| Internet-Draft | SR for VPN+ | October 2023 |
| Dong, et al. | Expires 25 April 2024 | [Page] |
Segment Routing (SR) leverages the source routing paradigm. A node steers a packet through an ordered list of instructions, called "segments". A segment can represent topological or service based instructions. A segment can further be associated with a set of network resources used for executing the instruction. Such a segment is called resource-aware segment.¶
A Virtual Transport Network (VTN) is a virtual underlay network which is associated with a network topology, and is allocated with a set of dedicated or shared resources from the underlay physical network.¶
Resource-aware Segment Identifiers (SIDs) may be used to build SR paths with a set of reserved network resources. In addition, a group of resource-aware SIDs may be used to build SR based virtual underlay networks, which provide customized network topology and resource attributes required by one or a group of customers and/or services. Such virtual underlay networks are the SR instantiations of VTNs.¶
This document describes a suggested approach to build SR based VTNs using resource-aware SIDs. The SR based VTNs can be used to deliver RFC XXXX network slices in SR networks.¶
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.¶
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.¶
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."¶
This Internet-Draft will expire on 25 April 2024.¶
Copyright (c) 2023 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.¶
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License.¶
RFC Editor Note: Please replace "RFC XXXX" in this document with the RFC number assigned to [I-D.ietf-teas-ietf-network-slices], and remove this note.¶
Segment Routing (SR) [RFC8402] specifies a mechanism to steer packets through an ordered list of segments. A segment is referred to by its Segment Identifier (SID). With SR, explicit source routing can be achieved without introducing per-path state into the network. [I-D.ietf-spring-resource-aware-segments] extends SR by associating SIDs with network resource attributes (e.g., bandwidth, processing or storage resources). These resource-aware SIDs retain their original functionality, with the additional semantics of identifying the set of network resources available for the packet processing action. Multiple resource-aware SIDs may be allocated on a network segment, each of which is associated with a set of network resources assigned to meet the requirements of one or a group of customers and/or services.¶
A Virtual Transport Network (VTN) is a virtual underlay network which is associated with a network topology, and is allocated with a set of dedicated or shared resources from the underlay physical network.¶
Once allocated, Resource-aware SIDs can be used to build SR paths with a set of reserved network resources. In addition, a group of resource-aware SIDs may be used to build SR based virtual underlay networks, which provide customized network topology and resource attributes required by one or a group of customers and/or services. Such virtual underlay networks are the SR instantiations of VTNs, and can be used to deliver the enhanced VPN (VPN+) services [I-D.ietf-teas-enhanced-vpn].¶
This document describes a suggested approach to build SR based VTNs using resource-aware SIDs. Although the procedure is illustrated using SR-MPLS, this mechanism is applicable to both SR over MPLS data plane (SR-MPLS) [RFC8660] and SR over IPv6 data plane (SRv6)[RFC8754] [RFC8986].¶
[I-D.ietf-teas-ietf-network-slices] defines the terminologies and the characteristics of Network Slices. It also discusses the general framework, the components and interfaces for requesting and operating Network Slices. An RFC XXXX Network Slice can be realized as a logical network connecting a number of endpoints and is associated with a set of shared or dedicated network resources that are used to satisfy the Service Level Objectives (SLOs) and Service Level Expectations (SLEs) requirements. Thus SR based VTNs can be used to deliver RFC XXXX network slices in SR networks.¶
When SR is used as the data plane of VTNs in the network, it is necessary to compute and instantiate the SR paths with the topology and/or algorithm constraints of the VTN, and steer the traffic to only use the set of network resources allocated to the VTN.¶
Based on the resource-aware segments defined in [I-D.ietf-spring-resource-aware-segments], a group of resource-aware SIDs can be allocated to represent the set of network segments of a VTN. These resource-aware SIDs are associated with the group of network resources allocated to the VTN on network nodes and links which participate in the VTN. These resource-aware SIDs can also identify the network topological or functional instructions associated with the VTN.¶
The resource-aware SIDs may be allocated either by a centralized network controller or by the network nodes. The control plane mechanisms for advertising the resource-aware SIDs associated with VTNs can be based on [RFC4915], [RFC5120] and [RFC9350] with necessary extensions. This is further described in section 3.3.¶
This section describes a mechanism of allocating resource-aware SIDs to SR-MPLS based VTNs.¶
For an IGP link, multiple resource-aware adj-SIDs are allocated, each of which is associated with a VTN that the link participates in, and represents those link resources that are allocated to the VTN. For an IGP node, multiple resource-aware prefix-SIDs are allocated, each of which is associated with a VTN which the node participates in, and identifies the set of network resources allocated to the VTN on network nodes which participate in the VTN. These set of resources will be used by the network nodes to process packets which have the resource-aware SIDs as the active segment.¶
In the case of multi-domain VTNs, on an inter-domain link, multiple resource-aware BGP peering SIDs [RFC9086] are allocated, each of which is associated with a VTN which spans multiple domains, and represents a subset of resources allocated on the inter-domain link.¶
This section describes a mechanism of allocating resource-aware SRv6 Locators and resource-aware SRv6 SIDs to SRv6 based VTNs.¶
An resource-aware SRv6 Locator is allocated on each network node for each VTN in which the node participates. This Locator (the VTN-specific Locator) identifies the set of network resources allocated to the VTN on the network nodes which participate in the VTN. The resource-aware SRv6 SIDs associated with a VTN are allocated from the SID space using the VTN-specific resource-aware Locator as the covering prefix. These SRv6 SIDs can be used to indicate SRv6 functions in a VTN, and can identify the set of resources used by network nodes for executing the function.¶
In a simple case, each VTN can be mapped to a unique topology or algorithm. Then the VTNs can be distinguished by the topology ID or algorithm ID in the control plane, and the resource-aware SIDs associated with a VTN can be identified using the <topology, algorithm> tuple as described in [RFC8402]. In this case, the number of VTNs supported in a network relies on the number of topologies or algorithms supported in the network.¶
In a more complicated case, multiple VTNs may be associated with the same <topology, algorithm> tuple, while each is allocated a separate set of network resources. Then a new VTN identifier (VTN-ID) in the control plane is needed. The resource-aware SIDs of different VTNs are associated with different VTN-IDs in the control plane.¶
In both cases, in the data plane, the resource-aware SIDs are used to distinguish packets of different VTNs, and are also used to determine the forwarding instructions and the set of network resources used for the packet processing action.¶
Since multiple VTNs can be created in a network, and each VTN is allocated with a group of resource-aware SIDs, the mechanism of SR based VTNs increases the number of SIDs and SRv6 Locators needed in a network. There may be some concerns, especially about the SR-MPLS prefix-SIDs, which are allocated from the Segment Routing Global Block (SRGB), that the SRGB will be used up. The amount of network state will also increase accordingly. However, based on the SR paradigm, resource-aware SIDs and the associated network state are allocated and maintained per VTN, thus per-path network state is avoided in the SR network. In the control plane, the amount of information to be distributed in the distributed protocols (e.g., IGP) for different VTNs may become a concern. The scalability of resource-aware SID based VTNs are further analysed in [I-D.ietf-teas-nrp-scalability].¶
This section describes possible procedures for creating SR based VTNs and the corresponding forwarding tables and entries. The approaches described in this section are not normative, but illustrate how the VTN-specific Locator and VTN ID could be used to build and operate VTNs in SR networks. Although it is illustrated using SR-MPLS, this mechanism is applicable to both SR-MPLS and SRv6.¶
Suppose a virtual underlay network is requested by some customer or service. One of the basic requirements is that the customer or service is allocated with a set of dedicated network resource, so that it does not experience unexpected interference from other services in the same network. Other possible requirements specified by the customer may include the required topology, bandwidth, latency, reliability, etc.¶
According to the customer's requirements, a centralized network controller calculates a subset of the underlay network topology to support the service. With this topology, the set of network resources required on each network element is also determined. The subset of network topology and network resources are the two major characteristics of a VTN. Depending on the service requirements, the network topology and network resource of this VTN can be dedicated for an individual customer or service, or can be shared by a group of customers and/or services.¶
Based on the mechanisms described in section 2, a group of resource-aware SIDs can be allocated for the VTN. With SR-MPLS, it is a group of prefix-SIDs and adj-SIDs which are allocated to identify the network nodes and links in the VTN, and also to identify the set of network resources allocated on these network nodes and links for the VTN. As the resource-aware SIDs can be allocated either by a centralized network controller or by the network nodes, control plane protocols such as IGP (e.g., IS-IS or OSPF) and BGP-LS can be used to distribute the SIDs and the associated resource and topology information of a VTN to other nodes in the same VTN and also to the controller, so that both the network nodes and the controller can generate the VTN-specific forwarding table or forwarding entries based on the resource-aware SIDs of the VTN. The detailed control plane mechanisms and possible extensions are described in the accompanying documents [I-D.ietf-lsr-isis-sr-vtn-mt] [I-D.ietf-idr-bgpls-sr-vtn-mt] [I-D.zhu-lsr-isis-sr-vtn-flexalgo] [I-D.zhu-idr-bgpls-sr-vtn-flexalgo] [I-D.dong-lsr-sr-enhanced-vpn] [I-D.dong-idr-bgpls-sr-enhanced-vpn] and are out of the scope of this document.¶
A centralized network controller can be responsible for the planning of a VTN to meet the received service request. The controller needs to collect the information on network connectivity, network resources, network performance and any other relevant network states from the underlay network. This can be done using either IGP TE extensions such as [RFC5305] [RFC3630] [RFC7471] [RFC8570], and/or BGP-LS [RFC7752] [RFC8571], or any other form of control plane signaling.¶
Based on the information collected from the underlay network, the controller obtains the underlay network topology and the information about the allocated and available network resources. When a service request is received, the controller determines the subset of the network topology, and the subset of resources needed on each network segment (e.g., links and nodes) in the sub-topology to meet the service requirements, whilst maintaining the needs of the existing services that are using the same network. The subset of the network topology and network resources will be used to constitute a VTN, which will be used as the virtual underlay network of the requested service.¶
According to the result of VTN planning, the network controller instructs the set of network nodes involved to join a specific VTN and allocate the required set of network resources for the VTN. This may be done with Netconf/YANG [RFC6241] [RFC7950] or with any other control or management plane mechanism with necessary extensions. Thus, the controller not only allocates the resources to the newly computed VTN, but also keeps track of the remaining available resources in order to cope with subsequent VTN requests.¶
On each network node involved in the VTN, a set of network resources (e.g., link bandwidth) is allocated to the VTN. Such set of network resources can be dedicated for the processing of traffic in that VTN, and may not be used for traffic in other VTNs. Note it is also possible that a group of VTNs may share a set of network resources on some network segments. A group of resource-aware SIDs, such as prefix-SIDs and adj-SIDs are allocated to identify both the network segments and the set of resources allocated on the network segments for the VTN. Such group of resource-aware SIDs, e.g., prefix-SIDs and adj-SIDs are used as the data plane identifiers of the nodes and links in the VTN.¶
In the underlying forwarding plane, there can be multiple ways of allocating a subset of network resources to a VTN. The candidate data plane technologies to support resource partitioning or reservation can be found in [I-D.ietf-teas-enhanced-vpn]. The resource-aware SIDs are considered as abstract data plane identifiers in the network layer, which can be used with various network resource partitioning or reservation mechanisms in the underlying forwarding plane.¶
Prefix-SIDs: Prefix-SIDs:
r:101 r:102
g:201 g:202
b:301 r:1001:1G r:1001:1G b:302
+-----+ g:2001:2G g:2001:2G +-----+
| A | b:3001:1G b:3001:1G | B |
| +------------------------+ + r:1003:1G
+--+--+ +--+--+\g:2003:2G
r:1002:1G| r:1002:1G| \
g:2002:2G| g:2002:2G| \ r:1001:1G
b:3002:3G| b:3002:2G| \g:2001:2G
| | \ +-----+Prefix-SIDs:
| | \+ E | r:105
| | /+ | g:205
r:1001:1G| r:1002:1G| / +-----+
g:2001:2G| g:2002:2G| /r:1002:1G
b:3001:3G| b:3002:2G| / g:2002:2G
+--+--+ +--+--+ /
| | | |/r:1003:1G
| C +------------------------+ D + g:2003:2G
+-----+ r:1002:1G r:1001:1G +-----+
Prefix-SIDs: g:2002:1G g:2001:1G Prefix-SIDs:
r:103 b:3002:2G b:3001:2G r:104
g:203 g:204
b:303 b:304
Figure 1. SID and resource allocation for multiple VTNs
¶
Figure 1 shows an example of providing multiple VTNs in an SR based network. The prefix-SIDs are labeled as such in the figure. All other SIDs in the figure are adj-SIDs. Note that the format of the SIDs in this figure is for illustration, both SR-MPLS and SRv6 can be used as the data plane. In this example, three VTNs: red (r) , green (g) and blue (b) are created to carry traffic of different customers or services. Both the red and green VTNs consist of nodes A, B, C, D, and E with all their interconnecting links, whilst the blue VTN only consists of nodes A, B, C and D with all their interconnecting links. Note that different VTNs may have a set of shared nodes and links, but with different set of resources. On each node, a resource-aware prefix-SID is allocated for each VTN it participates in. And on each link, a resource-aware adj-SID is allocated for each VTN it participates in.¶
In Figure 1, the notation x:nnnn:y means that in VTN x, the adj-SID nnnn will steer the packet over a link which has bandwidth y reserved for that VTN. For example, r:1002:1G in link C->D says that the VTN red has a reserved bandwidth of 1Gb/s on link C->D, and will be used by packets arriving at node C with an adj-SID 1002 at the top of the label stack. Similarly, on each node, a resource-aware prefix-SID is allocated for each VTN it participates in. Each resource-aware adj-SID can be associated with a set of link resources (e.g., bandwidth) allocated to a specific VTN, so that different adj-SIDs can be used to steer traffic into different set of link resources for packet forwarding. A resource-aware prefix-SID in a VTN can be associated with the set of network resources allocated to this VTN on each involved network node and link. Thus, the prefix-SIDs can be used to build loose SR path within a VTN, and can be used by the transit nodes to steer traffic into the set of local network resources allocated to the VTN.¶
The network controller needs to obtain the information about all the VTNs in the network it oversees, including the resource-aware SIDs and the associated network resources and topology information. Based on this information, the controller can have a global view of the VTN topologies, network resources and the associated SIDs, so as to perform VTN-specific explicit path computation, taking both the topology and resource constraints of the VTNs into consideration, and use the resource-aware SIDs to build the SID list for the explicit SR path. The controller may also compute the shortest paths in the VTN based on the resource-aware prefix-SIDs.¶
The network nodes also need to obtain the information about the VTNs they participate in, including the resource-aware SIDs and the associated network resources and topology information. Based on the collected information, the network nodes which are the headend of a path can perform VTN-specific path computation, and build the SID list using the collected resource-aware adj-SIDs and prefix-SIDs. The network nodes also need to generate the forwarding entries for the resource-aware prefix-SIDs in each VTN they participates in, and associate these forwarding entries with the set of local network resources (e.g., bandwidth on the outgoing interface) allocated to the corresponding VTN.¶
Thus, after receiving the network controller's instruction about network resource and SID allocation, each network node needs to advertise the identifier of the VTNs it participates in, the group of resource-aware SIDs allocated to each VTN, and the resource attributes (e.g., bandwidth) associated with the resource-aware SIDs in the network. Each resource-aware adj-SID is advertised with the set of associated link resources, and each resource-aware prefix-SID is advertised with the identifier of the associated VTN, as all the prefix-SIDs in a VTN are associated with the same set of network resources allocated to the VTN. Note that, as described in section 2.3, in the control plane, VTNs can be identified either using existing identifiers, such as the MT-ID or Flex-Algo ID, or using a newly defined VTN ID.¶
The IGP mechanisms which reuse the existing IDs (such as Multi-Topology [RFC5120] or Flex-Algo [RFC9350]) as the identifier of VTNs, and distribute the resource-aware SIDs with the associated topology and resource information may be based on the mechanisms described in [I-D.ietf-lsr-isis-sr-vtn-mt] and [I-D.zhu-lsr-isis-sr-vtn-flexalgo] respectively. The corresponding BGP-LS mechanisms which can be used to distribute both the intra-domain VTN information and the inter-domain VTN-specific link information to the controller may be based on the mechanisms described in [I-D.ietf-idr-bgpls-sr-vtn-mt] and [I-D.zhu-idr-bgpls-sr-vtn-flexalgo] respectively. Note that with these mechanisms, the number of VTNs supported relies on the number of topologies or algorithms supported.¶
The IGP mechanisms described in [I-D.dong-lsr-sr-enhanced-vpn] introduce a new control plane identifier, so that multiple VTNs can be mapped to the same <topology, algorithm> tuple, while each VTN can have different resource attributes. This provides a mechanism which allows flexible combination of network topology and network resources attributes to build a large number of VTNs with a relatively small number of topologies or algorithms. The corresponding BGP-LS mechanisms which may be used to distribute the intra-domain VTN information and the inter-domain VTN-specific link information to the controller are described in [I-D.dong-idr-bgpls-sr-enhanced-vpn].¶
Figure 2 shows the three SR based VTNs created in the network in Figure 1.¶
1001 1001 2001 2001 3001 3001
101---------102 201---------202 301---------302
| | \1003 | | \2003 | |
1002| 1002| \ 1001 2002| 2002| \ 2001 3002| 3002|
| | 105 | | 205 | |
1001| 1002| / 1002 2001| 2002| / 2002 3001| 3002|
| | / 1003 | | / 2003 | |
103---------104 203---------204 303---------304
1002 1001 2002 2001 3002 3001
VTN Red VTN Green VTN Blue
Figure 2. SR based VTNs with different groups of SIDs¶
For each SR based VTN, SR paths are computed within the VTN, taking the VTN topology and resources as constraints. The SR path can be an explicit path instantiated using SR policy [RFC9256], in which the SID-list is built only with the SIDs allocated to the VTN. The SR path can also be an IGP computed path associated with a prefix-SID or SRv6 End SID allocated by a node for the VTN, the IGP path computation is also based on the topology and/or algorithm constraints of the VTN. Different SR paths in the same VTN may use shared network resources when they use the same resource-aware SIDs allocated to the VTN, while SR paths in different VTNs use different set of network resources even when they traverse the same network links or nodes. These VTN-specific SR paths need to be installed in the corresponding forwarding tables.¶
For example, to create an explicit path A-B-D-E in VTN red in Figure 2, the SR SID-list encapsulated in the service packet would be (1001, 1002, 1003). For the same explicit path A-B-D-E in VTN green, the SR segment list would be (2001, 2002, 2003). In the case where we wish to construct a loose path A-D-E in VTN green, the packet should be encapsulated with the SR SID-list (201, 204, 205). At node A, the packet can be sent towards D via either node B or C using the network resources allocated by these nodes for VTN green. At node D, the packet is forwarded to E using the link and node resource allocated for VTN green. Similarly, a packet to be sent via loose path A-D-E in VTN red would be encapsulated with segment list (101, 104, 105). In the case where an IGP computed path can meet the service requirement, the packet can be simply encapsulated with the prefix-SID of the egress node E in the corresponding VTN.¶
Network services can be provisioned using SR based VTNs as the virtual underlay networks. For example, different services may be provisioned in different SR based VTNs, each of which would use the network resources allocated to the VTN, so that their data traffic will not interfere with each other. In another case, a group of services which have similar characteristics and requirements may be provisioned in the same VTN, in this case the network resources allocated to the VTN are only shared among this group of services, but will not be shared with other services in the network. The steering of service traffic to SR based VTNs can be based on either local policy or, for example, the mechanisms as defined in [RFC9256].¶
VTNs can be used by network operators to organize and split their network infrastructure into different virtual underlay networks for different customers or services. Some customers may also request different granularity of visibility into the VTN which is used to deliver the service. Depending on the requirement and the network operator's policy, VTNs may be exposed to the customer either as a virtual network with both the edge nodes and the intermediate nodes, as a set of paths with some of the transit nodes, or simply as a set of virtual connections between the endpoints without any transit node information. The visibility may be delivered through different mechanisms, such as IGPs (e.g., IS-IS, OSPF), BGP-LS or Netconf/YANG. On the other hand, a network operator may want to restrict the visibility of the underlay network information it delivers to the customer by either hiding the transit nodes between sites (and only delivering information about the endpoint connectivity), or by hiding some of the transit nodes (summarizing the path into fewer nodes). The information about VTNs which are not used by the customer should also be filtered. Mechanisms such as BGP-LS allow the flexibility of the advertisement of aggregated virtual network information and configurable filtering policies.¶
The mechanism described in this document provides several key characteristics:¶
Customization: Different customized VTNs can be created in a shared physical network to meet different customers' connectivity and service requirement. The customers are only aware of the topology and attributes of their own VTNs, and services are provisioned only on the VTN instead of the physical network. This provides a practical mechanism to support network slicing [I-D.ietf-teas-ietf-network-slices].¶
Resource isolation: The computation and instantiation of SR paths in one VTN can be independent from other VTNs or other services in the network. In addition, a VTN can be associated with a set of dedicated network resources, which can avoid resource competition and performance interference from services in other VTNs in the network. This mechanism also allows resource sharing between different service flows of the same customer, or between a group of services which are provisioned in the same VTN. This gives the operators and the customers the flexibility in network planning and service provisioning. In a VTN, the performance of critical services can be further ensured using other mechanisms, e.g., those as defined in [DetNet].¶
Scalability: The introduction of resource aware SIDs for different VTNs would increase the amount of SIDs and state in the network. While the increased network state is considered an inevitable price in meeting the requirements of some customers or services, the SR based VTN mechanism seeks to achieve a balance between the state limitations of traditional end-to-end TE mechanism and the lack of resource awareness in classic segment routing. Following the segment routing paradigm, network resources are allocated on network segments in a per VTN manner and represented as SIDs, this ensures that there is no per-path state introduced in the network. In addition, operators can choose the granularity of resource partition on different network segments. In network segments where resource is scarce and service requirement may not always be met, this approach can be used to allocate a set of resources to specific VTNs to avoid possible resource competition. By contrast, in other segment of the network where resource is considered plentiful, the resource may be shared between a number of VTNs. The decision to do this is in the hands of the operator.¶
In order to provide assurance for services provisioned in the SR based VTNs, it is necessary to instrument the network at multiple levels, e.g., in both the underlay network level and the VTN level. The operator or the customer may also monitor and measure the performance of the services carried by the VTNs. In principle these can be achieved using existing or in development techniques in IETF, such as network telemetry [RFC9232]. The detailed mechanisms are out of the scope of this document.¶
In case of failure or service performance degradation in a VTN, it is necessary that some recovery mechanisms, e.g., local protection or end-to-end protection mechanism is used to switch the traffic to another path in the same VTN which could meet the service performance requirement. Care must be taken that the service or path recovery mechanism in one VTN does not impact other VTNs in the same physical network.¶
This document makes no request of IANA.¶
Note to RFC Editor: this section may be removed on publication as an RFC.¶
The security considerations of segment routing [RFC8402] [RFC8754] and resource-aware SIDs [I-D.ietf-spring-resource-aware-segments] are applicable to this document.¶
The SR VTNs may be used carry services with specific SLA parameters. An attack can be directly targeted at the customer application by disrupting the SLA, and can be targeted at the network operator by causing them to violate the SLA, triggering commercial consequences. By rigorously policing the traffic at the ingress and carefully provisioning the network resources provided to the VTN, this type of attack can be prevented. However care needs to be taken when shared resources are provided between VTNs at some point in the network, and when the network needs to be reconfigured as part of ongoing maintenance or in response to a failure.¶
Considering the scalability of the SR VTN mechanism, the system may be destabilised by an attack or accident that causes a large number of VTNs to be configured. This can be mitigated by placing thresholds (for alarms or cut-off) in the configuration process.¶
Traffic within a network may be marked as belonging to a specific VTN and this makes it possible to carry out targeted attacks on traffic and to deduce customer-sensitive traffic patterns.¶
The details of the underlying network should not be exposed to third parties, some abstraction would be needed, this is also to prevent attacks aimed at exploiting a shared resource between VTNs.¶
Stwart Bryant Email: stewart.bryant@gmail.com Francois Clad Email: fclad@cisco.com Zhenbin Li Email: lizhenbin@huawei.com Zhibo Hu Email: huzhibo@huawei.com¶
The authors would like to thank Mach Chen, Stefano Previdi, Charlie Perkins, Bruno Decraene, Loa Andersson, Alexander Vainshtein, Joel Halpern, James Guichard, Adrian Farrel and Shunsuke Homma for the valuable discussion and suggestions to this document.¶