| Internet-Draft | MOPS AR Use Case | May 2024 |
| Krishna & Rahman | Expires 17 November 2024 | [Page] |
This document explores the issues involved in the use of Edge Computing resources to operationalize media use cases that involve Extended Reality (XR) applications. In particular, this document discusses those applications that run on devices having different form factors (such as different physical sizes and shapes) and need Edge computing resources to mitigate the effect of problems such as a need to support interactive communication requiring low latency, limited battery power, and heat dissipation from those devices. The intended audience for this document are network operators who are interested in providing edge computing resources to operationalize the requirements of such applications. This document discusses the expected behavior of XR applications which can be used to manage the traffic. In addition, the document discusses the service requirements of XR applications to be able to run on the network.¶
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Extended Reality (XR) is a term that includes Augmented Reality (AR), Virtual Reality (VR) and Mixed Reality (MR) [XR]. AR combines the real and virtual, is interactive and is aligned to the physical world of the user [AUGMENTED_2]. On the other hand, VR places the user inside a virtual environment generated by a computer [AUGMENTED].MR merges the real and virtual world along a continuum that connects completely real environment at one end to a completely virtual environment at the other end. In this continuum, all combinations of the real and virtual are captured [AUGMENTED].¶
XR applications will bring several requirements for the network and the mobile devices running these applications. Some XR applications such as AR require a real-time processing of video streams to recognize specific objects. This is then used to overlay information on the video being displayed to the user. In addition, XR applications such as AR and VR will also require generation of new video frames to be played to the user. Both the real-time processing of video streams and the generation of overlay information are computationally intensive tasks that generate heat [DEV_HEAT_1], [DEV_HEAT_2] and drain battery power [BATT_DRAIN] on the mobile device running the XR application. Consequently, in order to run applications with XR characteristics on mobile devices, computationally intensive tasks need to be offloaded to resources provided by Edge Computing.¶
Edge Computing is an emerging paradigm where for the purpose of this document, computing resources and storage are made available in close network proximity at the edge of the Internet to mobile devices and sensors [EDGE_1], [EDGE_2]. A computing resource or storage is in close network proximity to a mobile device or sensor if there is a short and high-capacity network path to it such that the latency and bandwidth requirements of applications running on those mobile devices or sensors can be met. These edge computing devices use cloud technologies that enable them to support offloaded XR applications. In particular, the edge devices deploy cloud computing implementation techniques such as [EDGE_3]:¶
Such techniques enable XR applications requiring low-latency and high bandwidth to be delivered by mini-clouds running on proximate edge devices. This is because the disaggregated components can run on proximate edge devices rather than on remote cloud several hops away and deliver low latency, high bandwidth service to offloaded applications [EDGE_2].¶
This document discusses the issues involved when edge computing resources are offered by network operators to operationalize the requirements of XR applications running on devices with various form factors. A network operator for the purposes of this document is any organization or individual that manages or operates the compute resources or storage in close network proximity to a mobile device or sensors. Examples of form factors include Head Mounted Displays (HMD) such as Optical-see through HMDs and video-see-through HMDs and Hand-held displays. Smart phones with video cameras and location sensing capabilities using systems such as a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) are another example of such devices. These devices have limited battery capacity and dissipate heat when running. Besides as the user of these devices moves around as they run the XR application, the wireless latency and bandwidth available to the devices fluctuates and the communication link itself might fail. As a result, algorithms such as those based on adaptive-bit-rate techniques that base their policy on heuristics or models of deployment perform sub-optimally in such dynamic environments [ABR_1]. In addition, network operators can expect that the parameters that characterize the expected behavior of XR applications are heavy tailed. Heaviness of tails is defined as the difference from the normal distribution in the proportion of the values that fall a long way from the mean [HEAVY_TAIL_3]. Such workloads require appropriate resource management policies to be used on the Edge. The service requirements of XR applications are also challenging when compared to the current video applications. In particular several Quality of Experience (QoE) factors such as motion sickness are unique to XR applications and must be considered when operationalizing a network. This document motivates these issues with a use-case that is presented in the following sections.¶
A use case is now described that involves an application with XR systems' characteristics. Consider a group of tourists who are being conducted in a tour around the historical site of the Tower of London. As they move around the site and within the historical buildings, they can watch and listen to historical scenes in 3D that are generated by the XR application and then overlaid by their XR headsets onto their real-world view. The headset then continuously updates their view as they move around.¶
The XR application first processes the scene that the walking tourist is watching in real-time and identifies objects that will be targeted for overlay of high-resolution videos. It then generates high-resolution 3D images of historical scenes related to the perspective of the tourist in real-time. These generated video images are then overlaid on the view of the real-world as seen by the tourist.¶
This processing of scenes and generation of high-resolution images is now discussed in greater detail.¶
The task of processing a scene can be broken down into a pipeline of three consecutive subtasks namely tracking, followed by an acquisition of a model of the real world, and finally registration [AUGMENTED].¶
Tracking: The XR application that runs on the mobile device needs to track the six-dimensional pose (translational in the three perpendicular axes and rotational about those three axes) of the user's head, eyes and the objects that are in view [AUGMENTED]. This requires tracking natural features (for example points or edges of objects) that are then used in the next stage of the pipeline.¶
Acquisition of a model of the real world: The tracked natural features are used to develop a model of the real world. One of the ways this is done is to develop an annotated point cloud (a set of points in space that are annotated with descriptors) based model that is then stored in a database. To ensure that this database can be scaled up, techniques such as combining a client-side simultaneous tracking and mapping and a server-side localization are used to construct a model of the real world [SLAM_1], [SLAM_2], [SLAM_3], [SLAM_4]. Another model that can be built is based on polygon mesh and texture mapping technique. The polygon mesh encodes a 3D object's shape which is expressed as a collection of small flat surfaces that are polygons. In texture mapping, color patterns are mapped on to an object's surface. A third modelling technique uses a 2D lightfield that describes the intensity or color of the light rays arriving at a single point from arbitrary directions. Such a 2D lightfield is stored as a two-dimensional table. Assuming distant light sources, the single point is approximately valid for small scenes. For larger scenes, many 3D positions are additionally stored making the table 5D. A set of all such points (either 2D or 5D lightfield) can then be used to construct a model of the real world [AUGMENTED].¶
Registration: The coordinate systems, brightness, and color of virtual and real objects need to be aligned with each other and this process is called registration [REG]. Once the natural features are tracked as discussed above, virtual objects are geometrically aligned with those features by geometric registration. This is followed by resolving occlusion that can occur between virtual and the real objects [OCCL_1], [OCCL_2]. The XR application also applies photometric registration [PHOTO_REG] by aligning the brightness and color between the virtual and real objects. Additionally, algorithms that calculate global illumination of both the virtual and real objects [GLB_ILLUM_1], [GLB_ILLUM_2] are executed. Various algorithms to deal with artifacts generated by lens distortion [LENS_DIST], blur [BLUR], noise [NOISE] etc. are also required.¶
The XR application must generate a high-quality video that has the properties described in the previous step and overlay the video on the XR device's display- a step called situated visualization. A situated visualization is a visualization in which the virtual objects that need to be seen by the XR user are overlaid correctly on the real world. This entails dealing with registration errors that may arise, ensuring that there is no visual interference [VIS_INTERFERE], and finally maintaining temporal coherence by adapting to the movement of user's eyes and head.¶
The components of XR applications perform tasks such as real-time generation and processing of high-quality video content that are computationally intensive. As a result, on XR devices such as XR glasses excessive heat is generated by the chip-sets that are involved in the computation [DEV_HEAT_1], [DEV_HEAT_2]. Additionally, the battery on such devices discharges quickly when running such applications [BATT_DRAIN].¶
A solution to the heat dissipation and battery drainage problem is to offload the processing and video generation tasks to the remote cloud. However, running such tasks on the cloud is not feasible as the end-to-end delays must be within the order of a few milliseconds. Additionally, such applications require high bandwidth and low jitter to provide a high QoE to the user. In order to achieve such hard timing constraints, computationally intensive tasks can be offloaded to Edge devices.¶
Another requirement for our use case and similar applications such as 360-degree streaming (streaming of video that represents a view in every direction in 3D space) is that the display on the XR device should synchronize the visual input with the way the user is moving their head. This synchronization is necessary to avoid motion sickness that results from a time-lag between when the user moves their head and when the appropriate video scene is rendered. This time lag is often called "motion-to-photon" delay. Studies have shown [PER_SENSE], [XR], [OCCL_3] that this delay can be at most 20ms and preferably between 7-15ms in order to avoid the motion sickness problem. Out of these 20ms, display techniques including the refresh rate of write displays and pixel switching take 12-13ms [OCCL_3], [CLOUD]. This leaves 7-8ms for the processing of motion sensor inputs, graphic rendering, and round-trip-time (RTT) between the XR device and the Edge. The use of predictive techniques to mask latencies has been considered as a mitigating strategy to reduce motion sickness [PREDICT]. In addition, Edge Devices that are proximate to the user might be used to offload these computationally intensive tasks. Towards this end, a 3GPP study indicates an Ultra Reliable Low Latency of 0.1ms to 1ms for communication between an Edge server and User Equipment (UE) [URLLC].¶
Note that the Edge device providing the computation and storage is itself limited in such resources compared to the Cloud. So, for example, a sudden surge in demand from a large group of tourists can overwhelm that device. This will result in a degraded user experience as their XR device experiences delays in receiving the video frames. In order to deal with this problem, the client XR applications will need to use Adaptive Bit Rate (ABR) algorithms that choose bit-rates policies tailored in a fine-grained manner to the resource demands and playback the videos with appropriate QoE metrics as the user moves around with the group of tourists.¶
However, heavy-tailed nature of several operational parameters makes prediction-based adaptation by ABR algorithms sub-optimal [ABR_2]. This is because with such distributions, law of large numbers (how long does it take for sample mean to stabilize) works too slowly [HEAVY_TAIL_2], the mean of sample does not equal the mean of distribution [HEAVY_TAIL_2], and as a result standard deviation and variance are unsuitable as metrics for such operational parameters [HEAVY_TAIL_1]. Other subtle issues with these distributions include the "expectation paradox" [HEAVY_TAIL_1] where the longer the wait for an event, the longer a further need to wait and the issue of mismatch between the size and count of events [HEAVY_TAIL_1]. This makes designing an algorithm for adaptation error-prone and challenging. Such operational parameters include but are not limited to buffer occupancy, throughput, client-server latency, and variable transmission times. In addition, edge devices and communication links may fail and logical communication relationships between various software components change frequently as the user moves around with their XR device [UBICOMP].¶
As discussed earlier, the parameters that capture the characteristics of XR application behavior are heavy tailed. Examples of such parameters include the distribution of arrival times between XR application invocation, the amount of data transferred, and the inter-arrival times of packets within a session. As a result, any traffic model based on such parameters are themselves heavy-tailed. Using these models to predict performance under alternative resource allocations by the network operator is challenging. For example, both uplink and downlink traffic to a user device has parameters such as volume of XR data, burst time, and idle time that are heavy tailed.¶
Table 1 below shows various XR applications and their associated throughput requirements [METRICS_1]. Our use case envisages a 6 degrees of freedom (6DoF) video or point cloud and so will require 200 to 1000Mbps of bandwidth. As seen from the table, the XR application such as our use case transmit a larger amount of data per unit time as compared to traditional video applications. As a result, issues arising out of heavy tailed parameters such as long-range dependent traffic [METRICS_2], self-similar traffic [METRICS_3], would be experienced at time scales of milliseconds and microseconds rather than hours or seconds. Additionally, burstiness at the time scale of tens of milliseconds due to multi-fractal spectrum of traffic will be experienced [METRICS_4]. Long-range dependent traffic can have long bursts and various traffic parameters from widely separated time can show correlation [HEAVY_TAIL_1]. Self-similar traffic contains bursts at a wide range of time scales [HEAVY_TAIL_1]. Multi-fractal spectrum bursts for traffic summarizes the statistical distribution of local scaling exponents found in a traffic trace [HEAVY_TAIL_1]. The operational consequences of XR traffic having characteristics such as long-range dependency, and self-similarity is that the edge servers to which multiple XR devices are connected wirelessly could face long bursts of traffic [METRICS_2], [METRICS_3]. In addition, multi-fractal spectrum burstiness at the scale of milli-seconds could induce jitter contributing to motion sickness [METRICS_4]. This is because bursty traffic combined with variable queueing delays leads to large delay jitter [METRICS_4]. The operators of edge servers will need to run a 'managed edge cloud service' [METRICS_5] to deal with the above problems. Functionalities that such a managed edge cloud service could operationally provide include dynamic placement of XR servers, mobility support and energy management [METRICS_6]. Providing Edge server support for the techniques being developed at the DETNET Working Group at the IETF could guarantee performance of XR applications.¶
| Application | Throughput Required |
|---|---|
|
Image and Workflow Downloading¶ |
1 Mbps¶ |
|
Video Conferencing¶ |
2 Mbps¶ |
|
3D Model and Data Visualization¶ |
2 to 20 Mbps¶ |
|
Two-way Telepresence¶ |
5 to 25 Mbps¶ |
|
Current-Gen 360-degree video (4K)¶ |
10 to 50 Mbps¶ |
|
Next-Gen 360-degree video (8K, 90+ FPS, HDR, Stereoscopic)¶ |
50 to 200 Mbps¶ |
|
6DoF Video or Point Cloud¶ |
200 to 1000 Mbps¶ |
Thus, the provisioning of edge servers in terms of the number of servers, the topology, where to place them, the assignment of link capacity, CPUs and GPUs should keep the above factors in mind.¶
The performance requirements for XR traffic have characteristics that need to be considered when operationalizing a network. These characteristics are now discussed.¶
The bandwidth requirements of XR applications are substantially higher than those of video-based applications.¶
The latency requirements of XR applications have been studied recently [XR_TRAFFIC]. The following characteristics were identified.:¶
Additionally, XR applications interact with each other on a time scale of a round-trip-time propagation, and this must be considered when operationalizing a network.¶
The following Table 2 [METRICS_6] shows a taxonomy of applications with their associated required response times and bandwidths. Response times can be defined as the time interval between the end of a request submission and the end of the corresponding response from a system. If the XR device offloads a task to an edge server, the response time of the server is the round-trip time from when a data packet is sent from the XR device until a response is received. Note that the required response time provides an upper bound on the sum of the time taken by computational tasks such as processing of scenes, generation of images and the round-trip time. This response time depends only on the Quality of Service (QOS) required by an application. The response time is therefore independent of the underlying technology of the network and the time taken by the computational tasks.¶
Our use case requires a response time of 20ms at most and preferably between 7-15ms as discussed earlier. The required bandwidth for our use case as discussed in section 5.1, Table 1, is 200Mbps-1000Mbps. Since our use case envisages multiple users running the XR applications on their devices, and connected to an edge server that is closest to them, these latency and bandwidth connections will grow linearly with the number of users. The operators should match the network provisioning to the maximum number of tourists that can be supported by a link to an edge server.¶
| Application | Required Response Time | Expected Data Capacity | Possible Implementations/ Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Mobile XR based remote assistance with uncompressed 4K (1920x1080 pixels) 120 fps HDR 10-bit real-time video stream¶ |
Less than 10 milliseconds¶ |
Greater than 7.5 Gbps¶ |
Assisting maintenance technicians, Industry 4.0 remote maintenance, remote assistance in robotics industry¶ |
|
Indoor and localized outdoor navigation¶ |
Less than 20 milliseconds¶ |
50 to 200 Mbps¶ |
Theme Parks, Shopping Malls, Archaeological Sites, Museum guidance¶ |
|
Cloud-based Mobile XR applications¶ |
Less than 50 milliseconds¶ |
50 to 100 Mbps¶ |
Google Live View, XR-enhanced Google Translate¶ |
In order to operationalize a use case such as the one presented in this document, a network operator could dimension their network to provide a short and high-capacity network path from the edge compute resources or storage to the mobile devices running the XR application. This is required to ensure a response time of 20ms at most and preferably between 7-15ms. Additionally, a bandwidth of 200 to 1000Mbps is required by such applications. To deal with the characteristics of XR traffic as discussed in this document, network operators could deploy a managed edge cloud service that operationally provides dynamic placement of XR servers, mobility support and energy management. Although the use case is technically feasible, economic viability is an important factor that must be considered.¶
This document has no IANA actions.¶
The security issues for the presented use case are similar to other streaming applications. This document itself introduces no new security issues.¶
Many Thanks to Spencer Dawkins, Rohit Abhishek, Jake Holland, Kiran Makhijani, Ali Begen, Cullen Jennings, Stephan Wenger, Eric Vyncke, Wesley Eddy, and Paul Kyzivat for providing very helpful feedback, suggestions and comments.¶