QUIC Loss Detection and Congestion Control

4.1. Separate Packet Number Spaces

QUIC uses separate packet number spaces for each encryption level, except 0-RTT and all generations of 1-RTT keys use the same packet number space. Separate packet number spaces ensures acknowledgement of packets sent with one level of encryption will not cause spurious retransmission of packets sent with a different encryption level. Congestion control and round-trip time (RTT) measurement are unified across packet number spaces.¶

4.2. Monotonically Increasing Packet Numbers

TCP conflates transmission order at the sender with delivery order at the receiver, which results in retransmissions of the same data carrying the same sequence number, and consequently leads to "retransmission ambiguity". QUIC separates the two. QUIC uses a packet number to indicate transmission order. Application data is sent in one or more streams and delivery order is determined by stream offsets encoded within STREAM frames.¶

QUIC's packet number is strictly increasing within a packet number space, and directly encodes transmission order. A higher packet number signifies that the packet was sent later, and a lower packet number signifies that the packet was sent earlier. When a packet containing ack-eliciting frames is detected lost, QUIC rebundles necessary frames in a new packet with a new packet number, removing ambiguity about which packet is acknowledged when an ACK is received. Consequently, more accurate RTT measurements can be made, spurious retransmissions are trivially detected, and mechanisms such as Fast Retransmit can be applied universally, based only on packet number.¶

This design point significantly simplifies loss detection mechanisms for QUIC. Most TCP mechanisms implicitly attempt to infer transmission ordering based on TCP sequence numbers - a non-trivial task, especially when TCP timestamps are not available.¶

4.3. Clearer Loss Epoch

QUIC starts a loss epoch when a packet is lost and ends one when any packet sent after the epoch starts is acknowledged. TCP waits for the gap in the sequence number space to be filled, and so if a segment is lost multiple times in a row, the loss epoch may not end for several round trips. Because both should reduce their congestion windows only once per epoch, QUIC will do it once for every round trip that experiences loss, while TCP may only do it once across multiple round trips.¶

4.4. No Reneging

QUIC ACKs contain information that is similar to TCP SACK, but QUIC does not allow any acked packet to be reneged, greatly simplifying implementations on both sides and reducing memory pressure on the sender.¶

4.5. More ACK Ranges

QUIC supports many ACK ranges, opposed to TCP's 3 SACK ranges. In high loss environments, this speeds recovery, reduces spurious retransmits, and ensures forward progress without relying on timeouts.¶

4.6. Explicit Correction For Delayed Acknowledgements

QUIC endpoints measure the delay incurred between when a packet is received and when the corresponding acknowledgment is sent, allowing a peer to maintain a more accurate round-trip time estimate; see Section 13.2 of [QUIC-TRANSPORT].¶

4.7. Probe Timeout Replaces RTO and TLP

QUIC uses a probe timeout (see Section 6.2), with a timer based on TCP's RTO computation. QUIC's PTO includes the peer's maximum expected acknowledgement delay instead of using a fixed minimum timeout. QUIC does not collapse the congestion window until persistent congestion (Section 7.8) is declared, unlike TCP, which collapses the congestion window upon expiry of an RTO. Instead of collapsing the congestion window and declaring everything in-flight lost, QUIC allows probe packets to temporarily exceed the congestion window whenever the timer expires.¶

In doing this, QUIC avoids unnecessary congestion window reductions, obviating the need for correcting mechanisms such as F-RTO [RFC5682]. Since QUIC does not collapse the congestion window on a PTO expiration, a QUIC sender is not limited from sending more in-flight packets after a PTO expiration if it still has available congestion window. This occurs when a sender is application-limited and the PTO timer expires. This is more aggressive than TCP's RTO mechanism when application-limited, but identical when not application-limited.¶

A single packet loss at the tail does not indicate persistent congestion, so QUIC specifies a time-based definition to ensure one or more packets are sent prior to a dramatic decrease in congestion window; see Section 7.8.¶

4.8. The Minimum Congestion Window is Two Packets

TCP uses a minimum congestion window of one packet. However, loss of that single packet means that the sender needs to waiting for a PTO (Section 6.2) to recover, which can be much longer than a round-trip time. Sending a single ack-eliciting packet also increases the chances of incurring additional latency when a receiver delays its acknowledgement.¶

QUIC therefore recommends that the minimum congestion window be two packets. While this increases network load, it is considered safe, since the sender will still reduce its sending rate exponentially under persistent congestion (Section 6.2).¶

5.1. Generating RTT samples

An endpoint generates an RTT sample on receiving an ACK frame that meets the following two conditions:¶

• the largest acknowledged packet number is newly acknowledged, and¶
• at least one of the newly acknowledged packets was ack-eliciting.¶

The RTT sample, latest_rtt, is generated as the time elapsed since the largest acknowledged packet was sent:¶

latest_rtt = ack_time - send_time_of_largest_acked

An RTT sample is generated using only the largest acknowledged packet in the received ACK frame. This is because a peer reports ACK delays for only the largest acknowledged packet in an ACK frame. While the reported ACK delay is not used by the RTT sample measurement, it is used to adjust the RTT sample in subsequent computations of smoothed_rtt and rttvar Section 5.3.¶

To avoid generating multiple RTT samples for a single packet, an ACK frame SHOULD NOT be used to update RTT estimates if it does not newly acknowledge the largest acknowledged packet.¶

An RTT sample MUST NOT be generated on receiving an ACK frame that does not newly acknowledge at least one ack-eliciting packet. A peer usually does not send an ACK frame when only non-ack-eliciting packets are received. Therefore an ACK frame that contains acknowledgements for only non-ack-eliciting packets could include an arbitrarily large Ack Delay value. Ignoring such ACK frames avoids complications in subsequent smoothed_rtt and rttvar computations.¶

A sender might generate multiple RTT samples per RTT when multiple ACK frames are received within an RTT. As suggested in [RFC6298], doing so might result in inadequate history in smoothed_rtt and rttvar. Ensuring that RTT estimates retain sufficient history is an open research question.¶

5.2. Estimating min_rtt

min_rtt is the minimum RTT observed for a given network path. min_rtt is set to the latest_rtt on the first RTT sample, and to the lesser of min_rtt and latest_rtt on subsequent samples. In this document, min_rtt is used by loss detection to reject implausibly small rtt samples.¶

An endpoint uses only locally observed times in computing the min_rtt and does not adjust for ACK delays reported by the peer. Doing so allows the endpoint to set a lower bound for the smoothed_rtt based entirely on what it observes (see Section 5.3), and limits potential underestimation due to erroneously-reported delays by the peer.¶

The RTT for a network path may change over time. If a path's actual RTT decreases, the min_rtt will adapt immediately on the first low sample. If the path's actual RTT increases, the min_rtt will not adapt to it, allowing future RTT samples that are smaller than the new RTT be included in smoothed_rtt.¶

5.3. Estimating smoothed_rtt and rttvar

smoothed_rtt is an exponentially-weighted moving average of an endpoint's RTT samples, and rttvar is the variation in the RTT samples, estimated using a mean variation.¶

The calculation of smoothed_rtt uses path latency after adjusting RTT samples for acknowledgement delays. These delays are computed using the ACK Delay field of the ACK frame as described in Section 19.3 of [QUIC-TRANSPORT]. For packets sent in the ApplicationData packet number space, a peer limits any delay in sending an acknowledgement for an ack-eliciting packet to no greater than the value it advertised in the max_ack_delay transport parameter. Consequently, when a peer reports an Ack Delay that is greater than its max_ack_delay, the delay is attributed to reasons out of the peer's control, such as scheduler latency at the peer or loss of previous ACK frames. Any delays beyond the peer's max_ack_delay are therefore considered effectively part of path delay and incorporated into the smoothed_rtt estimate.¶

When adjusting an RTT sample using peer-reported acknowledgement delays, an endpoint:¶

• MUST ignore the Ack Delay field of the ACK frame for packets sent in the Initial and Handshake packet number space.¶
• MUST use the lesser of the value reported in Ack Delay field of the ACK frame and the peer's max_ack_delay transport parameter.¶
• MUST NOT apply the adjustment if the resulting RTT sample is smaller than the min_rtt. This limits the underestimation that a misreporting peer can cause to the smoothed_rtt.¶

smoothed_rtt and rttvar are computed as follows, similar to [RFC6298].¶

When there are no samples for a network path, and on the first RTT sample for the network path:¶

smoothed_rtt = rtt_sample
rttvar = rtt_sample / 2

Before any RTT samples are available, the initial RTT is used as rtt_sample. On the first RTT sample for the network path, that sample is used as rtt_sample. This ensures that the first measurement erases the history of any persisted or default values.¶

On subsequent RTT samples, smoothed_rtt and rttvar evolve as follows:¶

ack_delay = min(Ack Delay in ACK Frame, max_ack_delay)
adjusted_rtt = latest_rtt
if (min_rtt + ack_delay < latest_rtt):
  adjusted_rtt = latest_rtt - ack_delay
smoothed_rtt = 7/8 * smoothed_rtt + 1/8 * adjusted_rtt
rttvar_sample = abs(smoothed_rtt - adjusted_rtt)
rttvar = 3/4 * rttvar + 1/4 * rttvar_sample

6.1. Acknowledgement-based Detection

Acknowledgement-based loss detection implements the spirit of TCP's Fast Retransmit [RFC5681], Early Retransmit [RFC5827], FACK [FACK], SACK loss recovery [RFC6675], and RACK [RACK]. This section provides an overview of how these algorithms are implemented in QUIC.¶

A packet is declared lost if it meets all the following conditions:¶

• The packet is unacknowledged, in-flight, and was sent prior to an acknowledged packet.¶
• Either its packet number is kPacketThreshold smaller than an acknowledged packet (Section 6.1.1), or it was sent long enough in the past (Section 6.1.2).¶

The acknowledgement indicates that a packet sent later was delivered, and the packet and time thresholds provide some tolerance for packet reordering.¶

Spuriously declaring packets as lost leads to unnecessary retransmissions and may result in degraded performance due to the actions of the congestion controller upon detecting loss. Implementations can detect spurious retransmissions and increase the reordering threshold in packets or time to reduce future spurious retransmissions and loss events. Implementations with adaptive time thresholds MAY choose to start with smaller initial reordering thresholds to minimize recovery latency.¶

max(kTimeThreshold * max(smoothed_rtt, latest_rtt), kGranularity)

6.2. Probe Timeout

A Probe Timeout (PTO) triggers sending one or two probe datagrams when ack-eliciting packets are not acknowledged within the expected period of time or the server may not have validated the client's address. A PTO enables a connection to recover from loss of tail packets or acknowledgements.¶

A PTO timer expiration event does not indicate packet loss and MUST NOT cause prior unacknowledged packets to be marked as lost. When an acknowledgement is received that newly acknowledges packets, loss detection proceeds as dictated by packet and time threshold mechanisms; see Section 6.1.¶

As with loss detection, the probe timeout is per packet number space. The PTO algorithm used in QUIC implements the reliability functions of Tail Loss Probe [RACK], RTO [RFC5681], and F-RTO algorithms for TCP [RFC5682]. The timeout computation is based on TCP's retransmission timeout period [RFC6298].¶

PTO = smoothed_rtt + max(4*rttvar, kGranularity) + max_ack_delay

6.3. Handling Retry Packets

A Retry packet causes a client to send another Initial packet, effectively restarting the connection process. A Retry packet indicates that the Initial was received, but not processed. A Retry packet cannot be treated as an acknowledgment, because it does not indicate that a packet was processed or specify the packet number.¶

Clients that receive a Retry packet reset congestion control and loss recovery state, including resetting any pending timers. Other connection state, in particular cryptographic handshake messages, is retained; see Section 17.2.5 of [QUIC-TRANSPORT].¶

The client MAY compute an RTT estimate to the server as the time period from when the first Initial was sent to when a Retry or a Version Negotiation packet is received. The client MAY use this value in place of its default for the initial RTT estimate.¶

6.4. Discarding Keys and Packet State

When packet protection keys are discarded (see Section 4.10 of [QUIC-TLS]), all packets that were sent with those keys can no longer be acknowledged because their acknowledgements cannot be processed anymore. The sender MUST discard all recovery state associated with those packets and MUST remove them from the count of bytes in flight.¶

Endpoints stop sending and receiving Initial packets once they start exchanging Handshake packets; see Section 17.2.2.1 of [QUIC-TRANSPORT]. At this point, recovery state for all in-flight Initial packets is discarded.¶

When 0-RTT is rejected, recovery state for all in-flight 0-RTT packets is discarded.¶

If a server accepts 0-RTT, but does not buffer 0-RTT packets that arrive before Initial packets, early 0-RTT packets will be declared lost, but that is expected to be infrequent.¶

It is expected that keys are discarded after packets encrypted with them would be acknowledged or declared lost. Initial secrets however might be destroyed sooner, as soon as handshake keys are available; see Section 4.11.1 of [QUIC-TLS].¶

7.1. Explicit Congestion Notification

If a path has been verified to support ECN [RFC3168] [RFC8311], QUIC treats a Congestion Experienced (CE) codepoint in the IP header as a signal of congestion. This document specifies an endpoint's response when its peer receives packets with the ECN-CE codepoint.¶

7.2. Initial and Minimum Congestion Window

QUIC begins every connection in slow start with the congestion window set to an initial value. Endpoints SHOULD use an initial congestion window of 10 times the maximum datagram size (max_datagram_size), limited to the larger of 14720 or twice the maximum datagram size. This follows the analysis and recommendations in [RFC6928], increasing the byte limit to account for the smaller 8 byte overhead of UDP compared to the 20 byte overhead for TCP.¶

Prior to validating the client's address, the server can be further limited by the anti-amplification limit as specified in Section 8.1 of [QUIC-TRANSPORT]. Though the anti-amplification limit can prevent the congestion window from being fully utilized and therefore slow down the increase in congestion window, it does not directly affect the congestion window.¶

The minimum congestion window is the smallest value the congestion window can decrease to as a response to loss, ECN-CE, or persistent congestion. The RECOMMENDED value is 2 * max_datagram_size.¶

7.3. Slow Start

While in slow start, QUIC increases the congestion window by the number of bytes acknowledged when each acknowledgment is processed, resulting in exponential growth of the congestion window.¶

QUIC exits slow start upon loss or upon increase in the ECN-CE counter. When slow start is exited, the congestion window halves and the slow start threshold is set to the new congestion window. QUIC re-enters slow start any time the congestion window is less than the slow start threshold, which only occurs after persistent congestion is declared.¶

7.4. Congestion Avoidance

Slow start exits to congestion avoidance. Congestion avoidance uses an Additive Increase Multiplicative Decrease (AIMD) approach that increases the congestion window by one maximum packet size per congestion window acknowledged. When a loss or ECN-CE marking is detected, NewReno halves the congestion window, sets the slow start threshold to the new congestion window, and then enters the recovery period.¶

7.5. Recovery Period

A recovery period is entered when loss or ECN-CE marking of a packet is detected in congestion avoidance after the congestion window and slow start threshold have been decreased. A recovery period ends when a packet sent during the recovery period is acknowledged. This is slightly different from TCP's definition of recovery, which ends when the lost packet that started recovery is acknowledged.¶

The recovery period aims to limit congestion window reduction to once per round trip. Therefore during recovery, the congestion window remains unchanged irrespective of new losses or increases in the ECN-CE counter.¶

When entering recovery, a single packet MAY be sent even if bytes in flight now exceeds the recently reduced congestion window. This speeds up loss recovery if the data in the lost packet is retransmitted and is similar to TCP as described in Section 5 of [RFC6675]. If further packets are lost while the sender is in recovery, sending any packets in response MUST obey the congestion window limit.¶

7.6. Ignoring Loss of Undecryptable Packets

During the handshake, some packet protection keys might not be available when a packet arrives and the receiver can choose to drop the packet. In particular, Handshake and 0-RTT packets cannot be processed until the Initial packets arrive and 1-RTT packets cannot be processed until the handshake completes. Endpoints MAY ignore the loss of Handshake, 0-RTT, and 1-RTT packets that might have arrived before the peer had packet protection keys to process those packets. Endpoints MUST NOT ignore the loss of packets that were sent after the earliest acknowledged packet in a given packet number space.¶

7.7. Probe Timeout

Probe packets MUST NOT be blocked by the congestion controller. A sender MUST however count these packets as being additionally in flight, since these packets add network load without establishing packet loss. Note that sending probe packets might cause the sender's bytes in flight to exceed the congestion window until an acknowledgement is received that establishes loss or delivery of packets.¶

7.8. Persistent Congestion

When an ACK frame is received that establishes loss of all in-flight packets sent over a long enough period of time, the network is considered to be experiencing persistent congestion. Commonly, this can be established by consecutive PTOs, but since the PTO timer is reset when a new ack-eliciting packet is sent, an explicit duration must be used to account for those cases where PTOs do not occur or are substantially delayed. The rationale for this threshold is to enable a sender to use initial PTOs for aggressive probing, as TCP does with Tail Loss Probe (TLP) [RACK], before establishing persistent congestion, as TCP does with a Retransmission Timeout (RTO) [RFC5681]. The RECOMMENDED value for kPersistentCongestionThreshold is 3, which is approximately equivalent to two TLPs before an RTO in TCP.¶

This duration is computed as follows:¶

(smoothed_rtt + 4 * rttvar + max_ack_delay) *
    kPersistentCongestionThreshold

For example, assume:¶

smoothed_rtt = 1
rttvar = 0
max_ack_delay = 0
kPersistentCongestionThreshold = 3

If an ack-eliciting packet is sent at time t = 0, the following scenario would illustrate persistent congestion:¶

The first three packets are determined to be lost when the acknowledgement of packet 4 is received at t = 8. The congestion period is calculated as the time between the oldest and newest lost packets: (3 - 0) = 3. The duration for persistent congestion is equal to: (1 * kPersistentCongestionThreshold) = 3. Because the threshold was reached and because none of the packets between the oldest and the newest packets are acknowledged, the network is considered to have experienced persistent congestion.¶

When persistent congestion is established, the sender's congestion window MUST be reduced to the minimum congestion window (kMinimumWindow). This response of collapsing the congestion window on persistent congestion is functionally similar to a sender's response on a Retransmission Timeout (RTO) in TCP [RFC5681] after Tail Loss Probes (TLP) [RACK].¶

7.9. Pacing

This document does not specify a pacer, but it is RECOMMENDED that a sender pace sending of all in-flight packets based on input from the congestion controller. Sending multiple packets into the network without any delay between them creates a packet burst that might cause short-term congestion and losses. Implementations MUST either use pacing or another method to limit such bursts to the initial congestion window; see Section 7.2.¶

An implementation should take care to architect its congestion controller to work well with a pacer. For instance, a pacer might wrap the congestion controller and control the availability of the congestion window, or a pacer might pace out packets handed to it by the congestion controller.¶

Timely delivery of ACK frames is important for efficient loss recovery. Packets containing only ACK frames SHOULD therefore not be paced, to avoid delaying their delivery to the peer.¶

Endpoints can implement pacing as they choose. A perfectly paced sender spreads packets exactly evenly over time. For a window-based congestion controller, such as the one in this document, that rate can be computed by averaging the congestion window over the round-trip time. Expressed as a rate in bytes:¶

rate = N * congestion_window / smoothed_rtt

Or, expressed as an inter-packet interval:¶

interval = smoothed_rtt * packet_size / congestion_window / N

Using a value for N that is small, but at least 1 (for example, 1.25) ensures that variations in round-trip time don't result in under-utilization of the congestion window. Values of 'N' larger than 1 ultimately result in sending packets as acknowledgments are received rather than when timers fire, provided the congestion window is fully utilized and acknowledgments arrive at regular intervals.¶

Practical considerations, such as packetization, scheduling delays, and computational efficiency, can cause a sender to deviate from this rate over time periods that are much shorter than a round-trip time.¶

One possible implementation strategy for pacing uses a leaky bucket algorithm, where the capacity of the "bucket" is limited to the maximum burst size and the rate the "bucket" fills is determined by the above function.¶

7.10. Under-utilizing the Congestion Window

When bytes in flight is smaller than the congestion window and sending is not pacing limited, the congestion window is under-utilized. When this occurs, the congestion window SHOULD NOT be increased in either slow start or congestion avoidance. This can happen due to insufficient application data or flow control limits.¶

A sender MAY use the pipeACK method described in Section 4.3 of [RFC7661] to determine if the congestion window is sufficiently utilized.¶

A sender that paces packets (see Section 7.9) might delay sending packets and not fully utilize the congestion window due to this delay. A sender SHOULD NOT consider itself application limited if it would have fully utilized the congestion window without pacing delay.¶

A sender MAY implement alternative mechanisms to update its congestion window after periods of under-utilization, such as those proposed for TCP in [RFC7661].¶

8.1. Congestion Signals

Congestion control fundamentally involves the consumption of signals - both loss and ECN codepoints - from unauthenticated entities. On-path attackers can spoof or alter these signals. An attacker can cause endpoints to reduce their sending rate by dropping packets, or alter send rate by changing ECN codepoints.¶

8.2. Traffic Analysis

Packets that carry only ACK frames can be heuristically identified by observing packet size. Acknowledgement patterns may expose information about link characteristics or application behavior. Endpoints can use PADDING frames or bundle acknowledgments with other frames to reduce leaked information.¶

8.3. Misreporting ECN Markings

A receiver can misreport ECN markings to alter the congestion response of a sender. Suppressing reports of ECN-CE markings could cause a sender to increase their send rate. This increase could result in congestion and loss.¶

A sender MAY attempt to detect suppression of reports by marking occasional packets that they send with ECN-CE. If a packet sent with ECN-CE is not reported as having been CE marked when the packet is acknowledged, then the sender SHOULD disable ECN for that path.¶

Reporting additional ECN-CE markings will cause a sender to reduce their sending rate, which is similar in effect to advertising reduced connection flow control limits and so no advantage is gained by doing so.¶

Endpoints choose the congestion controller that they use. Though congestion controllers generally treat reports of ECN-CE markings as equivalent to loss [RFC8311], the exact response for each controller could be different. Failure to correctly respond to information about ECN markings is therefore difficult to detect.¶

A.1. Tracking Sent Packets

To correctly implement congestion control, a QUIC sender tracks every ack-eliciting packet until the packet is acknowledged or lost. It is expected that implementations will be able to access this information by packet number and crypto context and store the per-packet fields (Appendix A.1.1) for loss recovery and congestion control.¶

After a packet is declared lost, the endpoint can track it for an amount of time comparable to the maximum expected packet reordering, such as 1 RTT. This allows for detection of spurious retransmissions.¶

Sent packets are tracked for each packet number space, and ACK processing only applies to a single space.¶

A.2. Constants of Interest

Constants used in loss recovery are based on a combination of RFCs, papers, and common practice.¶

kPacketThreshold:

Maximum reordering in packets before packet threshold loss detection considers a packet lost. The value recommended in Section 6.1.1 is 3.¶

kTimeThreshold:

Maximum reordering in time before time threshold loss detection considers a packet lost. Specified as an RTT multiplier. The value recommended in Section 6.1.2 is 9/8.¶

kGranularity:

Timer granularity. This is a system-dependent value, and Section 6.1.2 recommends a value of 1ms.¶

kInitialRtt:

The RTT used before an RTT sample is taken. The value recommended in Section 6.2.2 is 500ms.¶

kPacketNumberSpace:

An enum to enumerate the three packet number spaces.¶

  enum kPacketNumberSpace {
    Initial,
    Handshake,
    ApplicationData,
  }

A.3. Variables of interest

Variables required to implement the congestion control mechanisms are described in this section.¶

latest_rtt:

The most recent RTT measurement made when receiving an ack for a previously unacked packet.¶

smoothed_rtt:

The smoothed RTT of the connection, computed as described in Section 5.3.¶

rttvar:

The RTT variation, computed as described in Section 5.3.¶

min_rtt:

The minimum RTT seen in the connection, ignoring ack delay, as described in Section 5.2.¶

max_ack_delay:

The maximum amount of time by which the receiver intends to delay acknowledgments for packets in the ApplicationData packet number space. The actual ack_delay in a received ACK frame may be larger due to late timers, reordering, or lost ACK frames.¶

loss_detection_timer:

Multi-modal timer used for loss detection.¶

pto_count:

The number of times a PTO has been sent without receiving an ack.¶

time_of_last_ack_eliciting_packet[kPacketNumberSpace]:

The time the most recent ack-eliciting packet was sent.¶

largest_acked_packet[kPacketNumberSpace]:

The largest packet number acknowledged in the packet number space so far.¶

loss_time[kPacketNumberSpace]:

The time at which the next packet in that packet number space will be considered lost based on exceeding the reordering window in time.¶

sent_packets[kPacketNumberSpace]:

An association of packet numbers in a packet number space to information about them. Described in detail above in Appendix A.1.¶

A.4. Initialization

At the beginning of the connection, initialize the loss detection variables as follows:¶

   loss_detection_timer.reset()
   pto_count = 0
   latest_rtt = 0
   smoothed_rtt = initial_rtt
   rttvar = initial_rtt / 2
   min_rtt = 0
   max_ack_delay = 0
   for pn_space in [ Initial, Handshake, ApplicationData ]:
     largest_acked_packet[pn_space] = infinite
     time_of_last_ack_eliciting_packet[pn_space] = 0
     loss_time[pn_space] = 0

A.5. On Sending a Packet

After a packet is sent, information about the packet is stored. The parameters to OnPacketSent are described in detail above in Appendix A.1.1.¶

Pseudocode for OnPacketSent follows:¶

 OnPacketSent(packet_number, pn_space, ack_eliciting,
              in_flight, sent_bytes):
   sent_packets[pn_space][packet_number].packet_number =
                                            packet_number
   sent_packets[pn_space][packet_number].time_sent = now()
   sent_packets[pn_space][packet_number].ack_eliciting =
                                            ack_eliciting
   sent_packets[pn_space][packet_number].in_flight = in_flight
   if (in_flight):
     if (ack_eliciting):
       time_of_last_ack_eliciting_packet[pn_space] = now()
     OnPacketSentCC(sent_bytes)
     sent_packets[pn_space][packet_number].size = sent_bytes
     SetLossDetectionTimer()

A.6. On Receiving a Datagram

When a server is blocked by anti-amplification limits, receiving a datagram unblocks it, even if none of the packets in the datagram are successfully processed. In such a case, the PTO timer will need to be re-armed.¶

Pseudocode for OnDatagramReceived follows:¶

OnDatagramReceived(datagram):
  // If this datagram unblocks the server, arm the
  // PTO timer to avoid deadlock.
  if (server was at anti-amplification limit):
    SetLossDetectionTimer()

A.7. On Receiving an Acknowledgment

When an ACK frame is received, it may newly acknowledge any number of packets.¶

Pseudocode for OnAckReceived and UpdateRtt follow:¶

OnAckReceived(ack, pn_space):
  if (largest_acked_packet[pn_space] == infinite):
    largest_acked_packet[pn_space] = ack.largest_acked
  else:
    largest_acked_packet[pn_space] =
        max(largest_acked_packet[pn_space], ack.largest_acked)

  // DetectNewlyAckedPackets finds packets that are newly
  // acknowledged and removes them from sent_packets.
  newly_acked_packets =
      DetectAndRemoveAckedPackets(ack, pn_space)
  // Nothing to do if there are no newly acked packets.
  if (newly_acked_packets.empty()):
    return

  // If the largest acknowledged is newly acked and
  // at least one ack-eliciting was newly acked, update the RTT.
  if (newly_acked_packets.largest().packet_number ==
          ack.largest_acked &&
      IncludesAckEliciting(newly_acked_packets)):
    latest_rtt =
      now - sent_packets[pn_space][ack.largest_acked].time_sent
    ack_delay = 0
    if (pn_space == ApplicationData):
      ack_delay = ack.ack_delay
    UpdateRtt(ack_delay)

  // Process ECN information if present.
  if (ACK frame contains ECN information):
      ProcessECN(ack, pn_space)

  lost_packets = DetectAndRemoveLostPackets(pn_space)
  if (!lost_packets.empty()):
    OnPacketsLost(lost_packets)
  OnPacketsAcked(newly_acked_packets)

  // Reset pto_count unless the client is unsure if
  // the server has validated the client's address.
  if (PeerCompletedAddressValidation()):
    pto_count = 0
  SetLossDetectionTimer()


UpdateRtt(ack_delay):
  if (is first RTT sample):
    min_rtt = latest_rtt
    smoothed_rtt = latest_rtt
    rttvar = latest_rtt / 2
    return

  // min_rtt ignores ack delay.
  min_rtt = min(min_rtt, latest_rtt)
  // Limit ack_delay by max_ack_delay
  ack_delay = min(ack_delay, max_ack_delay)
  // Adjust for ack delay if plausible.
  adjusted_rtt = latest_rtt
  if (latest_rtt > min_rtt + ack_delay):
    adjusted_rtt = latest_rtt - ack_delay

  rttvar = 3/4 * rttvar + 1/4 * abs(smoothed_rtt - adjusted_rtt)
  smoothed_rtt = 7/8 * smoothed_rtt + 1/8 * adjusted_rtt

A.8. Setting the Loss Detection Timer

QUIC loss detection uses a single timer for all timeout loss detection. The duration of the timer is based on the timer's mode, which is set in the packet and timer events further below. The function SetLossDetectionTimer defined below shows how the single timer is set.¶

This algorithm may result in the timer being set in the past, particularly if timers wake up late. Timers set in the past fire immediately.¶

Pseudocode for SetLossDetectionTimer follows:¶

GetLossTimeAndSpace():
  time = loss_time[Initial]
  space = Initial
  for pn_space in [ Handshake, ApplicationData ]:
    if (time == 0 || loss_time[pn_space] < time):
      time = loss_time[pn_space];
      space = pn_space
  return time, space

GetPtoTimeAndSpace():
  duration = (smoothed_rtt + max(4 * rttvar, kGranularity))
      * (2 ^ pto_count)
  // Arm PTO from now when there are no inflight packets.
  if (no in-flight packets):
    assert(!PeerCompletedAddressValidation())
    if (has handshake keys):
      return (now() + duration), Handshake
    else:
      return (now() + duration), Initial
  pto_timeout = infinite
  pto_space = Initial
  for space in [ Initial, Handshake, ApplicationData ]:
    if (no in-flight packets in space):
        continue;
    if (space == ApplicationData):
      // Skip ApplicationData until handshake complete.
      if (handshake is not complete):
        return pto_timeout, pto_space
      // Include max_ack_delay and backoff for ApplicationData.
      duration += max_ack_delay * (2 ^ pto_count)

    t = time_of_last_ack_eliciting_packet[space] + duration
    if (t < pto_timeout):
      pto_timeout = t
      pto_space = space
  return pto_timeout, pto_space

PeerCompletedAddressValidation():
  # Assume clients validate the server's address implicitly.
  if (endpoint is server):
    return true
  # Servers complete address validation when a
  # protected packet is received.
  return has received Handshake ACK ||
       has received 1-RTT ACK ||
       has received HANDSHAKE_DONE

SetLossDetectionTimer():
  earliest_loss_time, _ = GetLossTimeAndSpace()
  if (earliest_loss_time != 0):
    // Time threshold loss detection.
    loss_detection_timer.update(earliest_loss_time)
    return

  if (server is at anti-amplification limit):
    // The server's timer is not set if nothing can be sent.
    loss_detection_timer.cancel()
    return

  if (no ack-eliciting packets in flight &&
      PeerCompletedAddressValidation()):
    // There is nothing to detect lost, so no timer is set.
    // However, the client needs to arm the timer if the
    // server might be blocked by the anti-amplification limit.
    loss_detection_timer.cancel()
    return

  // Determine which PN space to arm PTO for.
  timeout, _ = GetPtoTimeAndSpace()
  loss_detection_timer.update(timeout)

A.9. On Timeout

When the loss detection timer expires, the timer's mode determines the action to be performed.¶

Pseudocode for OnLossDetectionTimeout follows:¶

OnLossDetectionTimeout():
  earliest_loss_time, pn_space = GetLossTimeAndSpace()
  if (earliest_loss_time != 0):
    // Time threshold loss Detection
    lost_packets = DetectLostPackets(pn_space)
    assert(!lost_packets.empty())
    OnPacketsLost(lost_packets)
    SetLossDetectionTimer()
    return

  if (bytes_in_flight > 0):
    // PTO. Send new data if available, else retransmit old data.
    // If neither is available, send a single PING frame.
    _, pn_space = GetPtoTimeAndSpace()
    SendOneOrTwoAckElicitingPackets(pn_space)
  else:
    assert(endpoint is client without 1-RTT keys)
    // Client sends an anti-deadlock packet: Initial is padded
    // to earn more anti-amplification credit,
    // a Handshake packet proves address ownership.
    if (has Handshake keys):
      SendOneAckElicitingHandshakePacket()
    else:
      SendOneAckElicitingPaddedInitialPacket()

  pto_count++
  SetLossDetectionTimer()

A.10. Detecting Lost Packets

DetectAndRemoveLostPackets is called every time an ACK is received or the time threshold loss detection timer expires. This function operates on the sent_packets for that packet number space and returns a list of packets newly detected as lost.¶

Pseudocode for DetectAndRemoveLostPackets follows:¶

DetectAndRemoveLostPackets(pn_space):
  assert(largest_acked_packet[pn_space] != infinite)
  loss_time[pn_space] = 0
  lost_packets = {}
  loss_delay = kTimeThreshold * max(latest_rtt, smoothed_rtt)

  // Minimum time of kGranularity before packets are deemed lost.
  loss_delay = max(loss_delay, kGranularity)

  // Packets sent before this time are deemed lost.
  lost_send_time = now() - loss_delay

  foreach unacked in sent_packets[pn_space]:
    if (unacked.packet_number > largest_acked_packet[pn_space]):
      continue

    // Mark packet as lost, or set time when it should be marked.
    if (unacked.time_sent <= lost_send_time ||
        largest_acked_packet[pn_space] >=
          unacked.packet_number + kPacketThreshold):
      sent_packets[pn_space].remove(unacked.packet_number)
      if (unacked.in_flight):
        lost_packets.insert(unacked)
    else:
      if (loss_time[pn_space] == 0):
        loss_time[pn_space] = unacked.time_sent + loss_delay
      else:
        loss_time[pn_space] = min(loss_time[pn_space],
                                  unacked.time_sent + loss_delay)
  return lost_packets

B.1. Constants of interest

Constants used in congestion control are based on a combination of RFCs, papers, and common practice.¶

kInitialWindow:

Default limit on the initial bytes in flight as described in Section 7.2.¶

kMinimumWindow:

Minimum congestion window in bytes as described in Section 7.2.¶

kLossReductionFactor:

Reduction in congestion window when a new loss event is detected. The Section 7 section recommends a value is 0.5.¶

kPersistentCongestionThreshold:

Period of time for persistent congestion to be established, specified as a PTO multiplier. The Section 7.8 section recommends a value of 3.¶

B.2. Variables of interest

Variables required to implement the congestion control mechanisms are described in this section.¶

max_datagram_size:

The sender's current maximum payload size. Does not include UDP or IP overhead. The max datagram size is used for congestion window computations. An endpoint sets the value of this variable based on its PMTU (see Section 14.1 of [QUIC-TRANSPORT]), with a minimum value of 1200 bytes.¶

ecn_ce_counters[kPacketNumberSpace]:

The highest value reported for the ECN-CE counter in the packet number space by the peer in an ACK frame. This value is used to detect increases in the reported ECN-CE counter.¶

bytes_in_flight:

The sum of the size in bytes of all sent packets that contain at least one ack-eliciting or PADDING frame, and have not been acked or declared lost. The size does not include IP or UDP overhead, but does include the QUIC header and AEAD overhead. Packets only containing ACK frames do not count towards bytes_in_flight to ensure congestion control does not impede congestion feedback.¶

congestion_window:

Maximum number of bytes-in-flight that may be sent.¶

congestion_recovery_start_time:

The time when QUIC first detects congestion due to loss or ECN, causing it to enter congestion recovery. When a packet sent after this time is acknowledged, QUIC exits congestion recovery.¶

ssthresh:

Slow start threshold in bytes. When the congestion window is below ssthresh, the mode is slow start and the window grows by the number of bytes acknowledged.¶

B.3. Initialization

At the beginning of the connection, initialize the congestion control variables as follows:¶

   congestion_window = kInitialWindow
   bytes_in_flight = 0
   congestion_recovery_start_time = 0
   ssthresh = infinite
   for pn_space in [ Initial, Handshake, ApplicationData ]:
     ecn_ce_counters[pn_space] = 0

B.4. On Packet Sent

Whenever a packet is sent, and it contains non-ACK frames, the packet increases bytes_in_flight.¶

   OnPacketSentCC(bytes_sent):
     bytes_in_flight += bytes_sent

B.5. On Packet Acknowledgement

Invoked from loss detection's OnAckReceived and is supplied with the newly acked_packets from sent_packets.¶

   InCongestionRecovery(sent_time):
     return sent_time <= congestion_recovery_start_time

   OnPacketsAcked(acked_packets):
     for (packet in acked_packets):
       // Remove from bytes_in_flight.
       bytes_in_flight -= packet.size
       if (InCongestionRecovery(packet.time_sent)):
         // Do not increase congestion window in recovery period.
         return
       if (IsAppOrFlowControlLimited()):
         // Do not increase congestion_window if application
         // limited or flow control limited.
         return
       if (congestion_window < ssthresh):
         // Slow start.
         congestion_window += packet.size
         return
       // Congestion avoidance.
       congestion_window += max_datagram_size * acked_packet.size
           / congestion_window

B.6. On New Congestion Event

Invoked from ProcessECN and OnPacketsLost when a new congestion event is detected. May start a new recovery period and reduces the congestion window.¶

   CongestionEvent(sent_time):
     // Start a new congestion event if packet was sent after the
     // start of the previous congestion recovery period.
     if (!InCongestionRecovery(sent_time)):
       congestion_recovery_start_time = now()
       congestion_window *= kLossReductionFactor
       congestion_window = max(congestion_window, kMinimumWindow)
       ssthresh = congestion_window
       // A packet can be sent to speed up loss recovery.
       MaybeSendOnePacket()

B.7. Process ECN Information

Invoked when an ACK frame with an ECN section is received from the peer.¶

   ProcessECN(ack, pn_space):
     // If the ECN-CE counter reported by the peer has increased,
     // this could be a new congestion event.
     if (ack.ce_counter > ecn_ce_counters[pn_space]):
       ecn_ce_counters[pn_space] = ack.ce_counter
       CongestionEvent(sent_packets[ack.largest_acked].time_sent)

B.8. On Packets Lost

Invoked from DetectLostPackets when packets are deemed lost.¶

   InPersistentCongestion(lost_packets):
     pto = smoothed_rtt + max(4 * rttvar, kGranularity) +
       max_ack_delay
     congestion_period = pto * kPersistentCongestionThreshold
     // Determine if all packets in the time period before the
     // largest newly lost packet, including the edges, are
     // marked lost
     return AreAllPacketsLost(lost_packets, congestion_period)

   OnPacketsLost(lost_packets):
     // Remove lost packets from bytes_in_flight.
     for (lost_packet : lost_packets):
       bytes_in_flight -= lost_packet.size
     CongestionEvent(lost_packets.largest().time_sent)

     // Collapse congestion window if persistent congestion
     if (InPersistentCongestion(lost_packets)):
       congestion_window = kMinimumWindow

B.9. Upon dropping Initial or Handshake keys

When Initial or Handshake keys are discarded, packets from the space are discarded and loss detection state is updated.¶

Pseudocode for OnPacketNumberSpaceDiscarded follows:¶

OnPacketNumberSpaceDiscarded(pn_space):
  assert(pn_space != ApplicationData)
  // Remove any unacknowledged packets from flight.
  foreach packet in sent_packets[pn_space]:
    if packet.in_flight
      bytes_in_flight -= size
  sent_packets[pn_space].clear()
  // Reset the loss detection and PTO timer
  time_of_last_ack_eliciting_packet[pn_space] = 0
  loss_time[pn_space] = 0
  pto_count = 0
  SetLossDetectionTimer()

C.1. Since draft-ietf-quic-recovery-28

• Refactored pseudocode to correct PTO calculation (#3564, #3674, #3681)¶

C.2. Since draft-ietf-quic-recovery-27

• Added recommendations for speeding up handshake under some loss conditions (#3078, #3080)¶
• PTO count is reset when handshake progress is made (#3272, #3415)¶
• PTO count is not reset by a client when the server might be awaiting address validation (#3546, #3551)¶
• Recommend repairing losses immediately after entering the recovery period (#3335, #3443)¶
• Clarified what loss conditions can be ignored during the handshake (#3456, #3450)¶
• Allow, but don't recommend, using RTT from previous connection to seed RTT (#3464, #3496)¶
• Recommend use of adaptive loss detection thresholds (#3571, #3572)¶

C.3. Since draft-ietf-quic-recovery-26

No changes.¶

C.4. Since draft-ietf-quic-recovery-25

No significant changes.¶

C.5. Since draft-ietf-quic-recovery-24

• Require congestion control of some sort (#3247, #3244, #3248)¶
• Set a minimum reordering threshold (#3256, #3240)¶
• PTO is specific to a packet number space (#3067, #3074, #3066)¶

C.6. Since draft-ietf-quic-recovery-23

• Define under-utilizing the congestion window (#2630, #2686, #2675)¶
• PTO MUST send data if possible (#3056, #3057)¶
• Connection Close is not ack-eliciting (#3097, #3098)¶
• MUST limit bursts to the initial congestion window (#3160)¶
• Define the current max_datagram_size for congestion control (#3041, #3167)¶

C.7. Since draft-ietf-quic-recovery-22

• PTO should always send an ack-eliciting packet (#2895)¶
• Unify the Handshake Timer with the PTO timer (#2648, #2658, #2886)¶
• Move ACK generation text to transport draft (#1860, #2916)¶

C.8. Since draft-ietf-quic-recovery-21

• No changes¶

C.9. Since draft-ietf-quic-recovery-20

• Path validation can be used as initial RTT value (#2644, #2687)¶
• max_ack_delay transport parameter defaults to 0 (#2638, #2646)¶
• Ack Delay only measures intentional delays induced by the implementation (#2596, #2786)¶

C.10. Since draft-ietf-quic-recovery-19

• Change kPersistentThreshold from an exponent to a multiplier (#2557)¶
• Send a PING if the PTO timer fires and there's nothing to send (#2624)¶
• Set loss delay to at least kGranularity (#2617)¶
• Merge application limited and sending after idle sections. Always limit burst size instead of requiring resetting CWND to initial CWND after idle (#2605)¶
• Rewrite RTT estimation, allow RTT samples where a newly acked packet is ack-eliciting but the largest_acked is not (#2592)¶
• Don't arm the handshake timer if there is no handshake data (#2590)¶
• Clarify that the time threshold loss alarm takes precedence over the crypto handshake timer (#2590, #2620)¶
• Change initial RTT to 500ms to align with RFC6298 (#2184)¶

C.11. Since draft-ietf-quic-recovery-18

• Change IW byte limit to 14720 from 14600 (#2494)¶
• Update PTO calculation to match RFC6298 (#2480, #2489, #2490)¶
• Improve loss detection's description of multiple packet number spaces and pseudocode (#2485, #2451, #2417)¶
• Declare persistent congestion even if non-probe packets are sent and don't make persistent congestion more aggressive than RTO verified was (#2365, #2244)¶
• Move pseudocode to the appendices (#2408)¶
• What to send on multiple PTOs (#2380)¶

C.12. Since draft-ietf-quic-recovery-17

• After Probe Timeout discard in-flight packets or send another (#2212, #1965)¶
• Endpoints discard initial keys as soon as handshake keys are available (#1951, #2045)¶
• 0-RTT state is discarded when 0-RTT is rejected (#2300)¶
• Loss detection timer is cancelled when ack-eliciting frames are in flight (#2117, #2093)¶
• Packets are declared lost if they are in flight (#2104)¶
• After becoming idle, either pace packets or reset the congestion controller (#2138, 2187)¶
• Process ECN counts before marking packets lost (#2142)¶
• Mark packets lost before resetting crypto_count and pto_count (#2208, #2209)¶
• Congestion and loss recovery state are discarded when keys are discarded (#2327)¶

C.13. Since draft-ietf-quic-recovery-16

• Unify TLP and RTO into a single PTO; eliminate min RTO, min TLP and min crypto timeouts; eliminate timeout validation (#2114, #2166, #2168, #1017)¶
• Redefine how congestion avoidance in terms of when the period starts (#1928, #1930)¶
• Document what needs to be tracked for packets that are in flight (#765, #1724, #1939)¶
• Integrate both time and packet thresholds into loss detection (#1969, #1212, #934, #1974)¶
• Reduce congestion window after idle, unless pacing is used (#2007, #2023)¶
• Disable RTT calculation for packets that don't elicit acknowledgment (#2060, #2078)¶
• Limit ack_delay by max_ack_delay (#2060, #2099)¶
• Initial keys are discarded once Handshake keys are available (#1951, #2045)¶
• Reorder ECN and loss detection in pseudocode (#2142)¶
• Only cancel loss detection timer if ack-eliciting packets are in flight (#2093, #2117)¶

C.14. Since draft-ietf-quic-recovery-14

• Used max_ack_delay from transport params (#1796, #1782)¶
• Merge ACK and ACK_ECN (#1783)¶

C.15. Since draft-ietf-quic-recovery-13

• Corrected the lack of ssthresh reduction in CongestionEvent pseudocode (#1598)¶
• Considerations for ECN spoofing (#1426, #1626)¶
• Clarifications for PADDING and congestion control (#837, #838, #1517, #1531, #1540)¶
• Reduce early retransmission timer to RTT/8 (#945, #1581)¶
• Packets are declared lost after an RTO is verified (#935, #1582)¶

C.16. Since draft-ietf-quic-recovery-12

• Changes to manage separate packet number spaces and encryption levels (#1190, #1242, #1413, #1450)¶
• Added ECN feedback mechanisms and handling; new ACK_ECN frame (#804, #805, #1372)¶

C.17. Since draft-ietf-quic-recovery-11

No significant changes.¶

C.18. Since draft-ietf-quic-recovery-10

• Improved text on ack generation (#1139, #1159)¶
• Make references to TCP recovery mechanisms informational (#1195)¶
• Define time_of_last_sent_handshake_packet (#1171)¶
• Added signal from TLS the data it includes needs to be sent in a Retry packet (#1061, #1199)¶
• Minimum RTT (min_rtt) is initialized with an infinite value (#1169)¶

C.19. Since draft-ietf-quic-recovery-09

No significant changes.¶

C.20. Since draft-ietf-quic-recovery-08

• Clarified pacing and RTO (#967, #977)¶

C.21. Since draft-ietf-quic-recovery-07

• Include Ack Delay in RTO(and TLP) computations (#981)¶
• Ack Delay in SRTT computation (#961)¶
• Default RTT and Slow Start (#590)¶
• Many editorial fixes.¶

C.22. Since draft-ietf-quic-recovery-06

No significant changes.¶

C.23. Since draft-ietf-quic-recovery-05

• Add more congestion control text (#776)¶

C.24. Since draft-ietf-quic-recovery-04

No significant changes.¶

C.25. Since draft-ietf-quic-recovery-03

No significant changes.¶

C.26. Since draft-ietf-quic-recovery-02

• Integrate F-RTO (#544, #409)¶
• Add congestion control (#545, #395)¶
• Require connection abort if a skipped packet was acknowledged (#415)¶
• Simplify RTO calculations (#142, #417)¶

C.27. Since draft-ietf-quic-recovery-01

• Overview added to loss detection¶
• Changes initial default RTT to 100ms¶
• Added time-based loss detection and fixes early retransmit¶
• Clarified loss recovery for handshake packets¶
• Fixed references and made TCP references informative¶

C.28. Since draft-ietf-quic-recovery-00

• Improved description of constants and ACK behavior¶

C.29. Since draft-iyengar-quic-loss-recovery-01

• Adopted as base for draft-ietf-quic-recovery¶
• Updated authors/editors list¶
• Added table of contents¶