Internet-Draft | I2NSF Capability YANG Data Model | September 2021 |
Hares, et al. | Expires 19 March 2022 | [Page] |
This document defines an information model and the corresponding YANG data model for the capabilities of various Network Security Functions (NSFs) in the Interface to Network Security Functions (I2NSF) framework to centrally manage the capabilities of the various NSFs.¶
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As the industry becomes more sophisticated and network devices (e.g., Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices, autonomous vehicles, and smartphones using Voice over IP (VoIP) and Voice over LTE (VoLTE)) require advanced security protection in various scenarios, security service providers have a lot of problems described in [RFC8192] to provide such network devices with efficient and reliable security services in network infrastructure. To resolve these problems, this document specifies the information and data models of the capabilities of Network Security Functions (NSFs) in a framework of the Interface to Network Security Functions (I2NSF) [RFC8329].¶
NSFs produced by multiple security vendors provide various security capabilities to customers. Multiple NSFs can be combined together to provide security services over the given network traffic, regardless of whether the NSFs are implemented as physical or virtual functions. Security Capabilities describe the functions that Network Security Functions (NSFs) can provide for security policy enforcement. Security Capabilities are independent of the actual security policy that will implement the functionality of the NSF.¶
Every NSF SHOULD be described with the set of capabilities it offers. Security Capabilities enable security functionality to be described in a vendor-neutral manner. Security Capabilities are a market enabler, providing a way to define customized security protection by unambiguously describing the security features offered by a given NSF. Note that this YANG data model structurizes the NSF Monitoring Interface YANG data model [I-D.ietf-i2nsf-nsf-monitoring-data-model] and the NSF-Facing Interface YANG Data Model [I-D.ietf-i2nsf-nsf-facing-interface-dm].¶
This document provides an information model and the corresponding YANG data model [RFC6020][RFC7950] that defines the capabilities of NSFs to centrally manage the capabilities of those NSFs. The NSFs can register their own capabilities into a Network Operator Management (Mgmt) System (i.e., Security Controller) with this YANG data model through the registration interface [RFC8329]. With the database of the capabilities of those NSFs that are maintained centrally, those NSFs can be more easily managed [RFC8329].¶
This YANG data model uses an "Event-Condition-Action" (ECA) policy model that is used as the basis for the design of I2NSF Policy as described in [RFC8329] and Section 3.1. The "ietf-i2nsf-capability" YANG module defined in this document provides the following features:¶
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.¶
This document uses the terminology described in [RFC8329].¶
This document follows the guidelines of [RFC8407], uses the common YANG types defined in [RFC6991], and adopts the Network Management Datastore Architecture (NMDA). The meaning of the symbols in tree diagrams is defined in [RFC8340].¶
This section provides the I2NSF Capability Information Model (CapIM). A CapIM is a formalization of the functionality that an NSF advertises. This enables the precise specification of what an NSF can do in terms of security policy enforcement, so that computer-based tasks can unambiguously refer to, use, configure, and manage NSFs. Capabilities MUST be defined in a vendor- and technology-independent manner (e.g., regardless of the differences among vendors and individual products).¶
Humans can refer to categories of security controls and understand each other. For instance, network security experts agree on what is meant by the terms "NAT", "filtering", and "VPN concentrator". As a further example, network security experts unequivocally refer to "packet filters" as stateless devices that allow or deny packet forwarding based on various conditions (e.g., source and destination IP addresses, source and destination ports, and IP protocol type fields) [Alshaer].¶
However, more information is required in case of other devices, like stateful firewalls or application layer filters. These devices filter packets or communications, but there are differences in the packets and communications that they can categorize and the states they maintain. Humans deal with these differences by asking more questions to determine the specific category and functionality of the device. Machines can follow a similar approach, which is commonly referred to as question-answering [Hirschman] [Galitsky]. In this context, the CapIM and the derived data model can provide important and rich information sources.¶
Analogous considerations can be applied for channel protection protocols, where we all understand that they will protect packets by means of symmetric algorithms whose keys could have been negotiated with asymmetric cryptography, but they may work at different layers and support different algorithms and protocols. To ensure protection, these protocols apply integrity, optionally confidentiality, anti-reply protections, and authentication.¶
The CapIM is intended to clarify these ambiguities by providing a formal description of NSF functionality. The set of functions that are advertised MAY be restricted according to the privileges of the user or application that is viewing those functions. I2NSF Capabilities enable unambiguous specification of the security capabilities available in a (virtualized) networking environment, and their automatic processing by means of computer-based techniques.¶
This CapIM includes enabling a security controller in an I2NSF framework [RFC8329] to properly identify and manage NSFs, and allow NSFs to properly declare their functionality through a Developer's Management System (DMS) [RFC8329], so that they can be used in the correct way.¶
This document defines an information model for representing NSF capabilities. Some basic design principles for security capabilities and the systems that manage them are:¶
Based on the above principles, this document defines a capability model that enables an NSF to register (and hence advertise) its set of capabilities that other I2NSF Components can use. These capabilities MUST have their access control restricted by a policy; this is out of scope for this document. The set of capabilities provided by a given set of NSFs unambiguously defines the security services offered by the set of NSFs used. The security controller can compare the requirements of users and applications with the set of capabilities that are currently available in order to choose which capabilities of which NSFs are needed to meet those requirements. Note that this choice is independent of vendor, and instead relies specifically on the capabilities (i.e., the description) of the functions provided.¶
Furthermore, NSFs are subject to the updates of security capabilities and software to cope with newly found security attacks or threats, hence new capabilities may be created, and/or existing capabilities may be updated (e.g., by updating its signature and algorithm). New capabilities may be sent to and stored in a centralized repository, or stored separately in a vendor's local repository. In either case, Registration Interface can facilitate this update process to Developer's Management System to let the security controller update its repository for NSFs and their security capabilities.¶
The "Event-Condition-Action" (ECA) policy model in [RFC8329] is used as the basis for the design of the capability model; The following three terms define the structure and behavior of an I2NSF imperative policy rule:¶
An I2NSF Policy Rule is made up of three Boolean clauses: an Event clause, a Condition clause, and an Action clause. This structure is also called an ECA (Event-Condition-Action) Policy Rule. A Boolean clause is a logical statement that evaluates to either TRUE or FALSE. It may be made up of one or more terms; if more than one term is present, then each term in the Boolean clause is combined using logical connectives (i.e., AND, OR, and NOT).¶
An I2NSF ECA Policy Rule has the following semantics:¶
Technically, the "Policy Rule" is really a container that aggregates the above three clauses, as well as metadata, which describe the characteristics and behaviors of a capability (or an NSF). Aggregating metadata enables a business logic to be used to prescribe a behavior. For example, suppose a particular ECA Policy Rule contains three actions (A1, A2, and A3, in that order). Action A2 has a priority of 10; actions A1 and A3 have no priority specified. Then, metadata may be used to restrict the set of actions that can be executed when the event and condition clauses of this ECA Policy Rule are evaluated to be TRUE; two examples are: (1) only the first action (A1) is executed, and then the policy rule returns to its caller, or (2) all actions are executed, starting with the highest priority.¶
The above ECA policy model is very general and easily extensible.¶
Formally, two I2NSF Policy Rules conflict with each other if:¶
For example, if we have two Policy Rules called R1 and R2 in the same Policy:¶
There is no conflict between the two policy rules R1 and R2, since the actions are different. However, consider these two rules called R3 and R4:¶
The two policy rules R3 and R4 are now in conflict, between the hours of 9am and 6pm, because the actions of R3 and R4 are different and apply to the same user (i.e., John).¶
Conflicts theoretically compromise the correct functioning of devices. However, NSFs have been designed to cope with these issues. Since conflicts are originated by simultaneously matching rules, an additional process decides the action to be applied, e.g., among the actions which the matching rule would have enforced. This process is described by means of a resolution strategy for conflicts. The finding and handling of conflicted matching rules is performed by resolution strategies in the security controller. The implementation of such resolution strategies is out of scope for I2NSF.¶
On the other hand, it may happen that, if an event is caught, none of the policy rules matches the condition. Note that a packet or flow is handled only when it matches both the event and condition of a policy rule according to the ECA policy model. As a simple case, no condition in the rules may match a packet arriving at the border firewall. In this case, the packet is usually dropped, that is, the firewall has a default behavior of packet dropping in order to manage the cases that are not covered by specific rules.¶
Therefore, this document introduces two further capabilities for an NSF to handle security policy conflicts with resolution strategies and enforce a default action if no rules match.¶
This section provides an overview of how the YANG data model can be used in the I2NSF framework described in [RFC8329]. Figure 1 shows the capabilities (e.g., firewall and web filter) of NSFs in the I2NSF Framework. As shown in this figure, a Developer's Management System (DMS) can register NSFs and their capabilities with a Security Controller. To register NSFs in this way, the DMS utilizes the standardized capability YANG data model in this document through the I2NSF Registration Interface [RFC8329]. That is, this Registration Interface uses the YANG module described in this document to describe the capabilities of an NSF that is registered with the Security Controller. As described in [RFC8192], with the usage of Registration Interface and the YANG module in this document, the NSFs manufactured by multiple vendors can be managed together by the Security Controller in a centralized way and be updated dynamically by each vendor as the NSF has software or hardware updates.¶
In Figure 1, a new NSF at a Developer's Management System has capabilities of Firewall (FW) and Web Filter (WF), which are denoted as (Cap = {FW, WF}), to support Event-Condition-Action (ECA) policy rules where 'E', 'C', and 'A' mean "Event", "Condition", and "Action", respectively. The condition involves IPv4 or IPv6 datagrams, and the action includes "Allow" and "Deny" for those datagrams.¶
Note that the NSF-Facing Interface [RFC8329] is used by the Security Controller to configure the security policy rules of NSFs (e.g., firewall and Distributed-Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attack mitigator) with the capabilities of the NSFs registered with the Security Controller.¶
A use case of an NSF with the capabilities of firewall and web filter is described as follows.¶
This section shows a YANG tree diagram of capabilities of network security functions, as defined in the Section 3.¶
This section explains a YANG tree diagram of NSF capabilities and its features. Figure 2 shows a YANG tree diagram of NSF capabilities. The NSF capabilities in the tree include time capabilities, event capabilities, condition capabilities, action capabilities, resolution strategy capabilities, and default action capabilities. Those capabilities can be tailored or extended according to a vendor's specific requirements. Refer to the NSF capabilities information model for detailed discussion in Section 3.¶
The data model in this document provides identities for the capabilities of NSFs. Every identity in the data model represents the capability of an NSF. Each identity is explained in the description of the identity.¶
Event capabilities are used to specify the capabilities that describe an event that would trigger the evaluation of the condition clause of the I2NSF Policy Rule. The defined event capabilities are system event, system alarm, and time. Time capabilities are used to specify the capabilities which describe when to execute the I2NSF policy rule. The time capabilities are defined in terms of absolute time and periodic time. The absolute time means the exact time to start or end. The periodic time means repeated time like day, week, month, or year.¶
Condition capabilities are used to specify capabilities of a set of attributes, features, and/or values that are to be compared with a set of known attributes, features, and/or values in order to determine whether a set of actions needs to be executed or not so that an imperative I2NSF policy rule can be executed. In this document, two kinds of condition capabilities are used to classify different capabilities of NSFs such as generic-nsf-capabilities and advanced-nsf-capabilities. First, the generic-nsf-capabilities define NSFs that operate on packet header for layer 2 (i.e., Ethernet capability), layer 3 (i.e., IPv4 capability, IPv6 capability, ICMPv4 capability, and ICMPv6 capability.), and layer 4 (i.e., TCP capability, UDP capability, SCTP capability, and DCCP capability). Second, the advanced-nsf-capabilities define NSFs that operate on features different from the generic-nsf-capabilities, e.g., the payload, cross flow state, application layer, traffic statistics, network behavior, etc. This document defines the advanced-nsf into two categories such as content-security-control and attack-mitigation-control.¶
The advanced-nsf can be extended with other types of NSFs. This document only provides five advanced-nsf capabilities, i.e., IPS capability, URL-Filtering capability, Antivirus capability, VoIP/VoLTE Filter capability, and Anti-DDoS capability. Note that VoIP and VoLTE are merged into a single capability in this document because VoIP and VoLTE use the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) [RFC3261] for a call setup. See Section 3.1 for more information about the condition in the ECA policy model.¶
The context capabilities provide extra information for the condition. The given context conditions are application filter, target, user condition, and geography location. The application filter capability is capability in matching the packet based on the application protocol, such as HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, etc. The target capability is capability in matching the type of the target devices, such as PC, IoT, Network Infrastructure devices, etc. The user condition is capability in matching the users of the network by mapping each user ID to an IP address. Users can be combined into one group. The geography location capability is capability in matching the geographical location of a source or destination of a packet.¶
Action capabilities are used to specify the capabilities that describe the control and monitoring aspects of flow-based NSFs when the event and condition clauses are satisfied. The action capabilities are defined as ingress-action capability, egress-action capability, and log-action capability. See Section 3.1 for more information about the action in the ECA policy model. Also, see Section 7.2 (NSF-Facing Flow Security Policy Structure) in [RFC8329] for more information about the ingress and egress actions. In addition, see Section 9.1 (Flow-Based NSF Capability Characterization) in [RFC8329] and Section 7.5 (NSF Logs) in [I-D.ietf-i2nsf-nsf-monitoring-data-model] for more information about logging at NSFs.¶
Resolution strategy capabilities are used to specify the capabilities that describe conflicts that occur between the actions of the same or different policy rules that are matched and contained in this particular NSF. The resolution strategy capabilities are defined as First Matching Rule (FMR), Last Matching Rule (LMR), Prioritized Matching Rule (PMR), Prioritized Matching Rule with Errors (PMRE), and Prioritized Matching Rule with No Errors (PMRN). See Section 3.2 for more information about the resolution strategy.¶
Default action capabilities are used to specify the capabilities that describe how to execute I2NSF policy rules when no rule matches a packet. The default action capabilities are defined as pass, drop, rate-limit, and mirror. See Section 3.2 for more information about the default action.¶
This section introduces a YANG module for NSFs' capabilities, as defined in the Section 3.¶
It makes references to¶
This document requests IANA to register the following URI in the "IETF XML Registry" [RFC3688]:¶
ID: yang:ietf-i2nsf-capability URI: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-i2nsf-capability Registrant Contact: The IESG. XML: N/A; the requested URI is an XML namespace. Filename: [ TBD-at-Registration ] Reference: [ RFC-to-be ]¶
This document requests IANA to register the following YANG module in the "YANG Module Names" registry [RFC7950][RFC8525]:¶
Name: ietf-i2nsf-capability Maintained by IANA? N Namespace: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-i2nsf-capability Prefix: nsfcap Module: Reference: [ RFC-to-be ]¶
This YANG module specifies the capabilities for NSFs. Some of the capabilities in this document MAY require highly sensitive private data to operate properly. The usage of such capability MUST be reported to the users and permitted before using the private information related to the capability. Using any of the capabilities that require private data MUST preserve the privacy by preventing any leakage or unauthorized disclosure of the private data.¶
In regards to the privacy data used, the security for accessibility of the data should be tightly secured and monitored. The Security Considerations are discussed in Section 9.¶
The YANG module specified in this document defines a data schema designed to be accessed through network management protocols such as NETCONF [RFC6241] or RESTCONF [RFC8040]. The lowest layer of NETCONF protocol layers MUST use Secure Shell (SSH) [RFC4254][RFC6242] as a secure transport layer. The lowest layer of RESTCONF protocol layers MUST use HTTP over Transport Layer Security (TLS), that is, HTTPS [RFC7230][RFC8446] as a secure transport layer.¶
The Network Configuration Access Control Model (NACM) [RFC8341] provides a means of restricting access to specific NETCONF or RESTCONF users to a preconfigured subset of all available NETCONF or RESTCONF protocol operations and contents. Thus, NACM SHOULD be used to restrict the NSF registration from unauthorized users.¶
There are a number of data nodes defined in this YANG module that are writable, creatable, and deletable (i.e., config true, which is the default). These data nodes may be considered sensitive or vulnerable in some network environments. Write operations to these data nodes could have a negative effect on network and security operations. These data nodes are collected into a single list node. This list node is defined by list nsf with the following sensitivity/vulnerability:¶
Some of the readable data nodes in this YANG module may be considered sensitive or vulnerable in some network environments. It is thus important to control read access (e.g., via get, get-config, or notification) to these data nodes. These are the subtrees and data nodes with their sensitivity/vulnerability:¶
Some of the features that this document defines capability indicators for are highly sensitive and/or privileged operations that inherently require access to individuals' private data. These are subtrees and data nodes that are considered privacy sensitive:¶
It is noted that some private information is made accessible in this manner. Thus, the nodes/entities given access to this data MUST be tightly secured, monitored, and audited to prevent leakage or other unauthorized disclosure of private data. Refer to [RFC6973] for the description of privacy aspects that protocol designers (including YANG data model designers) should consider along with regular security and privacy analysis.¶
This section shows configuration examples of "ietf-i2nsf-capability" module for capabilities registration of general firewall.¶
This section shows a configuration example for the capabilities registration of a general firewall in either an IPv4 network or an IPv6 network.¶
Figure 4 shows the configuration XML for the capabilities registration of a general firewall as an NSF in an IPv4 network. Its capabilities are as follows.¶
In addition, Figure 5 shows the configuration XML for the capabilities registration of a general firewall as an NSF in an IPv6 network. Its capabilities are as follows.¶
This section shows a configuration example for the capabilities registration of a time-based firewall in either an IPv4 network or an IPv6 network.¶
Figure 6 shows the configuration XML for the capabilities registration of a time-based firewall as an NSF in an IPv4 network. Its capabilities are as follows.¶
In addition, Figure 7 shows the configuration XML for the capabilities registration of a time-based firewall as an NSF in an IPv6 network. Its capabilities are as follows.¶
This section shows a configuration example for the capabilities registration of a web filter.¶
Figure 8 shows the configuration XML for the capabilities registration of a web filter as an NSF. Its capabilities are as follows.¶
This section shows a configuration example for the capabilities registration of a VoIP/VoLTE filter.¶
Figure 9 shows the configuration XML for the capabilities registration of a VoIP/VoLTE filter as an NSF. Its capabilities are as follows.¶
This section shows a configuration example for the capabilities registration of a HTTP and HTTPS flood mitigator.¶
Figure 10 shows the configuration XML for the capabilities registration of a HTTP and HTTPS flood mitigator as an NSF. Its capabilities are as follows.¶
This work was supported by Institute of Information & Communications Technology Planning & Evaluation (IITP) grant funded by the Korea MSIT (Ministry of Science and ICT) (R-20160222-002755, Cloud based Security Intelligence Technology Development for the Customized Security Service Provisioning). This work was supported in part by the IITP grant funded by the MSIT (2020-0-00395, Standard Development of Blockchain based Network Management Automation Technology).¶
This document is made by the group effort of I2NSF working group. Many people actively contributed to this document, such as Acee Lindem, Roman Danyliw, and Tom Petch. The authors sincerely appreciate their contributions.¶
The following are co-authors of this document:¶
Patrick Lingga Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Sungkyunkwan University 2066 Seo-ro Jangan-gu Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419 Republic of Korea EMail: patricklink@skku.edu¶
Liang Xia Huawei 101 Software Avenue Nanjing, Jiangsu 210012 China EMail: Frank.Xialiang@huawei.com¶
Cataldo Basile Politecnico di Torino Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 34 Torino, 10129 Italy EMail: cataldo.basile@polito.it¶
John Strassner Huawei 2330 Central Expressway Santa Clara, CA 95050 USA EMail: John.sc.Strassner@huawei.com¶
Diego R. Lopez Telefonica I+D Zurbaran, 12 Madrid, 28010 Spain Email: diego.r.lopez@telefonica.com¶
Hyoungshick Kim Department of Computer Science and Engineering Sungkyunkwan University 2066 Seo-ro Jangan-gu Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419 Republic of Korea EMail: hyoung@skku.edu¶
Daeyoung Hyun Department of Computer Science and Engineering Sungkyunkwan University 2066 Seo-ro Jangan-gu Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419 Republic of Korea EMail: dyhyun@skku.edu¶
Dongjin Hong Department of Electronic, Electrical and Computer Engineering Sungkyunkwan University 2066 Seo-ro Jangan-gu Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419 Republic of Korea EMail: dong.jin@skku.edu¶
Jung-Soo Park Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute 218 Gajeong-Ro, Yuseong-Gu Daejeon, 34129 Republic of Korea EMail: pjs@etri.re.kr¶
Tae-Jin Ahn Korea Telecom 70 Yuseong-Ro, Yuseong-Gu Daejeon, 305-811 Republic of Korea EMail: taejin.ahn@kt.com¶
Se-Hui Lee Korea Telecom 70 Yuseong-Ro, Yuseong-Gu Daejeon, 305-811 Republic of Korea EMail: sehuilee@kt.com¶