Extensible Prioritization Scheme for HTTP

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Table of Contents

1. Introduction

It is common for representations of an HTTP [HTTP] resource to have relationships to one or more other resources. Clients will often discover these relationships while processing a retrieved representation, which may lead to further retrieval requests. Meanwhile, the nature of the relationship determines whether the client is blocked from continuing to process locally available resources. An example of this is visual rendering of an HTML document, which could be blocked by the retrieval of a CSS file that the document refers to. In contrast, inline images do not block rendering and get drawn incrementally as the chunks of the images arrive.¶

HTTP/2 [HTTP2] and HTTP/3 [HTTP3] support multiplexing of requests and responses in a single connection. An important feature of any implementation of a protocol that provides multiplexing is the ability to prioritize the sending of information. For example, to provide meaningful presentation of an HTML document at the earliest moment, it is important for an HTTP server to prioritize the HTTP responses, or the chunks of those HTTP responses, that it sends to a client.¶

A server that operates in ignorance of how clients issue requests and consume responses can cause suboptimal client application performance. Priority signals allow clients to communicate their view of request priority. Servers have their own needs that are independent from client needs, so they often combine priority signals with other available information in order to inform scheduling of response data.¶

RFC 7540 [RFC7540] stream priority allowed a client to send a series of priority signals that communicate to the server a "priority tree"; the structure of this tree represents the client's preferred relative ordering and weighted distribution of the bandwidth among HTTP responses. Servers could use these priority signals as input into prioritization decision making.¶

The design and implementation of RFC 7540 stream priority was observed to have shortcomings, explained in Section 2. HTTP/2 [HTTP2] has consequently deprecated the use of these stream priority signals.¶

This document describes an extensible scheme for prioritizing HTTP responses that uses absolute values. Section 4 defines priority parameters, which are a standardized and extensible format of priority information. Section 5 defines the Priority HTTP header field, a protocol-version-independent and end-to-end priority signal. Clients can use this header to signal priority to servers in order to specify the precedence of HTTP responses. Similarly, servers behind an intermediary can use it to signal priority to the intermediary. Section 7.1 and Section 7.2 define version-specific frames that carry parameters, which clients can use for reprioritization.¶

Header field and frame priority signals are input to a server's response prioritization process. They are only a suggestion and do not guarantee any particular processing or transmission order for one response relative to any other response. Section 10 and Section 12 provide consideration and guidance about how servers might act upon signals.¶

The prioritization scheme and priority signals defined herein can act as a substitute for RFC 7540 stream priority.¶

2. Motivation for Replacing RFC 7540 Priorities

RFC 7540 stream priority (see Section 5.3 of [RFC7540]) is a complex system where clients signal stream dependencies and weights to describe an unbalanced tree. It suffered from limited deployment and interoperability and was deprecated in a revision of HTTP/2 [HTTP2]. However, in order to maintain wire compatibility, HTTP/2 priority signals are still mandatory to handle (see Section 5.3.2 of [HTTP2]).¶

Clients can build RFC 7540 trees with rich flexibility but experience has shown this is rarely exercised. Instead they tend to choose a single model optimized for a single use case and experiment within the model constraints, or do nothing at all. Furthermore, many clients build their prioritization tree in a unique way, which makes it difficult for servers to understand their intent and act or intervene accordingly.¶

Many RFC 7540 server implementations do not act on HTTP/2 priority signals. Some instead favor custom server-driven schemes based on heuristics or other hints, such as resource content type or request generation order. For example, a server, with knowledge of an HTML document structure, might want to prioritize the delivery of images that are critical to user experience above other images, but below the CSS files. Since client trees vary, it is impossible for the server to determine how such images should be prioritized against other responses.¶

RFC 7540 allows intermediaries to coalesce multiple client trees into a single tree that is used for a single upstream HTTP/2 connection. However, most intermediaries do not support this. Additionally, RFC 7540 does not define a method that can be used by a server to express the priority of a response. Without such a method, intermediaries cannot coordinate client-driven and server-driven priorities.¶

RFC 7540 describes denial-of-service considerations for implementations. On 2019-08-13 Netflix issued an advisory notice about the discovery of several resource exhaustion vectors affecting multiple RFC 7540 implementations. One attack, [CVE-2019-9513] aka "Resource Loop", is based on using priority signals to manipulate the server's stored prioritization state.¶

HTTP/2 priority associated with an HTTP request is signalled as a value relative to those of other requests sharing the same HTTP/2 connection. Therefore, in order to prioritize requests, endpoints are compelled to have the knowledge of the underlying HTTP version and how the requests are coalesced. This has been a burden to HTTP endpoints that generate or forward requests in a version-agnostic manner.¶

HTTP/2 priority signals are required to be delivered and processed in the order they are sent so that the receiver handling is deterministic. Porting HTTP/2 priority signals to protocols that do not provide ordering guarantees presents challenges. For example, HTTP/3 [HTTP3] lacks global ordering across streams that would carry priority signals. Early attempts to port HTTP/2 priority signals to HTTP/3 required adding additional information to the signals, leading to more complicated processing. Problems found with this approach could not be resolved and definition of a HTTP/3 priority signalling feature was removed before publication.¶

Considering the deployment problems and the design restrictions of RFC 7540 stream priority, as well as the difficulties in adapting it to HTTP/3, continuing to base prioritization on this mechanism risks increasing the complexity of systems. Multiple experiments from independent research have shown that simpler schemes can reach at least equivalent performance characteristics compared to the more complex RFC 7540 setups seen in practice, at least for the web use case.¶

3. Applicability of the Extensible Priority Scheme

The priority scheme defined by this document considers only the prioritization of HTTP messages and tunnels, see Section 9, Section 10, and Section 11.¶

Where HTTP extensions change stream behavior or define new data carriage mechanisms, they can also define how this priority scheme can be applied.¶

4. Priority Parameters

The priority information is a sequence of key-value pairs, providing room for future extensions. Each key-value pair represents a priority parameter.¶

The Priority HTTP header field (Section 5) is an end-to-end way to transmit this set of parameters when a request or a response is issued. In order to reprioritize a request, HTTP-version-specific PRIORITY_UPDATE frames (Section 7.1 and Section 7.2) are used by clients to transmit the same information on a single hop. If intermediaries want to specify prioritization on a multiplexed HTTP connection, they SHOULD use a PRIORITY_UPDATE frame and SHOULD NOT change the Priority header field.¶

In both cases, the set of priority parameters is encoded as a Structured Fields Dictionary (see Section 3.2 of [STRUCTURED-FIELDS]).¶

This document defines the urgency(u) and incremental(i) parameters. When receiving an HTTP request that does not carry these priority parameters, a server SHOULD act as if their default values were specified. Note that handling of omitted parameters is different when processing an HTTP response; see Section 8.¶

Receivers parse the Dictionary as defined in Section 4.2 of [STRUCTURED-FIELDS]. Where the Dictionary is successfully parsed, this document places the additional requirement that unknown priority parameters, parameters with out-of-range values, or values of unexpected types MUST be ignored.¶

:method = GET
:scheme = https
:authority = example.net
:path = /style.css
priority = u=0

:method = GET
:scheme = https
:authority = example.net
:path = /image.jpg
priority = u=5, i

5. The Priority HTTP Header Field

The Priority HTTP header field carries priority parameters Section 4. It can appear in requests and responses. It is an end-to-end signal of the request priority from the client or the response priority from the server. Section 8 describes how intermediaries can combine the priority information from client requests and server responses to correct or amend the precedence. Clients cannot interpret the appearance or omission of a Priority response header as acknowledgement that any prioritization has occurred. Guidance for how endpoints can act on Priority header values is given in Section 10 and Section 9.¶

Priority is a Dictionary (Section 3.2 of [STRUCTURED-FIELDS]):¶

Priority   = sf-dictionary

As is the ordinary case for HTTP caching [CACHING], a response with a Priority header field might be cached and re-used for subsequent requests. When an origin server generates the Priority response header field based on properties of an HTTP request it receives, the server is expected to control the cacheability or the applicability of the cached response, by using header fields that control the caching behavior (e.g., Cache-Control, Vary).¶

6. Reprioritization

After a client sends a request, it may be beneficial to change the priority of the response. As an example, a web browser might issue a prefetch request for a JavaScript file with the urgency parameter of the Priority request header field set to u=7 (background). Then, when the user navigates to a page which references the new JavaScript file, while the prefetch is in progress, the browser would send a reprioritization signal with the priority field value set to u=0. The PRIORITY_UPDATE frame (Section 7) can be used for such reprioritization.¶

7. The PRIORITY_UPDATE Frame

This document specifies a new PRIORITY_UPDATE frame for HTTP/2 [HTTP2] and HTTP/3 [HTTP3]. It carries priority parameters and references the target of the prioritization based on a version-specific identifier. In HTTP/2, this identifier is the Stream ID; in HTTP/3, the identifier is either the Stream ID or Push ID. Unlike the Priority header field, the PRIORITY_UPDATE frame is a hop-by-hop signal.¶

PRIORITY_UPDATE frames are sent by clients on the control stream, allowing them to be sent independent from the stream that carries the response. This means they can be used to reprioritize a response or a push stream; or signal the initial priority of a response instead of the Priority header field.¶

A PRIORITY_UPDATE frame communicates a complete set of all parameters in the Priority Field Value field. Omitting a parameter is a signal to use the parameter's default value. Failure to parse the Priority Field Value MUST be treated as a connection error. In HTTP/2 the error is of type PROTOCOL_ERROR; in HTTP/3 the error is of type H3_FRAME_ERROR.¶

A client MAY send a PRIORITY_UPDATE frame before the stream that it references is open (except for HTTP/2 push streams; see Section 7.1). Furthermore, HTTP/3 offers no guaranteed ordering across streams, which could cause the frame to be received earlier than intended. Either case leads to a race condition where a server receives a PRIORITY_UPDATE frame that references a request stream that is yet to be opened. To solve this condition, for the purposes of scheduling, the most recently received PRIORITY_UPDATE frame can be considered as the most up-to-date information that overrides any other signal. Servers SHOULD buffer the most recently received PRIORITY_UPDATE frame and apply it once the referenced stream is opened. Holding PRIORITY_UPDATE frames for each stream requires server resources, which can can be bound by local implementation policy. Although there is no limit to the number of PRIORITY_UPDATES that can be sent, storing only the most recently received frame limits resource commitment.¶

HTTP/2 PRIORITY_UPDATE Frame {
  Length (24),
  Type (i) = 10,

  Unused Flags (8).

  Reserved (1),
  Stream Identifier (31),

  Reserved (1),
  Prioritized Stream ID (31),
  Priority Field Value (..),
}

HTTP/3 PRIORITY_UPDATE Frame {
  Type (i) = 0xF0700..0xF0701,
  Length (i),
  Prioritized Element ID (i),
  Priority Field Value (..),
}

8. Merging Client- and Server-Driven Parameters

It is not always the case that the client has the best understanding of how the HTTP responses deserve to be prioritized. The server might have additional information that can be combined with the client's indicated priority in order to improve the prioritization of the response. For example, use of an HTML document might depend heavily on one of the inline images; existence of such dependencies is typically best known to the server. Or, a server that receives requests for a font [RFC8081] and images with the same urgency might give higher precedence to the font, so that a visual client can render textual information at an early moment.¶

An origin can use the Priority response header field to indicate its view on how an HTTP response should be prioritized. An intermediary that forwards an HTTP response can use the parameters found in the Priority response header field, in combination with the client Priority request header field, as input to its prioritization process. No guidance is provided for merging priorities, this is left as an implementation decision.¶

Absence of a priority parameter in an HTTP response indicates the server's disinterest in changing the client-provided value. This is different from the logic being defined for the request header field, in which omission of a priority parameter implies the use of their default values (see Section 4).¶

As a non-normative example, when the client sends an HTTP request with the urgency parameter set to 5 and the incremental parameter set to true¶

:method = GET
:scheme = https
:authority = example.net
:path = /menu.png
priority = u=5, i

and the origin responds with¶

:status = 200
content-type = image/png
priority = u=1

the intermediary might alter its understanding of the urgency from 5 to 1, because it prefers the server-provided value over the client's. The incremental value continues to be true, the value specified by the client, as the server did not specify the incremental(i) parameter.¶

9. Client Scheduling

A client MAY use priority values to make local processing or scheduling choices about the requests it initiates.¶

10. Server Scheduling

Priority signals are input to a prioritization process. They do not guarantee any particular processing or transmission order for one response relative to any other response. An endpoint cannot force a peer to process concurrent request in a particular order using priority. Expressing priority is therefore only a suggestion.¶

A server can use priority signals along with other inputs to make scheduling decisions. No guidance is provided about how this can or should be done. Factors such as implementation choices or deployment environment also play a role. Any given connection is likely to have many dynamic permutations. For these reasons, there is no unilateral perfect scheduler and this document only provides some basic recommendations for implementations.¶

Clients cannot depend on particular treatment based on priority signals. Servers can use other information to prioritize responses.¶

It is RECOMMENDED that, when possible, servers respect the urgency parameter (Section 4.1), sending higher urgency responses before lower urgency responses.¶

The incremental parameter indicates how a client processes response bytes as they arrive. It is RECOMMENDED that, when possible, servers respect the incremental parameter (Section 4.2). Non-incremental resources can only be used when all of the response payload has been received. Therefore, non-incremental responses of the same urgency SHOULD be served in their entirety, one-by-one, based on the stream ID, which corresponds to the order in which clients make requests. Doing so ensures that clients can use request ordering to influence response order.¶

Incremental responses of the same urgency SHOULD be served by sharing bandwidth amongst them. Incremental resources are used as parts, or chunks, of the response payload are received. A client might benefit more from receiving a portion of all these resources rather than the entirety of a single resource. How large a portion of the resource is needed to be useful in improving performance varies. Some resource types place critical elements early, others can use information progressively. This scheme provides no explicit mandate about how a server should use size, type or any other input to decide how to prioritize.¶

There can be scenarios where a server will need to schedule multiple incremental and non-incremental responses at the same urgency level. Strictly abiding the scheduling guidance based on urgency and request generation order might lead to sub-optimal results at the client, as early non-incremental responses might prevent serving of incremental responses issued later. The following are examples of such challenges.¶

1. At the same urgency level, a non-incremental request for a large resource followed by an incremental request for a small resource.¶
2. At the same urgency level, an incremental request of indeterminate length followed by a non-incremental large resource.¶

It is RECOMMENDED that servers avoid such starvation where possible. The method to do so is an implementation decision. For example, a server might pre-emptively send responses of a particular incremental type based on other information such as content size.¶

Optimal scheduling of server push is difficult, especially when pushed resources contend with active concurrent requests. Servers can consider many factors when scheduling, such as the type or size of resource being pushed, the priority of the request that triggered the push, the count of active concurrent responses, the priority of other active concurrent responses, etc. There is no general guidance on the best way to apply these. A server that is too simple could easily push at too high a priority and block client requests, or push at too low a priority and delay the response, negating intended goals of server push.¶

Priority signals are a factor for server push scheduling. The concept of parameter value defaults applies slightly differently because there is no explicit client-signalled initial priority. A server can apply priority signals provided in an origin response; see the merging guidance given in Section 8. In the absence of origin signals, applying default parameter values could be suboptimal. By whatever means a server decides to schedule a pushed response, it can signal the intended priority to the client by including the Priority field in a PUSH_PROMISE or HEADERS frame.¶

11. Scheduling and the CONNECT Method

When a request stream carries the CONNECT method, the scheduling guidance in this document applies to the frames on the stream. A client that issues multiple CONNECT requests can set the incremental parameter to true, servers that implement the recommendation in Section 10 will schedule these fairly.¶

12. Retransmission Scheduling

Transport protocols such as TCP and QUIC provide reliability by detecting packet losses and retransmitting lost information. While this document specifies HTTP-layer prioritization, its effectiveness can be further enhanced if the transport layer factors priority into scheduling both new data and retransmission data. The remainder of this section discusses considerations when using QUIC.¶

Section 13.3 of [QUIC] states "Endpoints SHOULD prioritize retransmission of data over sending new data, unless priorities specified by the application indicate otherwise". When an HTTP/3 application uses the priority scheme defined in this document and the QUIC transport implementation supports application indicated stream priority, a transport that considers the relative priority of streams when scheduling both new data and retransmission data might better match the expectations of the application. However, there are no requirements on how a transport chooses to schedule based on this information because the decision depends on several factors and trade-offs. It could prioritize new data for a higher urgency stream over retransmission data for a lower priority stream, or it could prioritize retransmission data over new data irrespective of urgencies.¶

Section 6.2.4 of [QUIC-RECOVERY], also highlights consideration of application priorities when sending probe packets after Probe Timeout timer expiration. A QUIC implementation supporting application-indicated priorities might use the relative priority of streams when choosing probe data.¶

13. Fairness

As a general guideline, a server SHOULD NOT use priority information for making scheduling decisions across multiple connections, unless it knows that those connections originate from the same client. Due to this, priority information conveyed over a non-coalesced HTTP connection (e.g., HTTP/1.1) might go unused.¶

The remainder of this section discusses scenarios where unfairness is problematic and presents possible mitigations, or where unfairness is desirable.¶

14. Why use an End-to-End Header Field?

Contrary to the prioritization scheme of HTTP/2 that uses a hop-by-hop frame, the Priority header field is defined as end-to-end.¶

The rationale is that the Priority header field transmits how each response affects the client's processing of those responses, rather than how relatively urgent each response is to others. The way a client processes a response is a property associated to that client generating that request. Not that of an intermediary. Therefore, it is an end-to-end property. How these end-to-end properties carried by the Priority header field affect the prioritization between the responses that share a connection is a hop-by-hop issue.¶

Having the Priority header field defined as end-to-end is important for caching intermediaries. Such intermediaries can cache the value of the Priority header field along with the response, and utilize the value of the cached header field when serving the cached response, only because the header field is defined as end-to-end rather than hop-by-hop.¶

It should also be noted that the use of a header field carrying a textual value makes the prioritization scheme extensible; see the discussion below.¶

15. Security Considerations

[RFC7540] stream prioritization relies on dependencies. Considerations are presented to implementations, describing how limiting state or work commitments can avoid some types of problems. In addition, [CVE-2019-9513] aka "Resource Loop", is an example of a DoS attack that abuses stream dependencies. Extensible priorities does not use dependencies, which avoids these issues.¶

Section 7 describes considerations for server buffering of PRIORITY_UPDATE frames.¶

Section 10 presents examples where servers that prioritize responses in a certain way might be starved of the ability to transmit payload.¶

The security considerations from [STRUCTURED-FIELDS] apply to processing of priority parameters defined in Section 4.¶

16. IANA Considerations

This specification registers the following entry in the the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Field Name Registry established by [HTTP]:¶

Field name:

Priority¶

Status:

permanent¶

Specification document(s):

This document¶

This specification registers the following entry in the HTTP/2 Settings registry established by [RFC7540]:¶

Name:

SETTINGS_NO_RFC7540_PRIORITIES¶

Code:

0x9¶

Initial value:

0¶

Specification:

This document¶

This specification registers the following entry in the HTTP/2 Frame Type registry established by [RFC7540]:¶

Frame Type:

PRIORITY_UPDATE¶

Code:

0x10¶

Specification:

This document¶

This specification registers the following entries in the HTTP/3 Frame Type registry established by [HTTP3]:¶

Frame Type:

PRIORITY_UPDATE¶

Code:

0xF0700 and 0xF0701¶

Specification:

This document¶

Upon publication, please create the HTTP Priority Parameters registry at https://iana.org/assignments/http-priority and populate it with the types defined in Section 4; see Section 4.3.1 for its associated procedures.¶

Appendix A. Acknowledgements

Roy Fielding presented the idea of using a header field for representing priorities in http://tools.ietf.org/agenda/83/slides/slides-83-httpbis-5.pdf. In https://github.com/pmeenan/http3-prioritization-proposal, Patrick Meenan advocated for representing the priorities using a tuple of urgency and concurrency. The ability to disable HTTP/2 prioritization is inspired by [I-D.lassey-priority-setting], authored by Brad Lassey and Lucas Pardue, with modifications based on feedback that was not incorporated into an update to that document.¶

The motivation for defining an alternative to HTTP/2 priorities is drawn from discussion within the broad HTTP community. Special thanks to Roberto Peon, Martin Thomson and Netflix for text that was incorporated explicitly in this document.¶

In addition to the people above, this document owes a lot to the extensive discussion in the HTTP priority design team, consisting of Alan Frindell, Andrew Galloni, Craig Taylor, Ian Swett, Kazuho Oku, Lucas Pardue, Matthew Cox, Mike Bishop, Roberto Peon, Robin Marx, Roy Fielding.¶

Yang Chi contributed the section on retransmission scheduling.¶

Appendix B. Change Log

Authors' Addresses