| Internet-Draft | MNA Use Cases | September 2024 |
| Saad, et al. | Expires 23 March 2025 | [Page] |
This document presents use cases that have a common feature that may be addressed by encoding network action indicators and associated ancillary data within MPLS packets. There is community interest in extending the MPLS data plane to carry such indicators and ancillary data to address the use cases that are described in this document.¶
The use cases described in this document are not an exhaustive set, but rather the ones that are actively discussed by members of the IETF MPLS, PALS, and DetNet working groups from the beginning of work on the MPLS Network Action until the publication of this document.¶
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This document describes use cases that introduce functions that require special processing by forwarding hardware. The current state of the art requires allocating a new special-purpose label (SPL) [RFC3032] or extended special-purpose label (eSPL). SPLs are a very limited resource, while eSPL requires an extra Label Stack Entry per Network Action, which is expensive. Therefore, an MPLS Network Action (MNA) [RFC9613] approach was proposed to extend the MPLS architecture. MNA is expected to enable functions that may require carrying additional ancillary data within the MPLS packets, as well as a means to indicate the ancillary data is present and a specific action needs to be performed on the packet.¶
This document lists various use cases that could benefit extensively from the MNA framework [I-D.ietf-mpls-mna-fwk]. Supporting a solution of the general MNA framework provides a common foundation for future network actions that can be exercised in the MPLS data plane.¶
The following terminology is used in the document:¶
MNA: MPLS Network Action¶
DEX: Direct Export¶
I2E: Ingress to Edge¶
HbH: Hop by Hop¶
PW: Pseudowire¶
BoS: Bottom of Stack¶
ToS: Top of Stack¶
NSH: Network Service Header¶
FRR: Fast Reroute¶
IOAM: In-situ Operations, Administration, and Maintenance¶
G-ACh: Generic Associated Channel¶
LSP: Label Switched Path¶
LSR: Label Switch Router¶
NRP: Network Resource Partition¶
SPL: Special Purpose Label¶
eSPL: extended Special Purpose Label¶
AMM: Alternative Marking Method¶
MPLS Fast Reroute [RFC4090], [RFC5286], [RFC7490], and [I-D.ietf-rtgwg-segment-routing-ti-lfa] is a useful and widely deployed tool for minimizing packet loss in the case of a link or node failure.¶
Several cases exist where, once a Fast Reroute (FRR) has taken place in an MPLS network and a packet is rerouted away from the failure, a second FRR impacts the same packet on another node and may result in traffic disruption.¶
In such a case, the packet impacted by multiple FRR events may continue to loop between the label switch routers (LSRs) that activated FRR until the packet's TTL expires. That can lead to link congestion and further packet loss. To avoid that situation, packets that FRR has redirected will be marked using MNA to preclude further FRR processing.¶
MNA can be used to carry information essential for collecting operational information and measuring various performance metrics that reflect the experience of the packet marked by MNA. Optionally, the operational state and telemetry information collected on the LSR may be transported using MNA techniques.¶
In-situ Operations, Administration, and Maintenance (IOAM), defined in [RFC9197] and [RFC9326], might be used to collect operational and telemetry information while a packet traverses a particular path in a network domain.¶
IOAM can run in two modes: Ingress to Edge (I2E) and Hop by Hop (HbH). In I2E mode, only the encapsulating and decapsulating nodes will process IOAM data fields. In HbH mode, the encapsulating and decapsulating nodes and intermediate IOAM-capable nodes process IOAM data fields. The IOAM data fields, defined in [RFC9197], can be used to derive the operational state of the network experienced by the packet with the IOAM Header that traversed the path through the IOAM domain.¶
Several IOAM Option-Types have been defined:¶
With all IOAM Option-Types except for the Direct Export (DEX), the collected information is transported in the trigger IOAM packet. In the IOAM DEX Option [RFC9326], the operational state and telemetry information are collected according to a specified profile and exported in a manner and format defined by a local policy. In IOAM DEX, the user data packet is only used to trigger the IOAM data to be directly exported or locally aggregated without being carried in the IOAM trigger packets.¶
The Alternate Marking Method (AMM), defined in [RFC9341] and [RFC9342]) is an example of a hybrid performance measurement method ([RFC7799]) that can be used in the MPLS network to measure packet loss and packet delay performance metrics. [RFC8957] defined the Synonymous Flow Label framework to realize AMM in the MPLS network. The MNA is an alternative mechanism that can be used to support AMM in the MPLS network.¶
An RFC 9543 Network Slice service ([RFC9543]) provides connectivity coupled with network resource commitments and is expressed in terms of one or more connectivity constructs. Section 5 of [I-D.ietf-teas-ns-ip-mpls] defines a Network Resource Partition (NRP) Policy as a policy construct that enables the instantiation of mechanisms to support one or more network slice services. The packets associated with an NRP may carry a marking in their network layer header to identify this association, referred to as an NRP Selector. The NRP Selector maps a packet to the associated network resources and provides the corresponding forwarding treatment onto the packet.¶
A router that requires the forwarding of a packet that belongs to an NRP may have to decide on the forwarding action to take based on selected next-hop(s), and the forwarding treatment (e.g., scheduling and drop policy) to enforce based on the associated per-hop behavior.¶
In this case, routers that forward traffic over a physical link shared by multiple NRPs need to identify the NRP to which the packet belongs to enforce their respective forwarding actions and treatments.¶
MNA technologies can signal actions for MPLS packets and carry data essential for these actions. For example, MNA can carry the NRP Selector [I-D.ietf-teas-ns-ip-mpls] in MPLS packets.¶
[RFC8595] describes how Service Function Chaining can be realized in an MPLS network by emulating the Network Service Header (NSH) [RFC8300] using only MPLS label stack elements.¶
The approach in [RFC8595] introduces some limitations discussed in [I-D.lm-mpls-sfc-path-verification]. However, that approach can benefit from the framework introduced with MNA in [I-D.ietf-mpls-mna-fwk].¶
MNA can be used to extend NSH emulation using MPLS labels [RFC8595] to support the functionality of NSH Context Headers, whether fixed or variable-length. For example, MNA could support Flow ID [RFC9263] that may be used for load-balancing among Service Function Forwarders and/or the Service Functions within the same Service Function Path.¶
In Segment Routing (SR), an ingress node steers a packet through an ordered list of instructions called "segments". Each of these instructions represents a function to be called at a specific location in the network. A function is locally defined on the node where it is executed and may range from simply moving forward in the segment list to any complex user-defined behavior.¶
Network Programming combines SR functions to achieve a networking objective beyond mere packet routing.¶
Encoding a pointer to a function and its arguments within an MPLS packet transport header may be desirable. MNA can be used to encode the FUNC::ARGs to support the functional equivalent of FUNC::ARG in SRv6 as described in [RFC8986].¶
Several services can be transported over MPLS networks today. These include providing Layer-3 (L3) connectivity (e.g., for unicast and multicast L3 services), and Layer-2 (L2) connectivity (e.g., for unicast Pseudowires (PWs), multicast E-Tree, and broadcast E-LAN L2 services). In those cases, the user service traffic is encapsulated as the payload in MPLS packets.¶
For L2 service traffic, it is possible to use Control Word (CW) [RFC4385] and [RFC5085] immediately after the MPLS header to disambiguate the type of MPLS payload, prevent possible packet misordering, and allow for fragmentation. In this case, the first nibble the data that immediately follows after the MPLS BoS is set to 0b0000 to identify the presence of PW CW.¶
In addition to providing connectivity to user traffic, MPLS may also transport OAM data (e.g., over MPLS Generic Associated Channels (G-AChs) [RFC5586]). In this case, the first nibble of the data that immediately follows after the MPLS BoS is set to 0b0001. It indicates the presence of a control channel associated with a PW, LSP, or Section.¶
Bit Index Explicit Replication (BIER) [RFC8296] traffic can also be encapsulated over MPLS. In this case, BIER has defined 0b0101 as the value for the first nibble in the data that immediately appears after the bottom of the label stack for any BIER-encapsulated packet over MPLS.¶
For pseudowires, the Generic Associated Channel [RFC7212] uses the first four bits of the PW control word to provide the initial discrimination between data packets and packets belonging to the associated channel, as described in [RFC4385].¶
MPLS can be used as the data plane for DetNet [RFC8655]. The DetNet sub-layers, forwarding, and service are realized using the MPLS label stack, the DetNet Control Word [RFC8964], and the DetNet Associated Channel Header [RFC9546].¶
MNA-based solutions for the use cases described in this document and proposed in the future are expected to allow for coexistence and backward compatibility with all existing MPLS services.¶
Two or more of the discussed cases may co-exist in the same packet. That may require the presence of multiple ancillary data (whether In-stack or Post-stack ancillary data) to be present in the same MPLS packet.¶
For example, IOAM may provide essential functions along with network slicing to help ensure that critical network slice SLOs are being met by the network provider. In this case, IOAM can collect key performance measurement parameters of network slice traffic flow as it traverses the transport network.¶
This document has no IANA actions.¶
In section 7 of "MPLS Network Action (MNA) Framework", [I-D.ietf-mpls-mna-fwk], the security considerations for non-protocol specifying documents, these considerations has been verified by the authors and do fully apply to this document.¶
The security considerations for each and every use case are not discussed in this document, they belong in the future solutions document for each use case.¶
It is recommended that that these solution documents be reviewed by security experts early in their life cycles, e.g., in WG LC time.¶
The authors gratefully acknowledge the input of the members of the MPLS Open Design Team. Also, the authors sincerely thank Loa Andersson, Xiao Min, and Jie Dong for their thoughtful suggestions and help in improving the document.¶
Several use cases for which MNA can provide a viable solution have been discussed. The discussion of these aspirational cases is ongoing at the time of publication of the document.¶
The Generic Delivery Functions (GDFs), defined in [I-D.zzhang-intarea-generic-delivery-functions], provide a new mechanism to support functions analogous to those supported through the IPv6 Extension Headers mechanism. For example, GDF can support fragmentation/reassembly functionality in the MPLS network by using the Generic Fragmentation Header. MNA can support GDF by placing a GDF header in an MPLS packet within the Post-Stack Data block [I-D.ietf-mpls-mna-fwk]. Multiple GDF headers can also be present in the same MPLS packet organized as a list of headers.¶
The routers in a network can perform two distinct functions on incoming packets, namely forwarding (where the packet should be sent) and scheduling (when the packet should be sent). IEEE-802.1 Time Sensitive Networking (TSN) and Deterministic Networking provide several mechanisms for scheduling under the assumption that routers are time-synchronized. The most effective mechanisms for delay minimization involve per-flow resource allocation.¶
Segment Routing (SR) is a forwarding paradigm that allows encoding forwarding instructions in the packet in a stack data structure rather than being programmed into the routers. The SR instructions are contained within a packet in the form of a First-in, First-out stack dictating the forwarding decisions of successive routers. Segment routing may be used to choose a path sufficiently short to be capable of providing a bounded end-to-end latency but does not influence the queueing of individual packets in each router along that path.¶
When carried over the MPLS data plane, a solution is required to enable the delivery of such packets that can be delivered to their final destination within a given time budget. One approach to address this use case in SR-MPLS was described in [I-D.stein-srtsn].¶
One efficient data structure for inserting local deadlines into the headers is a "stack", similar to that used in Segment Routing to carry forwarding instructions. The number of deadline values in the stack equals the number of routers the packet needs to traverse in the network, and each deadline value corresponds to a specific router. The Top-of-Stack (ToS) corresponds to the first router's deadline, while the MPLS BoS refers to the last. All local deadlines in the stack are later or equal to the current time (upon which all routers agree), and times closer to the ToS are always earlier or equal to times closer to the MPLS BoS.¶
The ingress router inserts the deadline stack into the packet headers; no other router needs to know the time-bound flows' requirements. Hence, admitting a new flow only requires updating the ingress router's information base.¶
MPLS LSRs that expose the ToS label can also inspect the associated "deadline" carried in the packet (either in the MPLS stack as In-Stack Data or after BoS as Post-Stack Data).¶