingress router R1 (PCC) in AS1 and receives PCRpt PCEP message [RFC8231] back from. If the PST is PCECC-SR, the PCECC will include the SID stack as per [RFC8664]. Optionally, a binding SID or BGP Peering-SID [RFC9087] can also be included on the AS boundary. The backup SID stack can be installed at ingress R1 but more importantly each node along the SR path could also do the local protection just based on the top segment. If the PST is PCECC (basic), when the PCECC will assign labels along the calculated paths (R1-ASBR1-ASBR3-R3, R1-ASBR5-ASBR6-R3); and set up the path by sending central controller instructions in PCEP message to each node along the path of the LSPs as per [RFC9050]. Then PCECC will send a PCUpd message to the ingress R1 router with information about new LSPs and R1 will respond by PCRpt with LSP(s) status.¶

• After that step R1 now have primary and backup TEs (LSP1 and LSP2) towards R3. It is up to router implementation how to make switchover to backup LSP2 if LSP1 fails.¶

3.6. PCECC for Multicast LSPs

The multicast LSPs can be set up via the RSVP-TE P2MP or Multipoint LDP (mLDP) protocols. The setup of these LSPs may require manual configurations and complex signalling when the protection is considered. By using the PCECC solution, the multicast LSP can be computed and set up through a centralized controller which has the full picture of the topology and bandwidth usage for each link. It not only reduces the complex configurations comparing the distributed RSVP-TE P2MP or mLDP signalling, but also it can compute the disjoint primary path and secondary P2MP path efficiently.¶

                       +----------+
                       |    R1    | Root node of the multicast LSP
                       +----------+
                           |9000 (L0)
                       +----------+
        Transit Node   |    R2    |
        branch         +----------+
                       *  |   *  *
                  9001*   |   *   *9002
                  L1 *    |   *    *L2
        +-----------+     |   *     +-----------+
        |    R4     |     |   *     |    R5     | Transit Nodes
        +-----------+     |   *     +-----------+
                   *      |   *      *     +
                9003*     |   *     *      +9004
                L3   *    |   *    *       +L4
                     +-----------+  +-----------+
                     |    R3     |  |    R6     | Leaf Node
                     +-----------+  +-----------+
                      9005| L5
                     +-----------+
                     |    R8     | Leaf Node
                     +-----------+

                            +----+  +----+
           Root node of LSP | R1 |--| R11|
                            +----+  +----+
                              /         +
                           10/           +20
                            /             +
                    +----------+        +-----------+
     Transit Node   |    R2    |        |     R3    |
                    +----------+        +-----------+
                      |        \       +         +
                      |         \     +          +
                    10|        10\   +20       20+
                      |           \ +            +
                      |            \             +
                      |           + \            +
                    +-----------+      +-----------+ Leaf Nodes
                    |    R4     |      |    R5     | (Downstream LSR)
                    +-----------+      +-----------+

                            +------------+
                            |     R1     | Root Node
                            +------------+
                                   .
                                   .
                                   .
                            +------------+ Point of Local Repair/
                            |     R10     | Switchover Point
                            +------------+ (Upstream LSR)
                              /         +
                           10/           +20
                            /             +
                    +----------+        +-----------+
     Protected Node |    R20   |        |     R30   |
                    +----------+        +-----------+
                      |        \       +         +
                      |         \     +          +
                    10|        10\   +20       20+
                      |           \ +            +
                      |            \             +
                      |           + \            +
                    +-----------+      +-----------+ Merge Point
                    |    R40    |      |    R50    | (Downstream LSR)
                    +-----------+      +-----------+
                          .                  .
                          .                  .

3.7. PCECC for Traffic Classification

As described in [RFC8283], traffic classification is an important part of traffic engineering. It is the process of looking into a packet to determine how it should be treated while it is forwarded through the network. It applies in many scenarios including MPLS traffic engineering (where it determines what traffic is forwarded into which LSPs); segment routing (where it is used to select which set of forwarding instructions (SIDs) to add to a packet); SFC (where it indicates how a packet should be forwarded across which service function path ). In conjunction with traffic engineering, traffic classification is an important enabler for load balancing. Traffic classification is closely linked to the computational elements of planning for the network functions because it determines how traffic is balanced and distributed through the network. Therefore, selecting what traffic classification mechanism should be performed by a router is an important part of the work done by a PCECC.¶

Instructions can be passed from the controller to the routers using PCEP. These instructions tell the routers how to map traffic to paths or connections. Refer [RFC9168].¶

Along with traffic classification, there are a few more questions that need to be considered after path setup:¶

• how to use it¶

• Whether it is a virtual link¶

• Whether to advertise it in the IGP as a virtual link¶

• What bits of this information to signal to the tail end¶

These are out of the scope of this document.¶

3.8. PCECC for SFC

Service Function Chaining (SFC) is described in [RFC7665]. It is the process of directing traffic in a network such that it passes through specific hardware devices or virtual machines (known as service function nodes) that can perform particular desired functions on the traffic. The set of functions to be performed and the order in which they are to be performed is known as a service function chain. The chain is enhanced with the locations at which the service functions are to be performed to derive a Service Function Path (SFP). Each packet is marked as belonging to a specific SFP, and that marking lets each successive service function node know which functions to perform and to which service function node to send the packet next. To operate an SFC network, the service function nodes must be configured to understand the packet markings, and the edge nodes must be told how to mark packets entering the network. Additionally, it may be necessary to establish tunnels between service function nodes to carry the traffic. Planning an SFC network requires load balancing between service function nodes and traffic engineering across the network that connects them. As per [RFC8283], these are operations that can be performed by a PCE-based controller, and that controller can use PCEP to program the network and install the service function chains and any required tunnels.¶

A possible mechanism could add support for SFC-based central control instructions. PCECC will be able to instruct each SFF along the SFP.¶

• Service Path Identifier (SPI): Uniquely identifies an SFP.¶

• Service Index (SI): Provides location within the SFP.¶

• SFC Proxy handling¶

PCECC can play the role of setting the traffic classification rules at the classifier to impose the Network Service Header (NSH) [RFC8300] as well as downloading the forwarding instructions to each SFF along the way so that they could process the NSH and forward accordingly. Including instructions for the service classifier that handles the context header, metadata etc.¶

It is also possible to support SFC with SR in conjunction with or without NSH such as [RFC9491] and [I-D.ietf-spring-sr-service-programming]. PCECC technique can also be used for service function-related segments and SR service policies.¶

3.9. PCECC for Native IP

[RFC8735] describes the scenarios and simulation results for the "Centrally Control Dynamic Routing (CCDR)" solution, which integrates the advantage of using distributed protocols (IGP/BGP) and the power of a centralized control technology (PCE/SDN), providing traffic engineering for native IP networks. [RFC8821] defines the framework for CCDR traffic engineering within a Native IP network, using multiple BGP sessions and a PCE as the centralized controller. PCEP protocol will be used to transfer the key parameters between PCE and the underlying network devices (PCC) using PCECC technique. The central control instructions from PCECC to PCC will identify which prefix should be advertised on which BGP session. There are PCEP extensions defined in [I-D.ietf-pce-pcep-extension-native-ip] for it.¶

                                  +------+
                       +----------+ PCECC+-------+
                       |          +------+       |
                       |                         |
                  PCEP | BGP Session 1(lo11/lo21)| PCEP
                       +-------------------------+
                       |                         |
                       | BGP Session 2(lo12/lo22)|
                       +-------------------------+
   PF12                |                         |                 PF22
   PF11                |                         |                 PF21
   +---+         +-----+-----+             +-----+-----+           +---+
   |SW1+---------+(lo11/lo12)+-------------+(lo21/lo22)+-----------+SW2|
   +---+         |    R1     +-------------+    R2     |           +---+
                 +-----------+             +-----------+

In the case, as shown in Figure 12, PCECC will instruct both R1 and R2 via PCEP how to form BGP sessions with each other and which IP prefixes need to be advertised via which BGP session.¶

3.10. PCECC for BIER

Bit Index Explicit Replication (BIER) [RFC8279] defines an architecture where all intended multicast receivers are encoded as a bitmask in the multicast packet header within different encapsulations. A router that receives such a packet will forward that packet based on the bit position in the packet header towards the receiver(s) following a precomputed tree for each of the bits in the packet. Each receiver is represented by a unique bit in the bitmask.¶

BIER-TE [RFC9262] shares architecture and packet formats with BIER. BIER-TE forwards and replicates packets based on a BitString in the packet header, but every BitPosition of the BitString of a BIER-TE packet indicates one or more adjacencies. BIER-TE paths can be derived from a PCE and used at the ingress as described in [I-D.chen-pce-bier].¶

PCECC mechanism could be used for the allocation of bits for the BIER router for BIER as well as for the adjacencies for BIER-TE. PCECC-based controller can use PCEP to instruct the BIER-capable routers on the meaning of the bits as well as other fields needed for BIER encapsulation. The PCECC could be used to program the BIER router with various parameters used in the BIER encapsulation such as BIER subdomain-ID, BFR-ID, BIER Encapsulation etc. for both node and adjacency.¶

Detailed procedures of PCECC usage and extensions are described in [I-D.chen-pce-pcep-extension-pce-controller-bier].¶