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This Internet-Draft will expire on January 18, 2009.
Mobility of an IP-based node affects routing paths, and as a result, can have a significant effect on the protocol operation and state management. This draft discusses the effects mobility can cause to the NSIS protocol suite, and how the protocols operate in different scenarios, with mobility management protocols.
1.
Introduction
2.
Requirements Notation and Terminology
3.
Challenges with Mobility
4.
Basic Operations for Mobility Support
4.1.
General functionality
4.2.
QoS NSLP
4.3.
Localized signaling in mobile scenarios
4.3.1.
CRN Discovery
4.3.2.
Localized State Update
5.
Interaction with Mobile IPv4/v6
5.1.
Interaction with Mobile IPv4
5.2.
Interaction with Mobile IPv6
5.3.
Interaction with Mobile IP tunneling
5.3.1.
Sender-Initiated Reservation with Mobile IP tunnel
5.3.2.
Receiver-Initiated Reservation with Mobile IP tunnel
5.3.3.
CRN discovery and State Update with Mobile IP tunneling
6.
Further Studies
6.1.
NSIS Operation in the multihomed mobile environment
6.1.1.
Selecting the best interface(s)/CoA(s)
6.1.2.
Differentiation of two types of CRNs
6.2.
Interworking with other mobility protocols
6.3.
Intermediate node becomes a dead peer
7.
Security Considerations
8.
Open Issues
9.
Change History
9.1.
Changes from -00 version
9.2.
Changes from -01 version
9.3.
Changes from -02 version
9.4.
Changes from -03 version
9.5.
Changes from -04 version
9.6.
Changes from -05 version
9.7.
Changes from -06 version
9.8.
Changes from -07 version
9.9.
Changes from -08 version
9.10.
Changes from -09 version
10.
Contributors
11.
Acknowledgements
12.
References
12.1.
Normative Reference
12.2.
Informative References
Appendix A.
§
Authors' Addresses
§
Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements
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Mobility of IP-based nodes incurs route changes, usually at the edge of the network. Since IP addresses are usually part of flow identifiers, the change of IP addresses implies the change of flow identifiers (i.e., the GIST message routing information or MRI [nsis.gist] (Schulzrinne, H., “GIST: General Internet Signaling Transport,” July 2007.)). Local mobility usually does not cause the change of the global IP addresses, but affects the routing paths within the local access network
The NSIS protocol suite consists of two layers: NSIS Transport Layer Protocol (NTLP) and the NSIS Signaling Layer Protocol (NSLP). The General Internet Signaling Transport (GIST) [nsis.gist] (Schulzrinne, H., “GIST: General Internet Signaling Transport,” July 2007.) implements the NTLP, which is a signaling application independent protocol and transports service-related information between neighboring GIST nodes. Each specific service has its own NSLP protocol; currently there two standardized NSLP protocols, the QoS NSLP [nsis.qosnslp] (Manner, J., “NSLP for Quality-of-Service Signaling,” July 2007.), and the NAT/Firewall NSLP [nsis.natfwnslp] (Stiemerling, M., “NAT/Firewall NSIS Signaling Layer Protocol (NSLP),” July 2007.)
The goals of this draft are to present the effects of mobility on the NTLP/NSLPs and to provide guides on how such NSIS protocols work in basic mobility scenarios, including support for Mobile IPv4 and Mobile IPv6 scenarios. We also show how these protocols fulfil the requirements regarding mobility set forth in [rfc3726.req4sig] (Brunner, (Ed), M., “Requirements for Signaling Protocols,” June 2004.). In general, the NSIS protocols work well in mobile environments. The efficiency of NSIS signaling is primarily an issue of software engineering, e.g., which way an implementer chooses when implementing the protocol functions, and how the coupling of the mobility management protocols and the NSIS stack is implemented.
The Session ID (SID) used in NSIS signaling enables the separation of the signaling state and the IP addresses of the communicating hosts. This makes it possible to directly update a signaling state in the network due to mobility without being forced to first remove the old state and then re-establish a new one. This is the fundamental reason why NSIS signaling works well in mobile environments.
A further important issue is that NSLPs must be aware of mobility, i.e., routing and IP address changes. GIST has no semantics of an end-to-end signaling session, only NSLPs have. Moreover, the Session ID is effectively an NSLP layer concept.
This draft focuses on basic mobility scenarios. Key management related to handovers, multihoming and interactions between NSIS and other mobility management protocols than Mobile IP are out of scope of this document. Also, practical implementations typically need various APIs across components within a node. API issues, e.g., APIs from GIST to the various mobility and routing schemes, are also out of scope of this work. The generic GIST API towards NSLP is flexible enough to fulfill most mobility-related needs of the NSLP layer.
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The terminology in this draft is based on [nsis.gist] (Schulzrinne, H., “GIST: General Internet Signaling Transport,” July 2007.) and [rfc3753.mobterm] (Manner, J., “Mobility Related Terminology,” June 2004.). In addition, the following terms are used. Note that in this draft, a generic route change caused by regular IP routing is referred to as a 'route change', and the route change caused by mobility is referred to as 'mobility'.
(1) Downstream
The direction from a data sender towards the data receiver.
(2) Upstream
The direction from a data receiver towards the data sender.
(3) Crossover Node (CRN)
A Crossover Node is a node that for a given function is a merging point of two or more paths belong to flows of the same session along which states are installed.
In the mobility scenarios, there are two different types of merging points in the network according to the direction of signaling flows followed by data flows as shown in Figure 2 (The topology for NSIS signaling caused by mobility) of Section 4.3 (Localized signaling in mobile scenarios), where we assume that the MN is the data sender.
Upstream CRN (UCRN): the node closest to the data sender from which the state information in the direction from data receiver to data sender begins to diverge after a handover.
Downstream CRN (DCRN): the node closest to the data sender from which the state information in the direction from the data sender to the data receiver begins to converge after a handover.
In general, the DCRN and the UCRN may be different due to the asymmetric characteristics of routing although the data receiver is the same.
(4) State Update
State Update is the procedure for the re-establishment of NSIS state on the new path, the teardown of NSIS state on the old path, and the update of NSIS state on the common path due to the mobility. The State Update procedure is used to address mobility for the affected flows.
Upstream State Update: State Update for the upstream signaling flow.
Downstream State Update: State Update for the downstream signaling flow.
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IP mobility in its simplest form only includes route changes. This section identifies problems caused by mobility, which affect the operations of NSIS protocol suite.
1. Change of route and possibly change of the MN's IP address
Topology changes or network reconfiguration might lead to path changes for data packets sent to or from the MN and can cause an IP address change of the MN. When an IP address changes due to mobility, information within the path-coupled MRI is affected (the source or destination address). Consequently, this concerns GIST as well as NSLPs, e.g., the packet classifier in QoS NSLP or some rules carried in NAT/FW NSLP. So already installed firewall rules, NAT bindings, and QoS reservations may become invalid, because the installed states refer to a non-existent flow. If the affected nodes are also on the new path, this information must be updated accordingly.
2. Double state problem
After a handover, packets may end up getting delivered through a new path. Since the state on the old path still remains as it was after re-establishing the state along the new path, we have two separates states for the same signaling session. Although the state on the old path will be deleted automatically based on the soft state timeout, the state timer value may be quite long (e.g., 90s as a default value). With the QoS NSLP, this problem might result in the waste of resources and lead to failure of admitting new reservations (due to lack of resources). With the NAT/FW NSLP, it is still possible to re-use this installed state although an MN roams to a new location; this means that another host can send data through a firewall without any prior NAT/FW NSLP signaling because the previous state does not yet expire.
3. End-to-end signaling and frequency of route changes
The change of route and IP addresses in mobile environments is typically much faster and more frequent than traditional route changes caused by node or link failure. This may result in a need to speed up the update procedure of NSLP states. If the MRI changes, the signaling session will be invalid.
4. Identification of the crossover node
When a handover at the edge of a network has happened, in the typical case, only some parts of the end-to-end path used by the data packets changes. In this situation, the cross-over node (CRN) plays a central role in managing the establishment of the new signaling application state, and removing any useless state, while localizing the signaling to only the affect part of the network.
5. Upstream State Update vs. Downstream State Update
Due to the asymmetric nature of Internet routing, the upstream and downstream paths are likely not to be exactly the same. Therefore, the state update needs to be handled independently for the upstream and the downstream.
6. Authorization Issues
The procedure of State Update may be initiated by the MN, the CN, or even nodes within the network (e.g., crossover node, MAP in HMIP). This State Update on behalf of the MN raises authorization issues about the entity that is allowed to make these state modifications.
7. Dead peer and invalid NR problem
When the MN is on the path of a signaling exchange, after handover the old AR can not forward NSLP messages any further to the MN. In this case, the old AR's mobility or routing protocol, or even the NSLP may trigger an error message to indicate that the last node fails or is truncated. This error message is forwarded and may mistakenly cause the removal of the state on the existing common path, if the state is not updated before the error message is propagated through the signaling peers. This is called the 'invalid NR problem'.
8. IP-in-IP Encapsulation
Mobility protocols may use IP-in-IP encapsulation on the segment of the end-to-end path for routing traffic from the CN to the MN, and vice versa. Encapsulation harms any attempt to identify and filter data traffic belonging to, for example, a QoS reservation. Moreover, encapsulation of data traffic may lead to changes in the routing paths since the source and the destination IP addresses of the inner header differ from those of the outer header. Mobile IP uses tunneling mechanisms to forward data packets among end hosts. Traversing over the tunnel, NSIS signaling messages are transparent on the tunneling path due to the change of flow's addresses. In case of interworking with Mobile IP-tunneling, CRNs can be discovered on the tunneling path. It enables NSIS protocols to perform State Update procedure over the IP-tunnel. In this case, GIST needs to cope with the change of Message Routing Information (MRI) for the CRN discovery on the tunnel. Also, NSLP signaling needs to determine when to remove the tunneling segment on the signaling path and/or how to tear down the old state via interworking with the IP-tunneling operation.
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This section presents the basic operations of the NSIS protocol suite after mobility related route changes. Detailed discussion of the operation of Mobile IP with respect to NSIS protocols are discussed in the subsequent section.
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The NSIS protocol suite decouples state and flow identification. A state is stored and referred by the Session ID (SID). Flows associated with a given NSLP state are defined by the Message Routing Information (MRI). GIST notices when a routing path associated with a SID changes, and provides a notification to the NSLP. It is then up to the NSLP to update the state information in the network. Thus, the effect is an update to the states, not a full new request. This decoupling effectively solves also a typical problem with certain signaling protocols, where protocol state is identified with flow endpoints, and when a flow endpoint changes, the whole session state becomes invalid.
A further benefit of the decoupling is that if the MRI, i.e., the IP addresses associated with the data flow, remain the same after movement, the NSIS signaling will repair only the affected path of the end-to-end session. Thus, updating the session information in the network will be localized, and no end-to-end signaling will be needed. If the MRI changes, end-to-end signaling can not be avoided since new information for proper data flow identification must be provided all the way between the data sender and receiver.
GIST provides NSLPs with an identifier of the next signaling peer, the SII Handle. When this SII Handle changes, the NSLP knows a routing change has happened. Yet, the NSLP can also figure out whether it is also the crossover node for the session. Thus, CRN discovery is always done at the NSLP layer because only NSLPs have a notion of end-to-end signaling.
When a path changes, the session information on the old path needs to be removed. After a routing change, the NSLP running on the end-host or the CRN, depending on the direction of the session, can use the SII Handle (provided by GIST) to remove states on the old path; new session information is simultaneously set up on the new path. Both current NSLPs use sequence numbers to identify the order of messages, and this information can be used by the protocols to recover from a routing change.
Since NSIS operates on a hop-by-hop basis, any peer can perform state updates. This is possible because a chain-of-trust is expected between NSIS nodes. If this weren't the case, e.g., true resource reservations would not be possible; one misbehaving or compromised node would effectively break everything. Thus, currently the NSIS protocols do not limit the roles of each NSIS signaling peer on a path, and any node can make updates. Yet, some updates are reflected back to the signaling end points, and they can decide whether the signaling actually succeeded, or not.
If the signaling packets are encapsulated in a tunnel, it is necessary to perform a separate signaling exchange for the tunneled region. Furthermore, a binding is needed to tie the end-to-end and tunneled session together.
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The following figure illustrates an example of QoS NSLP signaling in a Mobile IPv6 route optimization case, for a data flow from the MN to the CN, where sender-initiated reservation is used. Once a handover event is detected in the MN, the MN must get to know the new care-of-address and update the path coupled MRI accordingly. Then the MN issues a QoS NSLP RESERVE message towards the CN, that carries the unique session ID and other identification information for the session, as well as the reservation requirements. Upon receipt of the RESERVE message, the QoS NSLP nodes (which will be discovered by the underlying NTLP) establish the corresponding QoS NSLP state, and forward the message towards the CN. When there is already an existing NSLP state with the same session ID, the state will be updated. If all the QoS NSLP nodes along the path support the required QoS, the CN in turn responds with a RESPONSE message, to confirm the reservation.
In a bi-directional tunneling case, the only difference is that the RESERVE message should be sent to the HA instead of the CN, and the node which responds with a RESPONSE should be the HA instead of the CN too. More details are discussed in Section 5 (Interaction with Mobile IPv4/v6)
Therefore, for the basic operation there is no fundamental difference among different operation modes of Mobile IP, and the main issue of mobility support in NSIS is to trigger NSLP signaling appropriately when a handover event is detected, and the destination of the NSLP signaling shall follow the Mobile IP data path as being path-coupled signaling.
In this process, the obsoleted state in the old path is not explicitly released. To speed up the process, it may be possible to localize the signaling to speed this process. When the RESERVE message reaches a node, depicted as CRN in this document, where a state is determined for the first time to reflect the same session, the node may issue a NOTIFY message towards the MN's old CoA. The QNE adjacent to MN's old position stops the NOTIFY message, and sends RESERVE message (with Teardown bit set) towards the CN, to release the obsoleted state. This RESERVE with tear message is stopped by the CRN. The RSN used in the messages is used to distinguish the order of the signaling. More details are described in Section 4.3 (Localized signaling in mobile scenarios)
MN QNE1 MN QNE2 QNE3 QNE4 CN (CoA1) | (CoA2) | (CRN) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |RESERVE | | | | | | |------->| | | | | | | (1) |RESERVE | | | | | | |--------->| | | | | | | (2) |RESERVE | | | | | | |------->| | | | | | | (3) |RESERVE | | | | | | |------->| | | | | NOTIFY| | (4) | | | | |<---------| | | | | | NOTIFY| (9) | | | | |<------------| | | | | | | (10) | | | | | |RESERVE(T) | | | | | |------------>| | | | | | | (11) |RESERVE(T)| | | | | | |--------->| | | | | | | (12) | |RESPONSE| | | | | | |<-------| | | | | |RESPONSE| (5) | | | | | RESPONSE|<-------| | | | |RESPONSE|<---------| (6) | | | | |<------ | (7) | | | | | | (8) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Figure 1: Basic operation example |
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As shown in Figure 2 (The topology for NSIS signaling caused by mobility), mobility generally causes signaling path to either converge or diverge depending on the direction of each signaling flow.
Old path
+--+ +-----+
original |MN|<------ |OAR | ---------^
address | | |NSLP1| ^
+--+ +-----+ ^ common path
| C +-----+ +-----+ +--+
| | |<--|NSLP1|----|CN|
| |NSLP2| |NSLP2| | |
v New path +-----+ +-----+ +--+
+--+ +-----+ V B A
New CoA |MN|<------ |NAR |----------V >>>>>>>>>>>>
| | |NSLP1| ^
+--+ +-----+ ^
D ^
>>>>>>>(Binding process)>>>>>>>>>>>>^
<=====(upstream signaling followed by data flows) =====
(a) The topology for upstream NSIS signaling flow due to
mobility
Old path
+--+ +-----+
original |MN|------> |OAR | ----------V
| | |NSLP1|
address +--+ +-----+ V common path
| K +-----+ +-----+ +--+
| | |---|NSLP1|--->|CN|
| |NSLP2| |NSLP2| | |
v New path +-----+ +-----+ +--+
+--+ +-----+ ^ M N
New CoA |MN|------> |NAR |-----------^ >>>>>>>>>>>>
| | |NSLP1| ^
+--+ +-----+ ^
L ^
>>>>>>>(Binding process)>>>>>>>>>>>>^
====(downstream signaling followed by data flows) ======>
(b) The topology for downstream NSIS signaling flow due to
mobility
| Figure 2: The topology for NSIS signaling caused by mobility |
These topological changes due to mobility cause the NSIS state established in the old path to be useless. such state may be removed as soon as possible. In addition, NSIS state needs to be established along the new path and be updated along the common path. The re-establishment of NSIS signaling may be localized when route changes (including mobility) occur to minimize the impact on the service and to avoid unnecessary signaling overhead. This localized signaling procedure is referred to as State Update (refer to the terminology section). In mobile environments, for example, the NSLP/ NTLP needs to limit the scope of signaling information only to the affected portion of the signaling path because the signaling path in the wireless access network usually changes only partially.
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The CRN is discovered at the NSLP layer. In case of QoS NSLP, when a RESERVE message with an existing SESSION_ID is received and its Source Identification Information (SII) and MRI are changed, the QNE knows its upstream or downstream peer has changed by the handover, for sender-oriented and receiver-oriented reservations, respectively. And realizes it is implicitly the CRN.
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In the downstream State Update, the MN initiates the RESERVE with a new RSN for state setup toward a CN and also the implicit DCRN discovery is performed by the procedure of signaling as described in Section 4.3.1 (CRN Discovery). The MRI from the DCRN to the CN (i.e., common path) is updated by the RESERVE message. DCRN may also send NOTIFY with "Route change (0x02)" to previous upstream peer. The NOTIFY is forwarded hop-by-hop and reaches the edge QNE (i.e., QNE1 in Figure 1 (Basic operation example)). After the QNE is aware that the MN as QNI has disappeard (how this is can be noticed is out of scope of NSIS, yet, e.g., GIST will eventually no this through undelivered messages), the QNE sends a tearing RESERVE towards downstream. When the tearing RESERVE reaches the DCRN, it stops forwarding and drops it. Note that, however, it is not necessary for GIST state to be explicitly removed because of the inexpensiveness of the state maintenance at the GIST layer [nsis.gist] (Schulzrinne, H., “GIST: General Internet Signaling Transport,” July 2007.). Note that, the sender-initiated approach leads to faster setup than the receiver-initiated approach as in RSVP [rfc2205.rsvp] (Braden, B., “Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP) -- Version 1 Functional Specification,” September 1997.).
In the scenario of an upstream State Update, there are two possible methods for state update. One is the CN (or a HA/ a GFA/ a MAP) sends the refreshing RESERVE message toward the MN to perform State Update by receiving trigger (e.g., MIP binding update). UCRN is discovered implicitly by the CN-initiated signaling along the common path as described in Section 4.3.1 (CRN Discovery). When the refreshing RESERVE reaches to the adjacent QNE of UCRN, the QNE sends back a RESPONSE saying "full QSPEC required". Then the UCRN sends the RESERVE with full QSPEC towards the MN to set up a new reservation. The UCRN may also send tearing RESERVE to previous downstream peer. The tearing RESERVE is forwarded hop-by-hop and reaches to the edge QNE. After the QNE is aware that the MN as QNI has disappeard, the QNE drops the tearing peer. Another method is, if GIST hop is already established on the new path (e.g. by QUERY from the CN, or the HA/GFA/ MAP) when MN gets a hint from GIST that routing has changed, the MN sends a NOTIFY towards upstream saying "Route Change" 0x02. When the NOTIFY hits UCRN, the UCRN is aware that the NOTIFY is for a known session comes from a new SII-Handle. Then the UCRN sends a RESERVE with a new RSN and an RII towards the MN. By receiving the RESERVE, the MN replies RESPONSE. The UCRN may also send tearing RESERVE to previous downstream peer. The tearing RESERVE is forwarded hop-by-hop and reaches to the edge QNE. After the QNE is aware that the MN as QNI is disappeared, the QNE drops the tearing peer.
The State Update on the common path to reflect the changed MRI brings issues on the end-to-end signaling addressed in Section 3 (Challenges with Mobility). Although the State Update over the common path does not give rise to re-processing of AAA and admission control, it may lead to the increased signaling overhead and latency.
One of the goals of the State Update is to avoid the double reservation on the common path as described in Section 3 (Challenges with Mobility). The double reservation problem on the common path can be solved by establishing a signaling association using a unique SID and by updating packet classifier/MRI. In this case, even though the flows on the common path have different MRIs, it refers to the same NSLP state.
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In Mobile IP scenario, there are two types of data routings, one is triangular routing with tunneling section, and the other is optimized routing which is direct routing between an MN and a CN. This section analyzes NSIS operation with these data routes.
Mobility management solutions like Mobile IP try to hide mobility effects from applications by providing stable addresses and avoiding address changes. On the other hand, the PC-MRI contains flow addresses and will change if the CoA changes. Some NSLPs, such as QoS NSLP, must be mobility-aware, because they care about the resources on the actual current path. NSLPs may have to interact with MIP and/or the tunnel software in order to obtain current link properties, esp. additional overhead for the QoS-NSLP that must be taken into account in QSPEC (e.g., the m parameter in the TMOD).
We note that NSLPs must be supported by mobility management implementations in order to request information about the current flow address (CoAs), source addresses, tunneling, or, overhead. Furthermore, NSLPs can be notified about mobility events that may require actions in the NSLP, e.g., sending a new RESERVE or QUERY. Furthermore, an implementation must select proper interface addresses in the NLI in order to ensure that a corresponding Messaging Association is established along the same path as the flow in the MRI.
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In Mobile IPv4 [rfc3344.mip4] (Perkins, C., “IP Mobility Support for IPv4,” August 2002.), the data flows are forwarded based on triangular routing, and an MN retains a new CoA from the FA (or an external method such as DHCP) in the visited access network. When the MN acts as a data sender, the data and signaling flows sent from the MN are directly transferred to the CN not necessarily through the HA or indirectly through the HA using the reverse tunneling. On the other hand, when the MN act as a data receiver, the data and signaling flows sent from the CN are routed through the IP tunneling between the HA and the FA (or the HA and the MN in case of the Co-located CoA). With this approach, routing is dependent on the HA, and therefore the NSIS protocols interact with the IP tunneling procedure of Mobile IP for signaling.
The Figure 3 (NSIS signaling flows under different Mobile IPv4 scenarios) (a) to (e) show the NSIS signaling flows depending on the direction of the data flows and the routing methods.
MN FA (or FL) CN
| | |
| IPv4-based Standard IP routing |
|------------ |--------------------------------->|
| | |
(a) MIPv4: MN-->CN, no reverse tunnel
MN FA HA CN
| IPv4 (normal) | | |
|--------------->| IPv4(tunnel) | |
| |--------------->| IPv4 (normal)|
| | |------------->|
(b) MIPv4: MN-->CN, the reverse tunnel with FA CoA
MN (FL) HA CN
| | | |
| IPv4(tunnel) | |
|------------------------------->|IPv4 (normal) |
| | |-------------->|
(c) MIPv4: MN-->CN, the reverse tunnel with Co-located CoA
CN HA FA MN
|IPv4 (normal) | | |
|-------------->| | |
| | MIPv4 (tunnel) | |
| |---------------->| IPv4 (normal)|
| | |------------->|
(d) MIPv4: CN-->MN, Foreign agent Care-of-address
CN HA (FL) MN
|IPv4(normal ) | | |
|-------------->| | |
| | MIPv4 (tunnel) | |
| |------------------------------->|
| | | |
(e) MIPv4: CN-->MN with Co-located Care-of-address
| Figure 3: NSIS signaling flows under different Mobile IPv4 scenarios |
When an MN (as a signaling sender) arrives at a new FA and the corresponding binding process is completed (Figure 3 (NSIS signaling flows under different Mobile IPv4 scenarios) (a), (b) and (c)), the MN performs the CRN discovery (DCRN) and the State Update toward the CN (as described in Section 4 (Basic Operations for Mobility Support)) to establish the NSIS state along the new path between the MN and the CN. In case reverse tunnel is not used (Figure 3 (NSIS signaling flows under different Mobile IPv4 scenarios) (a)), a new NSIS state is established on direct path from the MN to the CN. If the reverse tunnel and FA CoA are used (Figure 3 (NSIS signaling flows under different Mobile IPv4 scenarios) (b)), a new NSIS state is established along a tunneling path from the FA to the HA separately from end-to-end path. CRN discovery and State Update in tunneling path is also separately performed if necessary. If the reverse tunnel and co-located CoA are used (Figure 3 (NSIS signaling flows under different Mobile IPv4 scenarios) (c)) the NSIS signaling for the DCRN discovery and the State Update is the same as the case of using FA CoA above except for the use of the reverse tunneling path from the MN to the HA. That is, in this case, one of tunnel end points is the MN, not the FA.
When an MN (as a signaling receiver) arrives at a new FA and the corresponding binding process is completed (Figure 3 (NSIS signaling flows under different Mobile IPv4 scenarios) (d) and (e)), the MN sends NOFITY message to the signaling sender, i.e., the CN. In case FA CoA is used (Figure 3 (NSIS signaling flows under different Mobile IPv4 scenarios) (d)), the CN initiates a NSIS signaling to update an existing state between the CN and the HA, and afterwards the NSIS signaling messages are forwarded to the FA and reaches to the MN. A new NSIS state is established along the tunneling path from the HA to the FA separately from end-to-end path. During this operation, a UCRN is discovered on the tunneling path, and a new MRI for the State Update on the tunnel may need to be created. CRN discovery and State Update in tunneling path is also separately performed if necessary. In case collocated CoA is used (Figure 3 (NSIS signaling flows under different Mobile IPv4 scenarios) (d)) the NSIS signaling for the UCRN discovery and the State Update is also the same as the case of using FA CoA above except for the end point of tunneling path from the HA to the MN.
Note that Mobile IPv4 optionally supports route optimization. In the case route optimization is supported, the signaling operation will be the same as Mobile IPv6 route optimization.
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Unlike Mobile IPv4, with Mobile IPv6 [rfc3775.mip6] (Johnson, D., “Mobility Support in IPv6,” June 2004.), the FA is not required on the data path. If an MN moves to visited network, a CoA at the network is allocated like co-located CoA in Mobile IPv4. In addition, the route optimization process between the MN and CN can be used to avoid the triangular routing in the Mobile IPv4 scenarios.
If the route optimization is not used, data flow routing and NSIS signaling procedures (including the CRN discovery and the State Update) will be similar to the case of using the Mobile IPv4 with co-located CoA. However, if Route Optimization is used, signaling messages are sent directly from the MN to the CN, or from the CN to the MN. Therefore, route change procedures described in Section 4 (Basic Operations for Mobility Support) are applicable to this case.
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In this section, we assume that MN acts as an NI and CN acts as an NR in interworking between Mobile IP and NSIS signaling.
Scenarios for interaction with Mobile IP tunneling vary depending on:
- Whether a tunneling entry point (Tentry) is an MN or other node. In case Mobile IPv4 co-located CoA or Mobile IPv6, Tentry is an MN. In case Mobile IPv4 FA CoA case, Tentry is a FA. In both case, a HA is tunneling exit point (Texit).
- Whether the mode of QoS-NSLP signaling is sender-initiated or receiver initiated.
- Whether the signaling mode over tunnel is sequential mode or parallel mode. In sequential mode, end-to-end signaling pauses when it is waiting for results of tunnel signaling, and resumes upon receipt of the tunnel signaling outcome. In parallel mode, end-to-end signaling continues outside the tunnel while tunnel signaling is still in process and its outcome is unknown [nsis.tunneling] (Shen, C., “NSIS Operation Over IP Tunnels,” September 2007.).
The following subsection describes sender-initiated and receiver-initiated reservation with Mobile IP tunneling and CRN discovery and State Update with Mobile IP tunneling.
| TOC |
The following scenario assumes that a FA is a Tentry. However the procedure is the same for the case an MN is a Tentry if it is considered that the MN and the FA are the same node.
- When an MN moves into a new network attachment point, QoS- NSLP in the MN initiates RESERVE (end-to-end) message to start the State Update procedure. The GIST below the QoS-NSLP adds GIST header and then sends the encapsulated RESERVE message to peer GIST node with corresponding QoS-NSLP for DCRN discovery. In this case, the peer GIST node is a FA if the FA is an NSIS-aware node. The FA is one of the endpoints of Mobile IP tunneling: Tentry. In case of interaction with tunnel signaling originated from the FA, there can be two scenarios depending on whether NSIS signaling interacts with the Mobile IP tunneling. The first scenario is that the NSIS signaling is discerned on the tunneling path between the FA and corresponding HA, and then the tunneling path becomes an NSIS-aware cloud. The second one is otherwise, and here the tunneling path is transparent as a logical link to NSIS signaling [nsis.tunneling] (Shen, C., “NSIS Operation Over IP Tunnels,” September 2007.).
- In the NSIS-aware tunneling scenarios, as shown in Figure 4 (Sender-Initiated QoS-NSLP over Tunnel - Sequential Mode) and Figure 5 (Sender-Initiated QoS NSLP over Tunnel - Parallel Mode), upon receiving the RESERVE message from the MN, the QoS-NSLP of FA explicitly creates a new RESERVE-t (tunnel) message, which keeps the existing (end-to-end) Session ID and includes a new (tunneling) MRI different from the (end-to-end) MRI, to distinguish the NSIS signaling messages over the Mobile IPv4 tunneling path. The RESERVE-t message is forwarded toward HA, another end point of Mobile IPv4 tunneling. Also, after receiving the RESERVE-t message from the FA, the HA should decide whether it needs to initiate a RESPONSE-t (tunnel) message toward FA for responding to the RESERVE-t message, or make the RESPONSE-t message wait until a RSESPONSE message, which is created to react the RESERVE message, arrives from the CN.
- In this procedure of NSIS-tunnel signaling, again, two categories of tunnel signaling mode are taken into consideration, i.e., either sequential or parallel mode.
- Provided that the tunnel signaling mode is sequential as shown in Figure 4 (Sender-Initiated QoS-NSLP over Tunnel - Sequential Mode), the RESERVE signaling toward the HA resumes after confirming completeness of NSIS tunnel signaling through the RESERVE-t and the RESPONSE-t messages. Arriving at HA, the RESERVE message is forwarded to CN to update or refresh the existing NSIS states (QoS-NSLP and GIST) on the common path. The CN initiates a RESPONSE message, responding to the RESERVE message, toward the HA as its destination. The HA forwards the RESPONSE message to the FA after encapsulating the message. Finally, the RESPONSE message is sent to MN after being decapsulated at the FA. Note that both end-to-end signaling messages, the RESPONSE and the RESERVE messages, are not discernible on the tunneling path, like a logical link, and those messages just play a role of NSIS signaling for establishing end-to-end state.
- Provided that the tunnel signaling mode is parallel as shown in Figure 5 (Sender-Initiated QoS NSLP over Tunnel - Parallel Mode), upon receiving the RESERVE message from the MN, the FA forwards it to the HA immediately. Also, arriving at the HA from the CN, the RESPONSE message is again forwarded from the HA to the FA regardless of the delivery of RESPONSE-t message. Since in this parallel mode the end-to-end signaling messages do not reconcile with both NSIS-tunnel signaling messages, the RESERVE-t and RESPONSE-t messages, the tunneling path operates like a logical link and thus NON-QoS-HOP flag is set within the RESERVE message although NSIS-tunnel signaling messages are available on the tunnel path.
MN (Sender) FA (Tentry) Tnode HA (Texit) CN (Receiver)
| | | | |
| RESERVE | | | |
+--------->| | | |
| |RESERVE-t | | |
| +=========>| | |
| | |RESERVE-t | |
| | +=========>| |
| | |RESPONSE-t| |
| | |<=========+ |
| |RESPONSE-t| | |
| |<=========+ | |
| | RESERVE | |
| +-------------------->| |
| | | | RESERVE |
| | | +--------->|
| | | | RESPONSE |
| | | |<---------+
| | RESPONSE | |
| |<--------------------+ |
| RESPONSE | | | |
|<---------+ | | |
| | | | |
| Figure 4: Sender-Initiated QoS-NSLP over Tunnel - Sequential Mode |
MN (Sender) FA (Tentry) Tnode HA (Texit) CN (Receiver)
| | | | |
| RESERVE | | | |
+--------->| | | |
| |RESERVE-t | | |
| +=========>| | |
| | |RESERVE-t | |
| | +=========>| |
| | RESERVE | |
| +-------------------->| |
| | | | RESERVE |
| | | +--------->|
| | | | RESPONSE |
| | | |<---------+
| | |RESPONSE-t| |
| | |<=========+ |
| |RESPONSE-t| | |
| |<=========+ | |
| | RESPONSE | |
| |<--------------------+ |
| RESPONSE | | | |
|<---------+ | | |
| | | | |
| Figure 5: Sender-Initiated QoS NSLP over Tunnel - Parallel Mode |
| TOC |
Figure 6 (Receiver-Initiated QoS NSLP over Tunnel - Sequential Mode) and Figure 7 (Receiver-Initiated QoS NSLP over Tunnel - Parallel Mode) show examples of receiver-initiated operation with Mobile IP tunnel for Sequential and Parallel modes, respectively. Basic Operation is the same as sender-initiated case.
MN (Sender) FA (Tentry) Tnode HA (Texit) CN (Receiver)
| | | | |
|QUERY | | | |
+--------->| QUERY | |
| +-------------------->| QUERY |
| | | +--------->|
| | | | RESERVE |
| | RESERVE |<---------+
| |<--------------------+ |
| | QUERY-t | | |
| +=========>| QUERY-t | |
| | +=========>| |
| | |RESERVE-t | |
| |RESERVE-t |<=========+ |
| |<=========+ | |
| |RESPONSE-t| | |
| RESERVE +=========>|RESPONSE-t| |
|<---------| +=========>| |
| RESPONSE | | | |
+--------->| RESPONSE | |
| +-------------------->| RESPONSE |
| | | +--------->|
| | | | |
| Figure 6: Receiver-Initiated QoS NSLP over Tunnel - Sequential Mode |
MN (Sender) FA (Tentry) Tnode HA (Texit) CN (Receiver)
| | | | |
|QUERY | | | |
+--------->| QUERY | |
| +-------------------->| QUERY |
| | | +--------->|
| | | | RESERVE |
| | RESERVE |<---------+
| RESERVE |<--------------------+ |
|<---------+ | | |
| | QUERY-t | | |
| +=========>| QUERY-t | |
| | +=========>| |
| | |RESERVE-t | |
| |RESERVE-t |<=========+ |
| |<=========+ | |
| |RESPONSE-t| | |
| +=========>|RESPONSE-t| |
| | +=========>| |
| RESPONSE | | | |
+--------->| RESPONSE | |
| +-------------------->| RESPONSE |
| | | +--------->|
| | | | |
| Figure 7: Receiver-Initiated QoS NSLP over Tunnel - Parallel Mode |
| TOC |
Interaction with Mobile IP tunneling scenario can define two types of CRNs, i.e., a CRN on end-to-end path and a CRN on tunneling path. CRN discovery and State Update for these two paths are operated independently.
CRN discovery for end-to-end path is initiated by the MN by sending RESERVE (sender-initiated case) or QUERY (receiver-initiated case) message. As MN uses HoA as source address even after handover, a CRN is found by normal route change process (i.e., the same SID and FID, but different SII handle). If a HA is QoS-NSLP aware, the HA is found as the CRN. The CRN initiate tearing process on the old path as described in [nsis.qosnslp] (Manner, J., “NSLP for Quality-of-Service Signaling,” July 2007.)
CRN discovery for tunneling path is initiated by Tentry by sending RESERVE-t (sender-initiated case) or QUERY-t (receiver-initiated case) message. The route change procedures described in Section 4 (Basic Operations for Mobility Support) are applicable to this case.
| TOC |
All sections above dealt with basic issues on NSIS mobility support. This section introduces potential issues and possible approaches for complicated scenarios in the mobile environment, i.e., peer failure scenarios, multihomed scenarios, and interworking with other mobility protocols, which may need to be resolved in the future. Topics in this section are out-of-scope of this document, and detailed operations are not described.
| TOC |
In multihomed mobile environments, multiple interfaces and addresses (i.e., CoAs and HoAs) are available. This case, two major issues can be considered. One is how to select or acquire the most appropriate interface(s) and/or address(es) from end-to-end QoS point of view. The other is, when multiple paths are simultaneously used for load- balancing purpose, how to differentiate and manage two types of CRNs, i.e., CRN between two on-going Paths (LB-CRN: Load Balancing CRN) and CRN between the old and new paths caused by MN's handover (HO-CRN: Handover CRN). This section introduces possible approaches for these issues.
| TOC |
In MIPv6 route optimization case, if multiple CoAs registration is provided [monami.mulcoareg] (Wakikawa, R., “Multiple Care-of-Address Registration,” July 2007.), the contents of QUERYs sent by candidate CoAs can be used to select the best interface(s)/CoA(s).
Assume that an MN is a data sender and has multiple interfaces. Now the MN moves to a new location and acquires CoA(s) for multiple interfaces. After the MN performs the BU/BA procedure, it sends QUERY messages toward the CN through the interface(s) associated with the CoA(s). On receiving the QUERY messages, the CN or Gateway, determines the best (primary) CoA(s) by checking 'QoS available' field in the QUERY messages. Then a RESERVE message is sent toward the MN to reserve resources along the path the primary CoA takes. If the reservation is not successful, the CN transmits another RESERVE message using the CoA with the next highest priority. The CRN may initiate a teardown (RESERVE with the TEAR flag set) message toward old access router (OAR) to release the reserved resources on the old path.
In case of sender-initiated reservation, a similar approach is possible. That is, the QUERY and RESERVE messages are initiated by an MN, and the MN selects the Primary CoA based on the information delivered by the QUERY message.
|--Handover-->|
MN OAR AR1 AR2 AR3 CRN CRN CRN CN
(OAR/AR1)(OAR/AR2)(OAR/AR3)
| | | | | | | | |
|---QUERY(1)->|-------------------->|---------------------->|
| | | | | | | | |
|---QUERY(2)-------->|--------------------->|-------------->|
| | | | | | | | |
|---QUERY(3)--------------->|---------------------->|------>|
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | Primary CoA
| | | | | | | | Selection(4)
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | |<--RESERVE(5)--|
| | | |<------RESERVE(6)-----| (MRI |
| | | | (Actual reservation) | Update) |
|<----RESERVE(7)-----| | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| |<-----------teardown(8)-------------| | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | Multimedia Traffic | | |
|<=================->|<===================->|<=============>|
| | | | | | | | |
| Receiver-initiated reservation in the multihomed environment |
| TOC |
When multiple interfaces of the MN are simultaneously used for load-balancing purpose, a possible approach for distinguishing LB-CRN and HO-CRN will introduce an identifier to determine the relationship between interfaces and paths.
An MN uses interface 1 and interface 2 for the same session, where the paths (say path 1 and path 2) have the same SID but different FIDs as shown in (a) of Figure 8 (The topology for NSIS signaling in multihomed mobile environments). Now one of the interfaces of MN performs a handover and obtains a new CoA, the MN will try to establish a new path (say Path 3) with the new FID, as shown in (b) of Figure 8 (The topology for NSIS signaling in multihomed mobile environments). In this case the CRN between path 2 and path 3 cannot determine if it is LB-CRN or HO-CRN since for both cases, SID is the same but FIDs are different. Hence the CRN will not know if State Update is required. One possible solution to solve this issue will introduce path classification identifier which shows the relationship between interfaces and paths. For example, signaling messages and QNEs belong to paths from interface 1 and interface 2 carry the identifier '00' and '02', respectively. By having this identifier, the CRN between path 2 and path 3 will be able to determine whether it is LB-CRN or HO-CRN. For example, if path 3 carries '00', the CRN is LB-CRN, and if '01', the CRN is HO-CRN.
+--+ Path 1 +---+ +--+
| |IF1 <-----------------|LB | common path | |
|MN| |CRN|-------------|CN|
| | Path 2 | | | |
| |IF2 <-----------------| | | |
| | +---+ +--+
| |
+--+
(a) NSIS Path classification in multihomed environments
+--+ Path 1 +---+ +--+
| |IF1 <-----------------|?? | common path | |
|MN| |CRN|-------------|CN|
| | Path 2 -| | | |
| |IF2 <--- +------+ | | | | |
| | \_|??-CRN|--v +---+ +--+
| | / +------+
+--+IF? <---
Path 3
(b) NSIS Path classification after handover
| Figure 8: The topology for NSIS signaling in multihomed mobile environments |
| TOC |
Unlike the generic route changes, in mobility scenarios, the end-to-end signaling problem by the State Update gives rise to the degradation of network performance, e.g., increased signaling overhead, service blackout, and so on. To reduce signaling latency in the Mobile IP-based scenarios, the NSIS protocol suite may need to interwork with localized mobility management (LMM). If the GIST/NSLP (QoS-NSLP or NAT/FW-NSLP) protocols interact with Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 and the CRN is discovered between an MN and an MAP, the State Update can be localized by address mapping. However, how the State Update is performed with scoped signaling messages within the access network under the MAP is for future study.
In the inter-domain handover, a possible way to mitigate the latency penalty is to use the multi-homed MN. It is also possible to allow the NSIS protocols to interact with mobility protocols such as Seamoby protocols (e.g., CARD [RFC4066] and CXTP [RFC4067]) and FMIP. Another scenario is to use peering agreement which allows aggregation authorization to be performed for aggregate reservation on an inter- domain link without authorizing each individual session. How these approaches can be used in NSIS signaling is for further study.
| TOC |
The failure of a (potential) NSIS CRN may result in incomplete state re-establishment on the new path and incomplete teardown on the old path after handover. In this case, a new CRN should be re-discovered immediately by the CRN discovery procedure.
The failure of an AR may make the interactions with Seamoby protocols (such as CARD and CXTP) impossible. In this case, the neighboring peer closest to the dead AR may need to interact with such protocols. A more detailed analysis of interactions with Seamoby protocols is left for future work.
In Mobile IP-based scenarios, the failures of NSIS functions at an FA and an HA may result in incomplete interaction with IP-tunneling. In this case, recovery for NSIS functions needs to be performed immediately. In addtion, a more detailed analysis of interactions with IP-tunneling is left for future work.
| TOC |
This document does not introduce new security concerns. The security considerations pertaining to the standard NSIS protocol specifications [gist, qos-nslp, natfw-nslp] remain relevant. When deployed in service provider networks, it is mandatory to ensure that only authorized entities are permitted to initiate re-establishment and removal of NSIS states in mobile environments, including the use of NSIS proxies.
| TOC |
1. MIP Interaction Part (Section 5 (Interaction with Mobile IPv4/v6))
- This section should illustrate how Tunnel I-D is applicable to MIP cases.
Discussion: How does this section should be cleaned up?
| TOC |
| TOC |
The major change made to the initial (-00) version of the draft is to re-arrange the issues addressed in the draft in order to clearly identify general issues caused by mobility itself and NSIS protocols- specific issues. The generic route changes-related text in Section 4 was moved into Appendix to make this draft more mobility-specific.
Specifically, the following changes have been made:
| TOC |
Version -02 includes mainly a number of clarifications on the issues raised in this draft and more details in some specific areas. Specifically, the following changes have been made:
| TOC |
In version -03, tunneling-related and multihoming-related scenarios were newly added in Sections 5.1.3 and 5.2, respectively. Also, the terminology, 'Path Update' is changed into 'State Update' in Section 3.2.4.
| TOC |
Version -04 includes mainly a number of clarifications on the issues raised in this draft and more details in some specific areas. Specifically, the following changes have been made:
| TOC |
Version -05 includes mainly a number of clarifications on the issues raised in this draft and more details in some specific areas. Specifically, the following changes have been made:
| TOC |
In Version -06, contents of this draft were re-selected and re-structured:
| TOC |
Changes in Version -07 are:
| TOC |
Changes in Version -08 are:
| TOC |
Changes in Version -09 are:
| TOC |
Changes in Version -10 are:
| TOC |
Sung-Hyuck Lee was the first editor of the draft. Since version 06 of the draft, Takako Sanda has taken the editorship.
Many individuals have contributed to this draft. Since it was not possible to list them all in the authors section, this section was created to have a sincere respect for other authors, Paulo Mendes, Robert Hancock, Roland Bless and Shivanajay Marwaha. Separating authors into two groups was done without treating any one of them better (or worse) than others.
| TOC |
The authors would like to thank Byoung-Joon Lee, Charles Q. Shen, Cornelia Kappler, Henning Schulzrinne, and Jongho Bang for significant contributions in four earlier drafts and the previous draft. The authors would also like to thank Robert Hancock, Andrew Mcdonald, John Loughney, Rudiger Geib, Cheng Hong, Elena Scialpi, Pratic Bose, Martin Stiemerling and Luis Cordeiro for their useful comments and suggestions.
| TOC |
| TOC |
| [nsis.gist] | Schulzrinne, H., “GIST: General Internet Signaling Transport,” Internet Draft draft-ietf-nsis-ntlp-14, Work in progress , July 2007. |
| [nsis.natfwnslp] | Stiemerling, M., “NAT/Firewall NSIS Signaling Layer Protocol (NSLP),” Internet Draft draft-ietf-nsis-nslp-natfw-15, Work in progress , July 2007. |
| [nsis.qosnslp] | Manner, J., “NSLP for Quality-of-Service Signaling,” Internet Draft draft-ietf-nsis-qos-nslp-15, Work in progress , July 2007. |
| [nsis.tunneling] | Shen, C., “NSIS Operation Over IP Tunnels,” Internet Draft draft-ietf-nsis-tunnel-03, Work in Progress , September 2007. |
| [rfc2205.rsvp] | Braden, B., “Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP) -- Version 1 Functional Specification,” RFC2205 , September 1997. |
| [rfc3344.mip4] | Perkins, C., “IP Mobility Support for IPv4,” RFC3344 , August 2002. |
| [rfc3726.req4sig] | Brunner, (Ed), M., “Requirements for Signaling Protocols,” RFC3726 , June 2004. |
| [rfc3775.mip6] | Johnson, D., “Mobility Support in IPv6,” RFC3775 , June 2004. |
| TOC |
| [monami.mulcoareg] | Wakikawa, R., “Multiple Care-of-Address Registration,” Internet Draft draft-ietf-monami6-multiplecoa-03, Work in progress , July 2007. |
| [rfc3753.mobterm] | Manner, J., “Mobility Related Terminology,” RFC3753 , June 2004. |
| TOC |
The mobility occurs due to the change of the network attachment point, but the generic route changes is associated with load sharing, load balancing, or a link (or node) failure. These cause divergence (or convergence) between the old path along which state has already been installed and the new path along which data forwarding will actually happen.
The route changes brings on the change of signaling topology and it results in difference according to the types of route changes (e.g., the route changes or mobility). The route changes generally forms two common paths, an old path, and a new path, where the old path and the new path begin to diverge from one common path and afterward to converge to another common path for each direction of signaling flows (e.g., downstream or upstream flows) as shown in Figure 9 (The topology for NSIS signaling in case of the route changes)
Old path
+---+ +---+
^ --->|NE | ... |NE | ------V
common path ^ +---+ +---+ V common path
+--+ +----+ +----+ +--+
|S |-----> |DCRN| |DCRN| -------> |R |
| | | | | | | |
+--+ +----+ New path +----+ +--+
V +---+ +---+ ^
V --->|NE | ... |NAR| ------^
+---+ +---+
=======(downstream signaling followed by data flows) ======>
(a) The topology for downstream NSIS signaling flow after
route changes
Old path
+---+ +---+
v <---|NE | ... |NE | ----- ^
common path v +---+ +---+ ^ common path
+--+ +----+ +----+ +--+
|S |<----- |UCRN| |UCRN| <------- |R |
| | | | | | | |
+--+ +----+ New path +----+ +--+
^ +---+ +---+ v
^ <---|NE | ... |NAR| ----- v
+---+ +---+
<=====(upstream signaling followed by data flows) ======
(b) The topology for upstream NSIS signaling flow after
route changes
| Figure 9: The topology for NSIS signaling in case of the route changes |
| TOC |
| Takako Sanda | |
| Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. (Panasonic) | |
| 5-3, Hikarino-oka, Yokosuka City | |
| Kanagawa 239-0847 | |
| Japan | |
| Phone: | +81 50 3687 6563 |
| Email: | sanda.takako@jp.panasonic.com |
| Xiaoming Fu | |
| Computer Networks Group, University of Goettingen | |
| Lotzestr. 16-18 | |
| Goettingen 37083 | |
| Germany | |
| Email: | fu@cs.uni-goettingen.de |
| Seong-Ho Jeong | |
| Hankuk University of FS | |
| 89 Wangsan Mohyun | |
| Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 449-791 | |
| Korea | |
| Phone: | +82 31 330 4642 |
| Email: | shjeong@hufs.ac.kr |
| Jukka Manner | |
| Department of Computer Science University of Helsinki | |
| P.O. Box 26 (Teollisuuskatu 23) | |
| HELSINKI FIN-00014 | |
| Finland | |
| Phone: | +358-9-191-44210 |
| Email: | jmanner@cs.helsinki.fi |
| Hannes Tschofenig | |
| Nokia Siemens Networks | |
| Otto-Hahn-Ring 6 | |
| Munich | |
| 81739 | |
| Germany | |
| Email: | Hannes.Tschofenig@nsn.com |
| TOC |
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