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Copyright © The Internet Society (2006).
This memo describes a framework for composing and aggregating metrics (both in time and in space) defined by RFC 2330 and developed by the IPPM working group. The framework describes the generic composition and aggregation mechanisms. It provides a basis for additional documents that implement this framework for detailed, and practically useful, compositions and aggregations of metrics.
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 (Bradner, S., “Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels,” March 1997.) [RFC2119].
1.
Introduction
1.1.
Motivation
2.
Purpose and Scope
3.
Description of Metric Types
3.1.
Time Aggregation Description
3.2.
Spatial Aggregation Description
3.3.
Spatial Composition Description
3.4.
Help Metrics
3.5.
Higher Order Composition
4.
Requirements for Composed Metrics
5.
Guidelines for Defining Composed Metrics
5.1.
Ground Truth: Comparison with other IPPM Metrics
5.2.
Deviation from the Ground Truth
6.
IANA Considerations
7.
Security Considerations
8.
Acknowledgements
9.
References
9.1.
Normative References
9.2.
Informative References
§
Authors' Addresses
§
Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements
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The IPPM framework RFC 2330 [RFC2330] describes two forms of metric composition, spatial and temporal. Also, the text suggests that the concepts of the analytical framework (or A-frame) would help to develop useful relationships to derive the composed metrics from real metrics. The effectiveness of composed metrics is dependent on their usefulness in analysis and applicability to practical measurement circumstances.
This memo expands on the notion of composition, and provides a detailed framework for several classes of metrics that were mentioned in the original IPPM framework. The classes include temporal aggregation, spatial aggregation, and spatial composition.
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The deployment of a measurement infrastructure and the collection of elementary measurements are not enough to understand and keep under control the network's behaviour. Network measurements need in general to be post-processed to be useful for the several tasks of network engineering and management. The first step of this post processing is often a process of "composition" of single measurements or measurement sets into other ones. The reasons for doing so are briefly introduced here.
A first reason, mainly applicable to network engineering, is scaleability. Due to the number of network elements in large networks, it is impossible to perform measurements from each element to all others. It is necessary to select a set of links of special interest and to perform the measurements there. Examples for this are active measurements of one-way delay, jitter, and loss.
Another reason may be data reduction (opposite need with respect to the previous one, where more data is generated). This is of interest for network planners and managers. Let us assume that there is network domain in which delay measurements are performed among a subset of its elements. A network manager might ask whether there is a problem with the network delay in general. Therefore, it would be desirable to obtain a single value giving an indication of the general network delay. This value has to be calculated from the elementary delay measurements, but it not obvious how: for example, it does not seem to be reasonable to average all delay measurements, as some links (e.g. having a higher bandwidth or more important customers) might be considered more important than others.
Moreover, metric manipulation (or "composition") can be helpful to provide, from raw measurement data, some tangible, well-understood and agreed upon information about the services guarantees provided by a network. Such information can be used in the SLA/SLS contracts among a Provider and its Customers Finally, another important reason for composing measurements is to perform trend analysis. For doing so, a single value for an hour, a day or, a month is computed from the basic measurements which are scheduled e.g. every five minutes. In doing so, trends can be more easily witnessed, like an increasing usage of a backbone link which might require the installation of alternative links or the rerouting of some network flows.
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The purpose of this memo is provide a common framework for the various classes of metrics based on composition of primary metrics. The scope is limited to the definitions of metrics that are composed from primary metrics using a deterministic relationship. Key information about each metric, such as its assumptions under which the relationship holds, and possible sources of error/circumstances where the composition may fail, are included.
This memo will retain the terminology of the IPPM Framework as much as possible, but will extend the terminology when necessary.
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This section defines the various classes of Composition. There are two classes more accurately referred to as aggregation over time and space, and the third is simply composition in space.
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Firstly, aggregation in time is defined as the composition of metrics with the same type and scope obtained in different time instants or time windows. For example, starting from a time series of One-Way Delay measurements on a certain network path obtained in 5-minute periods and averaging groups of 12 consecutive values, a time series measurement with a coarser resolution. The main reason for doing time aggregation is to reduce the amount of data that has to be stored, and make the visualization/spotting of regular cycles and/or growing or decreasing trends easier. Another useful application is to detect anomalies or abnormal changes in the network characteristics.
Note that in RFC 2330, the term temporal composition is introduced, but with a different meaning than the one given here to aggregation in time. The temporal composition considered there refers to methodologies to predict future metrics on the basis of past observations, exploiting the time correlation that certain metrics can exhibit. We do not consider this type of composition here.
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Aggregation in space is defined as the composition of metrics of the same type but with different scope. This composition may involve weighing the contributions of the several input metrics. For example, if we want to compose together the average OWD of the several Origin- Destination pairs of a network domain (thus where the inputs are already "statistics" metrics) it makes sense to weight each metric according to the traffic carried on the relative OD pair: OWD_sum=f1*OWD_1+f2*OWD_2+...+fn*OWD_n where fi=load_OD_i/total_load. Another example of metric that could be "aggregated in space", is the maximum edge-to-edge delay across a single domain. Assume that a Service Provider wants to advertise the maximum delay that transit traffic will experience while passing through his/her domain. As there are multiple edge-to-edge paths across a domain, shown with different coloured arrows in the following figure, the Service Provider has to either advertise a list of delays each of them corresponding to a specific edge-to-edge path, or advertise a maximum value. The latter approach is more scalable and simplifies the advertisement of measurement information via interdomain protocols, such as BGP. Similar operations can be provided to other metrics, e.g. "maximum edge-to-edge packet loss", etc. We suggest that space aggregation is generally useful to obtain a summary view of the behaviour of large network portions, or in general of coarser aggregates. The metric collection time instant, i.e. the metric collection time window of measured metrics is not considered in space aggregation. We assume that either it is consistent for all the composed metrics, e.g. compose a set of average delays all referred to the same time window, or the time window of each composed metric does not affect aggregated metric.
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The concatenation in space is defined as the composition of metrics of same type and different (physical and non-overlapping) spatial scope, so that the resulting metric is representative of what the metric would be if directly obtained with a direct measurement over the sequence of the several spatial scopes. An example is the sum of OWDs of different edge-to- edge domain's delays, where the intermediate edge points are close to each other or happen to be the same. In this way, we can for example estimate OWD_AC starting from the knowledge of OWD_AB and OWD_BC.
Different from aggregation in space, all path's portions contribute equally to the composed metric, independent of the traffic load present.
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Finally, note that in practice there is often the need of extracting a new metric making some computation over one or more metrics with the same spatial and time scope. For example, the composed metric rtt_sample_variance may be composed from two different metrics: the help metric rtt_square_sum and the statistical metric rtt_sum. This operation is however more a simple calculation and not an aggregation or a concatenation, and we'll not investigate it further in this document.
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Composed metrics might themselves be subject to further concatenation or aggregation. An example would be a maximal domain obtained through the spatial composition of end-to-end delays, that are themselves obtained through spatial composition. All requirements for first order composition metrics apply to higher order composition.
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The definitions for all composed metrics MUST include sections to treat the following topics.
The description of each metric will clearly state:
Each metric will require a relationship to determine the aggregated or composed metric. The relationships may involve conjecture, and [RFC2330] lists four points that the metric definitions should include:
For each metric, the applicable circumstances are defined, in terms of whether the composition or aggregation:
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Figure 1 illustrates the process to derive a metric using spatial composition, and compares the composed metric to other IPPM metrics.
Metrics <M1, M2, M3> describe the performance of sub-paths between the Source and Destination of interest during time interval <T, Tf>. These metrics are the inputs for a Composition Relationship that produces a Composed Metric.
Sub-Path Metrics ++ M1 ++ ++ M2 ++ ++ M3 ++ Src ||.......|| ||.......|| ||.......|| Dst ++ `. ++ ++ | ++ ++ .' ++ `. | .-' `-. | .' `._..|.._.' ,-' `-. ,' `. | Composition | \ Relationship ' `._ _,' `--.....--' | ++ | ++ Src ||...............................|| Dst ++ Composed Metric ++ ++ Complete Path Metric ++ Src ||...............................|| Dst ++ ++ Spatial Metric ++ S1 ++ S2 ++ S3 ++ Src ||........||.........||..........|| Dst ++ ++ ++ ++
Figure 1 Comparison with other IPPM metrics
The Composed Metric is an estimate of an actual metric collected over the complete Source to Destination path. We say that the Complete Path Metric represents the "Ground Truth" for the Composed Metric. In other words, Composed Metrics seek to minimize error w.r.t. the Complete Path Metric.
Further, we observe that a Spatial Metric I-D.ietf-ippm-multimetrics (Stephan, E., “IP Performance Metrics (IPPM) for spatial and multicast,” January 2006.) [I-D.ietf-ippm-multimetrics]collected for packets traveling over the same set of sub-paths provide a basis for the Ground Truth of the individual Sub-Path metrics. We note that mathematical operations may be necessary to isolate the performance of each sub-path.
Next, we consider multiparty metrics as defined in [I-D.ietf-ippm-multimetrics], and their spatial composition. Measurements to each of the Receivers produce an element of the one-to-group metric. These elements can be composed from sub-path metrics and the composed metrics can be combined to create a composed one-to-group metric. Figure 2 illustrates this process.
Sub-Path Metrics ++ M1 ++ ++ M2 ++ ++ M3 ++ Src ||.......|| ||.......|| ||.......||Rcvr1 ++ ++ ++`. ++ ++ ++ `-. M4`.++ ++ M5 ++ || ||.......||Rcvr2 ++ ++`. ++ `-. M6`.++ ||Rcvr3 ++ One-to-Group Metric ++ ++ ++ ++ Src ||........||.........||..........||Rcvr1 ++ ++. ++ ++ `-. `-. ++ ++ `-||..........||Rcvr2 ++. ++ `-. `-. ++ `-.||Rcvr3 ++
Figure 2 Composition of One-to-Group Metrics
Here, Sub-path Metrics M1, M2, and M3 are combined using a relationship to compose the metric applicable to the Src-Rcvr1 path. Similarly, M1, M4, and M5 are used to compose the Src-Rcvr2 metric and M1, M4, and M6 compose the Src-Rcvr3 metric.
The Composed One-to-Group Metric would list the Src-Rcvr metrics for each Receiver in the Group:
(Composed-Rcvr1, Composed-Rcvr2, Composed-Rcvr3)
The "Ground Truth" for this composed metric is of course an actual One-to-Group metric, where a single source packet has been measured after traversing the Complete Paths to the various receivers.
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A metric composition can deviate from the ground truth for several reasons. Two main aspects are:
The description of the metric composition MUST include an section identifying the deviation from the ground truth.
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This document makes no request of IANA.
Note to RFC Editor: this section may be removed on publication as an RFC.
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The authors would like to thank Maurizio Molina, Andy Van Maele, Andreas Haneman, Igor Velimirovic, Andreas Solberg, Athanassios Liakopulos, David Schitz, Nicolas Simar and the Geant2 Project. We also acknowledge comments and suggestions from Emile Stephan and Lei Liang.
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[I-D.ietf-ippm-multimetrics] | Stephan, E., “IP Performance Metrics (IPPM) for spatial and multicast,” draft-ietf-ippm-multimetrics-00 (work in progress), January 2006. |
[RFC2119] | Bradner, S., “Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels,” BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997 (TXT, HTML, XML). |
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Al Morton (editor) | |
AT&T Labs | |
200 Laurel Avenue South | |
Middletown,, NJ 07748 | |
USA | |
Phone: | +1 732 420 1571 |
Fax: | +1 732 368 1192 |
Email: | acmorton@att.com |
URI: | http://home.comcast.net/~acmacm/ |
Steven Van den Berghe (editor) | |
Ghent University - IBBT | |
G. Crommenlaan 8 bus 201 | |
Gent 9050 | |
Belgium | |
Phone: | +32 9 331 49 73 |
Email: | steven.vandenberghe@intec.ugent.be |
URI: | http://www.ibcn.intec.ugent.be |
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