HTTP/1.1, part 1: URIs, Connections, and Message Parsing
draft-ietf-httpbis-p1-messaging-05

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Abstract

The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application-level protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems. HTTP has been in use by the World Wide Web global information initiative since 1990. This document is Part 1 of the seven-part specification that defines the protocol referred to as "HTTP/1.1" and, taken together, obsoletes RFC 2616. Part 1 provides an overview of HTTP and its associated terminology, defines the "http" and "https" Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) schemes, defines the generic message syntax and parsing requirements for HTTP message frames, and describes general security concerns for implementations.

Editorial Note (To be removed by RFC Editor)

Discussion of this draft should take place on the HTTPBIS working group mailing list (ietf-http-wg@w3.org). The current issues list is at http://tools.ietf.org/wg/httpbis/trac/report/11 and related documents (including fancy diffs) can be found at http://tools.ietf.org/wg/httpbis/.

The changes in this draft are summarized in Appendix E.6 (Since draft-ietf-httpbis-p1-messaging-04).

Table of Contents

1.  Introduction
    1.1.  Requirements
    1.2.  Overall Operation
2.  Notational Conventions and Generic Grammar
    2.1.  ABNF Extension: #rule
    2.2.  Basic Rules
    2.3.  ABNF Rules defined in other Parts of the Specification
3.  Protocol Parameters
    3.1.  HTTP Version
    3.2.  Uniform Resource Identifiers
        3.2.1.  http URI scheme
        3.2.2.  URI Comparison
    3.3.  Date/Time Formats
        3.3.1.  Full Date
    3.4.  Transfer Codings
        3.4.1.  Chunked Transfer Coding
    3.5.  Product Tokens
4.  HTTP Message
    4.1.  Message Types
    4.2.  Message Headers
    4.3.  Message Body
    4.4.  Message Length
    4.5.  General Header Fields
5.  Request
    5.1.  Request-Line
        5.1.1.  Method
        5.1.2.  Request-URI
    5.2.  The Resource Identified by a Request
6.  Response
    6.1.  Status-Line
        6.1.1.  Status Code and Reason Phrase
7.  Connections
    7.1.  Persistent Connections
        7.1.1.  Purpose
        7.1.2.  Overall Operation
        7.1.3.  Proxy Servers
        7.1.4.  Practical Considerations
    7.2.  Message Transmission Requirements
        7.2.1.  Persistent Connections and Flow Control
        7.2.2.  Monitoring Connections for Error Status Messages
        7.2.3.  Use of the 100 (Continue) Status
        7.2.4.  Client Behavior if Server Prematurely Closes Connection
8.  Header Field Definitions
    8.1.  Connection
    8.2.  Content-Length
    8.3.  Date
        8.3.1.  Clockless Origin Server Operation
    8.4.  Host
    8.5.  TE
    8.6.  Trailer
    8.7.  Transfer-Encoding
    8.8.  Upgrade
    8.9.  Via
9.  IANA Considerations
    9.1.  Message Header Registration
    9.2.  URI Scheme Registration
    9.3.  Internet Media Type Registrations
        9.3.1.  Internet Media Type message/http
        9.3.2.  Internet Media Type application/http
10.  Security Considerations
    10.1.  Personal Information
    10.2.  Abuse of Server Log Information
    10.3.  Attacks Based On File and Path Names
    10.4.  DNS Spoofing
    10.5.  Proxies and Caching
    10.6.  Denial of Service Attacks on Proxies
11.  Acknowledgments
12.  References
    12.1.  Normative References
    12.2.  Informative References
Appendix A.  Tolerant Applications
Appendix B.  Conversion of Date Formats
Appendix C.  Compatibility with Previous Versions
    C.1.  Changes from HTTP/1.0
        C.1.1.  Changes to Simplify Multi-homed Web Servers and Conserve IP Addresses
    C.2.  Compatibility with HTTP/1.0 Persistent Connections
    C.3.  Changes from RFC 2068
    C.4.  Changes from RFC 2616
Appendix D.  Terminology
Appendix E.  Change Log (to be removed by RFC Editor before publication)
    E.1.  Since RFC2616
    E.2.  Since draft-ietf-httpbis-p1-messaging-00
    E.3.  Since draft-ietf-httpbis-p1-messaging-01
    E.4.  Since draft-ietf-httpbis-p1-messaging-02
    E.5.  Since draft-ietf-httpbis-p1-messaging-03
    E.6.  Since draft-ietf-httpbis-p1-messaging-04
§  Index
§  Authors' Addresses
§  Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements

1.  Introduction

The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application-level request/response protocol that uses extensible semantics and MIME-like message payloads for flexible interaction with network-based hypermedia information systems. HTTP relies upon the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) standard [RFC3986] (Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, “Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax,” January 2005.) to indicate resource targets for interaction and to identify other resources. Messages are passed in a format similar to that used by Internet mail [RFC5322] (Resnick, P., “Internet Message Format,” October 2008.) and the Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) [RFC2045] (Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, “Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message Bodies,” November 1996.) (see Appendix A of [Part3] (Fielding, R., Ed., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H., Masinter, L., Leach, P., Berners-Lee, T., Lafon, Y., Ed., and J. Reschke, Ed., “HTTP/1.1, part 3: Message Payload and Content Negotiation,” November 2008.) for the differences between HTTP and MIME messages).

HTTP is also designed for use as a generic protocol for translating communication to and from other Internet information systems, such as USENET news services via NNTP [RFC3977] (Feather, C., “Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP),” October 2006.), file services via FTP [RFC959] (Postel, J. and J. Reynolds, “File Transfer Protocol,” October 1985.), Gopher [RFC1436] (Anklesaria, F., McCahill, M., Lindner, P., Johnson, D., Torrey, D., and B. Alberti, “The Internet Gopher Protocol (a distributed document search and retrieval protocol),” March 1993.), and WAIS [WAIS] (Davis, F., Kahle, B., Morris, H., Salem, J., Shen, T., Wang, R., Sui, J., and M. Grinbaum, “WAIS Interface Protocol Prototype Functional Specification (v1.5),” April 1990.). HTTP proxies and gateways provide access to alternative information services by translating their diverse protocols into a hypermedia format that can be viewed and manipulated by clients in the same way as HTTP services.

This document is Part 1 of the seven-part specification of HTTP, defining the protocol referred to as "HTTP/1.1" and obsoleting [RFC2616] (Fielding, R., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H., Masinter, L., Leach, P., and T. Berners-Lee, “Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1,” June 1999.). Part 1 defines how clients determine when to use HTTP, the URI schemes specific to HTTP-based resources, overall network operation with transport protocol connection management, and HTTP message framing. Our goal is to define all of the mechanisms necessary for HTTP message handling that are independent of message semantics, thereby defining the complete set of requirements for an HTTP message relay or generic message parser.

1.1.  Requirements

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119] (Bradner, S., “Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels,” March 1997.).

An implementation is not compliant if it fails to satisfy one or more of the MUST or REQUIRED level requirements for the protocols it implements. An implementation that satisfies all the MUST or REQUIRED level and all the SHOULD level requirements for its protocols is said to be "unconditionally compliant"; one that satisfies all the MUST level requirements but not all the SHOULD level requirements for its protocols is said to be "conditionally compliant."

1.2.  Overall Operation

HTTP is a request/response protocol. A client sends a request to the server in the form of a request method, URI, and protocol version, followed by a MIME-like message containing request modifiers, client information, and possible body content over a connection with a server. The server responds with a status line, including the message's protocol version and a success or error code, followed by a MIME-like message containing server information, entity metainformation, and possible entity-body content. The relationship between HTTP and MIME is described in Appendix A of [Part3] (Fielding, R., Ed., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H., Masinter, L., Leach, P., Berners-Lee, T., Lafon, Y., Ed., and J. Reschke, Ed., “HTTP/1.1, part 3: Message Payload and Content Negotiation,” November 2008.).

Most HTTP communication is initiated by a user agent and consists of a request to be applied to a resource on some origin server. In the simplest case, this may be accomplished via a single connection (v) between the user agent (UA) and the origin server (O).

       request chain ------------------------>
    UA -------------------v------------------- O
       <----------------------- response chain

A more complicated situation occurs when one or more intermediaries are present in the request/response chain. There are three common forms of intermediary: proxy, gateway, and tunnel. A proxy is a forwarding agent, receiving requests for a URI in its absolute form, rewriting all or part of the message, and forwarding the reformatted request toward the server identified by the URI. A gateway is a receiving agent, acting as a layer above some other server(s) and, if necessary, translating the requests to the underlying server's protocol. A tunnel acts as a relay point between two connections without changing the messages; tunnels are used when the communication needs to pass through an intermediary (such as a firewall) even when the intermediary cannot understand the contents of the messages.

       request chain -------------------------------------->
    UA -----v----- A -----v----- B -----v----- C -----v----- O
       <------------------------------------- response chain

The figure above shows three intermediaries (A, B, and C) between the user agent and origin server. A request or response message that travels the whole chain will pass through four separate connections. This distinction is important because some HTTP communication options may apply only to the connection with the nearest, non-tunnel neighbor, only to the end-points of the chain, or to all connections along the chain. Although the diagram is linear, each participant may be engaged in multiple, simultaneous communications. For example, B may be receiving requests from many clients other than A, and/or forwarding requests to servers other than C, at the same time that it is handling A's request.

Any party to the communication which is not acting as a tunnel may employ an internal cache for handling requests. The effect of a cache is that the request/response chain is shortened if one of the participants along the chain has a cached response applicable to that request. The following illustrates the resulting chain if B has a cached copy of an earlier response from O (via C) for a request which has not been cached by UA or A.

          request chain ---------->
       UA -----v----- A -----v----- B - - - - - - C - - - - - - O
          <--------- response chain

Not all responses are usefully cacheable, and some requests may contain modifiers which place special requirements on cache behavior. HTTP requirements for cache behavior and cacheable responses are defined in Section 1 of [Part6] (Fielding, R., Ed., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H., Masinter, L., Leach, P., Berners-Lee, T., Lafon, Y., Ed., and J. Reschke, Ed., “HTTP/1.1, part 6: Caching,” November 2008.).

In fact, there are a wide variety of architectures and configurations of caches and proxies currently being experimented with or deployed across the World Wide Web. These systems include national hierarchies of proxy caches to save transoceanic bandwidth, systems that broadcast or multicast cache entries, organizations that distribute subsets of cached data via CD-ROM, and so on. HTTP systems are used in corporate intranets over high-bandwidth links, and for access via PDAs with low-power radio links and intermittent connectivity. The goal of HTTP/1.1 is to support the wide diversity of configurations already deployed while introducing protocol constructs that meet the needs of those who build web applications that require high reliability and, failing that, at least reliable indications of failure.

HTTP communication usually takes place over TCP/IP connections. The default port is TCP 80 (http://www.iana.org/assignments/port-numbers), but other ports can be used. This does not preclude HTTP from being implemented on top of any other protocol on the Internet, or on other networks. HTTP only presumes a reliable transport; any protocol that provides such guarantees can be used; the mapping of the HTTP/1.1 request and response structures onto the transport data units of the protocol in question is outside the scope of this specification.

In HTTP/1.0, most implementations used a new connection for each request/response exchange. In HTTP/1.1, a connection may be used for one or more request/response exchanges, although connections may be closed for a variety of reasons (see Section 7.1 (Persistent Connections)).

2.  Notational Conventions and Generic Grammar

2.1.  ABNF Extension: #rule

One extension to the ABNF rules of [RFC5234] (Crocker, D., Ed. and P. Overell, “Augmented BNF for Syntax Specifications: ABNF,” January 2008.) is used to improve readability.

A construct "#" is defined, similar to "*", for defining lists of elements. The full form is "<n>#<m>element" indicating at least <n> and at most <m> elements, each separated by one or more commas (",") and OPTIONAL linear white space (OWS). This makes the usual form of lists very easy; a rule such as

 ( *OWS element *( *OWS "," *OWS element ))

can be shown as

 1#element

Wherever this construct is used, null elements are allowed, but do not contribute to the count of elements present. That is, "(element), , (element) " is permitted, but counts as only two elements. Therefore, where at least one element is required, at least one non-null element MUST be present. Default values are 0 and infinity so that "#element" allows any number, including zero; "1#element" requires at least one; and "1#2element" allows one or two.

[abnf.list] (At a later point of time, we may want to add an appendix containing the whole ABNF, with the list rules expanded to strict RFC 5234 notation.)

2.2.  Basic Rules

This specification uses the Augmented Backus-Naur Form (ABNF) notation of [RFC5234] (Crocker, D., Ed. and P. Overell, “Augmented BNF for Syntax Specifications: ABNF,” January 2008.). The following core rules are included by reference, as defined in [RFC5234] (Crocker, D., Ed. and P. Overell, “Augmented BNF for Syntax Specifications: ABNF,” January 2008.), Appendix B.1: ALPHA (letters), CHAR (any [USASCII] (American National Standards Institute, “Coded Character Set -- 7-bit American Standard Code for Information Interchange,” 1986.) character, excluding NUL), CR (carriage return), CRLF (CR LF), CTL (controls), DIGIT (decimal 0-9), DQUOTE (double quote), HEXDIG (hexadecimal 0-9/A-F/a-f), HTAB (horizontal tab), LF (line feed), OCTET (any 8-bit sequence of data), SP (space) and WSP (white space).

HTTP/1.1 defines the sequence CR LF as the end-of-line marker for all protocol elements except the entity-body (see Appendix A (Tolerant Applications) for tolerant applications). The end-of-line marker within an entity-body is defined by its associated media type, as described in Section 3.3 of [Part3] (Fielding, R., Ed., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H., Masinter, L., Leach, P., Berners-Lee, T., Lafon, Y., Ed., and J. Reschke, Ed., “HTTP/1.1, part 3: Message Payload and Content Negotiation,” November 2008.).

All linear white space (LWS) in header field-values has the same semantics as SP. A recipient MAY replace any such linear white space with a single SP before interpreting the field value or forwarding the message downstream.

Historically, HTTP/1.1 header field values allow linear white space folding across multiple lines. However, this specification deprecates its use; senders MUST NOT produce messages that include LWS folding (i.e., use the obs-fold rule), except within the message/http media type (Section 9.3.1 (Internet Media Type message/http)). Receivers SHOULD still parse folded linear white space.

This specification uses three rules to denote the use of linear white space; BWS ("Bad" White Space), OWS (Optional White Space), and RWS (Required White Space).

"Bad" white space is allowed by the BNF, but senders SHOULD NOT produce it in messages. Receivers MUST accept it in incoming messages.

Required white space is used when at least one linear white space character is required to separate field tokens. In all such cases, a single SP character SHOULD be used.

  OWS            = *( [ obs-fold ] WSP )
                 ; "optional" white space
  RWS            = 1*( [ obs-fold ] WSP )
                 ; "required" white space
  BWS            = OWS
                 ; "bad" white space
  obs-fold       = CRLF

The TEXT rule is only used for descriptive field contents and values that are not intended to be interpreted by the message parser. Words of *TEXT MAY contain characters from character sets other than ISO-8859-1 [ISO‑8859‑1] (International Organization for Standardization, “Information technology -- 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets -- Part 1: Latin alphabet No. 1,” 1998.) only when encoded according to the rules of [RFC2047] (Moore, K., “MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) Part Three: Message Header Extensions for Non-ASCII Text,” November 1996.).

  TEXT           = %x20-7E / %x80-FF / OWS
                 ; any OCTET except CTLs, but including OWS

A CRLF is allowed in the definition of TEXT only as part of a header field continuation. It is expected that the folding LWS will be replaced with a single SP before interpretation of the TEXT value.

Many HTTP/1.1 header field values consist of words separated by LWS or special characters. These special characters MUST be in a quoted string to be used within a parameter value (as defined in Section 3.4 (Transfer Codings)).

  tchar          = "!" / "#" / "$" / "%" / "&" / "'" / "*"
                 / "+" / "-" / "." / "^" / "_" / "`" / "|" / "~"
                 / DIGIT / ALPHA

  token          = 1*tchar

Comments can be included in some HTTP header fields by surrounding the comment text with parentheses. Comments are only allowed in fields containing "comment" as part of their field value definition. In all other fields, parentheses are considered part of the field value.

  comment        = "(" *( ctext / quoted-pair / comment ) ")"
  ctext          = <any TEXT excluding "(" and ")">

A string of text is parsed as a single word if it is quoted using double-quote marks.

  quoted-string  = DQUOTE *(qdtext / quoted-pair ) DQUOTE
  qdtext         = <any TEXT excluding DQUOTE and "\">

The backslash character ("\") MAY be used as a single-character quoting mechanism only within quoted-string and comment constructs.

  quoted-text    = %x01-09 /
                   %x0B-0C /
                   %x0E-FF ; Characters excluding NUL, CR and LF
  quoted-pair    = "\" quoted-text

2.3.  ABNF Rules defined in other Parts of the Specification

The ABNF rules below are defined in other parts:

  request-header  = <request-header, defined in [Part2], Section 4>
  response-header = <response-header, defined in [Part2], Section 6>

  accept-params   = <accept-params, defined in [Part3], Section 6.1>
  entity-body     = <entity-body, defined in [Part3], Section 4.2>
  entity-header   = <entity-header, defined in [Part3], Section 4.1>

  Cache-Control   = <Cache-Control, defined in [Part6], Section 16.4>
  Pragma          = <Pragma, defined in [Part6], Section 16.4>
  Warning         = <Warning, defined in [Part6], Section 16.6>

3.  Protocol Parameters

3.1.  HTTP Version

HTTP uses a "<major>.<minor>" numbering scheme to indicate versions of the protocol. The protocol versioning policy is intended to allow the sender to indicate the format of a message and its capacity for understanding further HTTP communication, rather than the features obtained via that communication. No change is made to the version number for the addition of message components which do not affect communication behavior or which only add to extensible field values. The <minor> number is incremented when the changes made to the protocol add features which do not change the general message parsing algorithm, but which may add to the message semantics and imply additional capabilities of the sender. The <major> number is incremented when the format of a message within the protocol is changed. See [RFC2145] (Mogul, J., Fielding, R., Gettys, J., and H. Nielsen, “Use and Interpretation of HTTP Version Numbers,” May 1997.) for a fuller explanation.

The version of an HTTP message is indicated by an HTTP-Version field in the first line of the message. HTTP-Version is case-sensitive.

  HTTP-Version   = HTTP-Prot-Name "/" 1*DIGIT "." 1*DIGIT
  HTTP-Prot-Name = %x48.54.54.50 ; "HTTP", case-sensitive

Note that the major and minor numbers MUST be treated as separate integers and that each MAY be incremented higher than a single digit. Thus, HTTP/2.4 is a lower version than HTTP/2.13, which in turn is lower than HTTP/12.3. Leading zeros MUST be ignored by recipients and MUST NOT be sent.

An application that sends a request or response message that includes HTTP-Version of "HTTP/1.1" MUST be at least conditionally compliant with this specification. Applications that are at least conditionally compliant with this specification SHOULD use an HTTP-Version of "HTTP/1.1" in their messages, and MUST do so for any message that is not compatible with HTTP/1.0. For more details on when to send specific HTTP-Version values, see [RFC2145] (Mogul, J., Fielding, R., Gettys, J., and H. Nielsen, “Use and Interpretation of HTTP Version Numbers,” May 1997.).

The HTTP version of an application is the highest HTTP version for which the application is at least conditionally compliant.

Proxy and gateway applications need to be careful when forwarding messages in protocol versions different from that of the application. Since the protocol version indicates the protocol capability of the sender, a proxy/gateway MUST NOT send a message with a version indicator which is greater than its actual version. If a higher version request is received, the proxy/gateway MUST either downgrade the request version, or respond with an error, or switch to tunnel behavior.

Due to interoperability problems with HTTP/1.0 proxies discovered since the publication of [RFC2068] (Fielding, R., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Nielsen, H., and T. Berners-Lee, “Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1,” January 1997.), caching proxies MUST, gateways MAY, and tunnels MUST NOT upgrade the request to the highest version they support. The proxy/gateway's response to that request MUST be in the same major version as the request.

Note: Converting between versions of HTTP may involve modification of header fields required or forbidden by the versions involved.

3.2.  Uniform Resource Identifiers

Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) [RFC3986] (Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, “Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax,” January 2005.) are used in HTTP to indicate the target of a request and to identify additional resources related to that resource, the request, or the response. Each protocol element in HTTP that allows a URI reference will indicate in its ABNF whether the element allows only a URI in absolute form, any relative reference, or some limited subset of the URI-reference grammar. Unless otherwise indicated, relative URI references are to be parsed relative to the URI corresponding to the request target (the base URI).

This specification adopts the definitions of "URI-reference", "absolute-URI", "fragment", "port", "host", "path-abempty", "path-absolute", "query", and "authority" from [RFC3986] (Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, “Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax,” January 2005.):

  absolute-URI   = <absolute-URI, defined in [RFC3986], Section 4.3>
  authority     = <authority, defined in [RFC3986], Section 3.2>
  fragment      = <fragment, defined in [RFC3986], Section 3.5>
  path-abempty  = <path-abempty, defined in [RFC3986], Section 3.3>
  path-absolute = <path-absolute, defined in [RFC3986], Section 3.3>
  port          = <port, defined in [RFC3986], Section 3.2.3>
  query         = <query, defined in [RFC3986], Section 3.4>
  uri-host      = <host, defined in [RFC3986], Section 3.2.2>

  relative-part = <relative-part, defined in [RFC3986], Section 4.2>
  relativeURI   = relative-part [ "?" query ]

HTTP does not place an a priori limit on the length of a URI. Servers MUST be able to handle the URI of any resource they serve, and SHOULD be able to handle URIs of unbounded length if they provide GET-based forms that could generate such URIs. A server SHOULD return 414 (Request-URI Too Long) status if a URI is longer than the server can handle (see Section 9.4.15 of [Part2] (Fielding, R., Ed., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H., Masinter, L., Leach, P., Berners-Lee, T., Lafon, Y., Ed., and J. Reschke, Ed., “HTTP/1.1, part 2: Message Semantics,” November 2008.)).

Note: Servers ought to be cautious about depending on URI lengths above 255 bytes, because some older client or proxy implementations might not properly support these lengths.

3.2.1.  http URI scheme

The "http" scheme is used to locate network resources via the HTTP protocol. This section defines the syntax and semantics for identifiers using the http or https URI schemes.

  http-URI = "http:" "//" authority path-abempty [ "?" query ]

If the port is empty or not given, port 80 is assumed. The semantics are that the identified resource is located at the server listening for TCP connections on that port of that host, and the Request-URI for the resource is path-absolute (Section 5.1.2 (Request-URI)). The use of IP addresses in URLs SHOULD be avoided whenever possible (see [RFC1900] (Carpenter, B. and Y. Rekhter, “Renumbering Needs Work,” February 1996.)). If the path-absolute is not present in the URL, it MUST be given as "/" when used as a Request-URI for a resource (Section 5.1.2 (Request-URI)). If a proxy receives a host name which is not a fully qualified domain name, it MAY add its domain to the host name it received. If a proxy receives a fully qualified domain name, the proxy MUST NOT change the host name.

Note: the "https" scheme is defined in [RFC2818] (Rescorla, E., “HTTP Over TLS,” May 2000.).

3.2.2.  URI Comparison

When comparing two URIs to decide if they match or not, a client SHOULD use a case-sensitive octet-by-octet comparison of the entire URIs, with these exceptions:

• A port that is empty or not given is equivalent to the default port for that URI-reference;
• Comparisons of host names MUST be case-insensitive;
• Comparisons of scheme names MUST be case-insensitive;
• An empty path-absolute is equivalent to an path-absolute of "/".

Characters other than those in the "reserved" set (see [RFC3986] (Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, “Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax,” January 2005.), Section 2.2) are equivalent to their ""%" HEXDIG HEXDIG" encoding.

For example, the following three URIs are equivalent:

   http://example.com:80/~smith/home.html
   http://EXAMPLE.com/%7Esmith/home.html
   http://EXAMPLE.com:/%7esmith/home.html

3.3.  Date/Time Formats

3.3.1.  Full Date

HTTP applications have historically allowed three different formats for the representation of date/time stamps:

   Sun, 06 Nov 1994 08:49:37 GMT  ; RFC 822, updated by RFC 1123
   Sunday, 06-Nov-94 08:49:37 GMT ; obsolete RFC 850 format
   Sun Nov  6 08:49:37 1994       ; ANSI C's asctime() format

The first format is preferred as an Internet standard and represents a fixed-length subset of that defined by [RFC1123] (Braden, R., “Requirements for Internet Hosts - Application and Support,” October 1989.) (an update to [RFC822] (Crocker, D., “Standard for the format of ARPA Internet text messages,” August 1982.)). The other formats are described here only for compatibility with obsolete implementations. HTTP/1.1 clients and servers that parse the date value MUST accept all three formats (for compatibility with HTTP/1.0), though they MUST only generate the RFC 1123 format for representing HTTP-date values in header fields. See Appendix A (Tolerant Applications) for further information.

Note: Recipients of date values are encouraged to be robust in accepting date values that may have been sent by non-HTTP applications, as is sometimes the case when retrieving or posting messages via proxies/gateways to SMTP or NNTP.

All HTTP date/time stamps MUST be represented in Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), without exception. For the purposes of HTTP, GMT is exactly equal to UTC (Coordinated Universal Time). This is indicated in the first two formats by the inclusion of "GMT" as the three-letter abbreviation for time zone, and MUST be assumed when reading the asctime format. HTTP-date is case sensitive and MUST NOT include additional LWS beyond that specifically included as SP in the grammar.

  HTTP-date    = rfc1123-date / obsolete-date
  obsolete-date = rfc850-date / asctime-date
  rfc1123-date = wkday "," SP date1 SP time SP GMT
  rfc850-date  = weekday "," SP date2 SP time SP GMT
  asctime-date = wkday SP date3 SP time SP 4DIGIT
  date1        = 2DIGIT SP month SP 4DIGIT
                 ; day month year (e.g., 02 Jun 1982)
  date2        = 2DIGIT "-" month "-" 2DIGIT
                 ; day-month-year (e.g., 02-Jun-82)
  date3        = month SP ( 2DIGIT / ( SP 1DIGIT ))
                 ; month day (e.g., Jun  2)
  time         = 2DIGIT ":" 2DIGIT ":" 2DIGIT
                 ; 00:00:00 - 23:59:59
  wkday        = s-Mon / s-Tue / s-Wed
               / s-Thu / s-Fri / s-Sat / s-Sun
  weekday      = l-Mon / l-Tue / l-Wed
               / l-Thu / l-Fri / l-Sat / l-Sun
  month        = s-Jan / s-Feb / s-Mar / s-Apr
               / s-May / s-Jun / s-Jul / s-Aug
               / s-Sep / s-Oct / s-Nov / s-Dec

  GMT   = %x47.4D.54 ; "GMT", case-sensitive

  s-Mon = %x4D.6F.6E ; "Mon", case-sensitive
  s-Tue = %x54.75.65 ; "Tue", case-sensitive
  s-Wed = %x57.65.64 ; "Wed", case-sensitive
  s-Thu = %x54.68.75 ; "Thu", case-sensitive
  s-Fri = %x46.72.69 ; "Fri", case-sensitive
  s-Sat = %x53.61.74 ; "Sat", case-sensitive
  s-Sun = %x53.75.6E ; "Sun", case-sensitive

  l-Mon = %x4D.6F.6E.64.61.79          ; "Monday", case-sensitive
  l-Tue = %x54.75.65.73.64.61.79       ; "Tuesday", case-sensitive
  l-Wed = %x57.65.64.6E.65.73.64.61.79 ; "Wednesday", case-sensitive
  l-Thu = %x54.68.75.72.73.64.61.79    ; "Thursday", case-sensitive
  l-Fri = %x46.72.69.64.61.79          ; "Friday", case-sensitive
  l-Sat = %x53.61.74.75.72.64.61.79    ; "Saturday", case-sensitive
  l-Sun = %x53.75.6E.64.61.79          ; "Sunday", case-sensitive

  s-Jan = %x4A.61.6E ; "Jan", case-sensitive
  s-Feb = %x46.65.62 ; "Feb", case-sensitive
  s-Mar = %x4D.61.72 ; "Mar", case-sensitive
  s-Apr = %x41.70.72 ; "Apr", case-sensitive
  s-May = %x4D.61.79 ; "May", case-sensitive
  s-Jun = %x4A.75.6E ; "Jun", case-sensitive
  s-Jul = %x4A.75.6C ; "Jul", case-sensitive
  s-Aug = %x41.75.67 ; "Aug", case-sensitive
  s-Sep = %x53.65.70 ; "Sep", case-sensitive
  s-Oct = %x4F.63.74 ; "Oct", case-sensitive
  s-Nov = %x4E.6F.76 ; "Nov", case-sensitive
  s-Dec = %x44.65.63 ; "Dec", case-sensitive

Note: HTTP requirements for the date/time stamp format apply only to their usage within the protocol stream. Clients and servers are not required to use these formats for user presentation, request logging, etc.

3.4.  Transfer Codings

Transfer-coding values are used to indicate an encoding transformation that has been, can be, or may need to be applied to an entity-body in order to ensure "safe transport" through the network. This differs from a content coding in that the transfer-coding is a property of the message, not of the original entity.

  transfer-coding         = "chunked" / transfer-extension
  transfer-extension      = token *( OWS ";" OWS parameter )

Parameters are in the form of attribute/value pairs.

  parameter               = attribute BWS "=" BWS value
  attribute               = token
  value                   = token / quoted-string

All transfer-coding values are case-insensitive. HTTP/1.1 uses transfer-coding values in the TE header field (Section 8.5 (TE)) and in the Transfer-Encoding header field (Section 8.7 (Transfer-Encoding)).

Whenever a transfer-coding is applied to a message-body, the set of transfer-codings MUST include "chunked", unless the message indicates it is terminated by closing the connection. When the "chunked" transfer-coding is used, it MUST be the last transfer-coding applied to the message-body. The "chunked" transfer-coding MUST NOT be applied more than once to a message-body. These rules allow the recipient to determine the transfer-length of the message (Section 4.4 (Message Length)).

Transfer-codings are analogous to the Content-Transfer-Encoding values of MIME [RFC2045] (Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, “Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message Bodies,” November 1996.), which were designed to enable safe transport of binary data over a 7-bit transport service. However, safe transport has a different focus for an 8bit-clean transfer protocol. In HTTP, the only unsafe characteristic of message-bodies is the difficulty in determining the exact body length (Section 4.4 (Message Length)), or the desire to encrypt data over a shared transport.

The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) acts as a registry for transfer-coding value tokens. Initially, the registry contains the following tokens: "chunked" (Section 3.4.1 (Chunked Transfer Coding)), "gzip", "compress", and "deflate" (Section 3.2 of [Part3] (Fielding, R., Ed., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H., Masinter, L., Leach, P., Berners-Lee, T., Lafon, Y., Ed., and J. Reschke, Ed., “HTTP/1.1, part 3: Message Payload and Content Negotiation,” November 2008.)).

New transfer-coding value tokens SHOULD be registered in the same way as new content-coding value tokens (Section 3.2 of [Part3] (Fielding, R., Ed., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H., Masinter, L., Leach, P., Berners-Lee, T., Lafon, Y., Ed., and J. Reschke, Ed., “HTTP/1.1, part 3: Message Payload and Content Negotiation,” November 2008.)).

A server which receives an entity-body with a transfer-coding it does not understand SHOULD return 501 (Not Implemented), and close the connection. A server MUST NOT send transfer-codings to an HTTP/1.0 client.

3.4.1.  Chunked Transfer Coding

The chunked encoding modifies the body of a message in order to transfer it as a series of chunks, each with its own size indicator, followed by an OPTIONAL trailer containing entity-header fields. This allows dynamically produced content to be transferred along with the information necessary for the recipient to verify that it has received the full message.

  Chunked-Body   = *chunk
                   last-chunk
                   trailer-part
                   CRLF

  chunk          = chunk-size *WSP [ chunk-ext ] CRLF
                   chunk-data CRLF
  chunk-size     = 1*HEXDIG
  last-chunk     = 1*("0") *WSP [ chunk-ext ] CRLF

  chunk-ext      = *( ";" *WSP chunk-ext-name
                      [ "=" chunk-ext-val ] *WSP )
  chunk-ext-name = token
  chunk-ext-val  = token / quoted-string
  chunk-data     = 1*OCTET ; a sequence of chunk-size octets
  trailer-part   = *(entity-header CRLF)

The chunk-size field is a string of hex digits indicating the size of the chunk-data in octets. The chunked encoding is ended by any chunk whose size is zero, followed by the trailer, which is terminated by an empty line.

The trailer allows the sender to include additional HTTP header fields at the end of the message. The Trailer header field can be used to indicate which header fields are included in a trailer (see Section 8.6 (Trailer)).

A server using chunked transfer-coding in a response MUST NOT use the trailer for any header fields unless at least one of the following is true:

1. the request included a TE header field that indicates "trailers" is acceptable in the transfer-coding of the response, as described in Section 8.5 (TE); or,
2. the server is the origin server for the response, the trailer fields consist entirely of optional metadata, and the recipient could use the message (in a manner acceptable to the origin server) without receiving this metadata. In other words, the origin server is willing to accept the possibility that the trailer fields might be silently discarded along the path to the client.

This requirement prevents an interoperability failure when the message is being received by an HTTP/1.1 (or later) proxy and forwarded to an HTTP/1.0 recipient. It avoids a situation where compliance with the protocol would have necessitated a possibly infinite buffer on the proxy.

A process for decoding the "chunked" transfer-coding can be represented in pseudo-code as:

  length := 0
  read chunk-size, chunk-ext (if any) and CRLF
  while (chunk-size > 0) {
     read chunk-data and CRLF
     append chunk-data to entity-body
     length := length + chunk-size
     read chunk-size and CRLF
  }
  read entity-header
  while (entity-header not empty) {
     append entity-header to existing header fields
     read entity-header
  }
  Content-Length := length
  Remove "chunked" from Transfer-Encoding

All HTTP/1.1 applications MUST be able to receive and decode the "chunked" transfer-coding, and MUST ignore chunk-ext extensions they do not understand.

3.5.  Product Tokens

Product tokens are used to allow communicating applications to identify themselves by software name and version. Most fields using product tokens also allow sub-products which form a significant part of the application to be listed, separated by white space. By convention, the products are listed in order of their significance for identifying the application.

  product         = token ["/" product-version]
  product-version = token

Examples:

    User-Agent: CERN-LineMode/2.15 libwww/2.17b3
    Server: Apache/0.8.4

Product tokens SHOULD be short and to the point. They MUST NOT be used for advertising or other non-essential information. Although any token character MAY appear in a product-version, this token SHOULD only be used for a version identifier (i.e., successive versions of the same product SHOULD only differ in the product-version portion of the product value).

4.  HTTP Message

4.1.  Message Types

HTTP messages consist of requests from client to server and responses from server to client.

  HTTP-message   = Request / Response     ; HTTP/1.1 messages

Request (Section 5 (Request)) and Response (Section 6 (Response)) messages use the generic message format of [RFC5322] (Resnick, P., “Internet Message Format,” October 2008.) for transferring entities (the payload of the message). Both types of message consist of a start-line, zero or more header fields (also known as "headers"), an empty line (i.e., a line with nothing preceding the CRLF) indicating the end of the header fields, and possibly a message-body.

  generic-message = start-line
                    *(message-header CRLF)
                    CRLF
                    [ message-body ]
  start-line      = Request-Line / Status-Line

In the interest of robustness, servers SHOULD ignore any empty line(s) received where a Request-Line is expected. In other words, if the server is reading the protocol stream at the beginning of a message and receives a CRLF first, it should ignore the CRLF.

Certain buggy HTTP/1.0 client implementations generate extra CRLF's after a POST request. To restate what is explicitly forbidden by the BNF, an HTTP/1.1 client MUST NOT preface or follow a request with an extra CRLF.

4.2.  Message Headers

HTTP header fields, which include general-header (Section 4.5 (General Header Fields)), request-header (Section 4 of [Part2] (Fielding, R., Ed., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H., Masinter, L., Leach, P., Berners-Lee, T., Lafon, Y., Ed., and J. Reschke, Ed., “HTTP/1.1, part 2: Message Semantics,” November 2008.)), response-header (Section 6 of [Part2] (Fielding, R., Ed., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H., Masinter, L., Leach, P., Berners-Lee, T., Lafon, Y., Ed., and J. Reschke, Ed., “HTTP/1.1, part 2: Message Semantics,” November 2008.)), and entity-header (Section 4.1 of [Part3] (Fielding, R., Ed., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H., Masinter, L., Leach, P., Berners-Lee, T., Lafon, Y., Ed., and J. Reschke, Ed., “HTTP/1.1, part 3: Message Payload and Content Negotiation,” November 2008.)) fields, follow the same generic format as that given in Section 2.1 of [RFC5322] (Resnick, P., “Internet Message Format,” October 2008.). Each header field consists of a name followed by a colon (":") and the field value. Field names are case-insensitive. The field value MAY be preceded by any amount of LWS, though a single SP is preferred. Header fields can be extended over multiple lines by preceding each extra line with at least one SP or HTAB. Applications ought to follow "common form", where one is known or indicated, when generating HTTP constructs, since there might exist some implementations that fail to accept anything beyond the common forms.

  message-header = field-name ":" [ field-value ]
  field-name     = token
  field-value    = *( field-content / OWS )
  field-content  = <field content>

[anchor1] (whitespace between field-name and colon is an error and MUST NOT be accepted)

The field-content does not include any leading or trailing LWS: linear white space occurring before the first non-whitespace character of the field-value or after the last non-whitespace character of the field-value. Such leading or trailing LWS MAY be removed without changing the semantics of the field value. Any LWS that occurs between field-content MAY be replaced with a single SP before interpreting the field value or forwarding the message downstream.

The order in which header fields with differing field names are received is not significant. However, it is "good practice" to send general-header fields first, followed by request-header or response-header fields, and ending with the entity-header fields.

Multiple message-header fields with the same field-name MAY be present in a message if and only if the entire field-value for that header field is defined as a comma-separated list [i.e., #(values)]. It MUST be possible to combine the multiple header fields into one "field-name: field-value" pair, without changing the semantics of the message, by appending each subsequent field-value to the first, each separated by a comma. The order in which header fields with the same field-name are received is therefore significant to the interpretation of the combined field value, and thus a proxy MUST NOT change the order of these field values when a message is forwarded.

Note: the "Set-Cookie" header as implemented in practice (as opposed to how it is specified in [RFC2109] (Kristol, D. and L. Montulli, “HTTP State Management Mechanism,” February 1997.)) can occur multiple times, but does not use the list syntax, and thus cannot be combined into a single line. (See Appendix A.2.3 of [Kri2001] (Kristol, D., “HTTP Cookies: Standards, Privacy, and Politics,” November 2001.) for details.) Also note that the Set-Cookie2 header specified in [RFC2965] (Kristol, D. and L. Montulli, “HTTP State Management Mechanism,” October 2000.) does not share this problem.

4.3.  Message Body

The message-body (if any) of an HTTP message is used to carry the entity-body associated with the request or response. The message-body differs from the entity-body only when a transfer-coding has been applied, as indicated by the Transfer-Encoding header field (Section 8.7 (Transfer-Encoding)).

  message-body = entity-body
               / <entity-body encoded as per Transfer-Encoding>

Transfer-Encoding MUST be used to indicate any transfer-codings applied by an application to ensure safe and proper transfer of the message. Transfer-Encoding is a property of the message, not of the entity, and thus MAY be added or removed by any application along the request/response chain. (However, Section 3.4 (Transfer Codings) places restrictions on when certain transfer-codings may be used.)

The rules for when a message-body is allowed in a message differ for requests and responses.

The presence of a message-body in a request is signaled by the inclusion of a Content-Length or Transfer-Encoding header field in the request's message-headers. A message-body MUST NOT be included in a request if the specification of the request method (Section 3 of [Part2] (Fielding, R., Ed., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H., Masinter, L., Leach, P., Berners-Lee, T., Lafon, Y., Ed., and J. Reschke, Ed., “HTTP/1.1, part 2: Message Semantics,” November 2008.)) explicitly disallows an entity-body in requests. When a request message contains both a message-body of non-zero length and a method that does not define any semantics for that request message-body, then an origin server SHOULD either ignore the message-body or respond with an appropriate error message (e.g., 413). A proxy or gateway, when presented the same request, SHOULD either forward the request inbound with the message-body or ignore the message-body when determining a response.

For response messages, whether or not a message-body is included with a message is dependent on both the request method and the response status code (Section 6.1.1 (Status Code and Reason Phrase)). All responses to the HEAD request method MUST NOT include a message-body, even though the presence of entity-header fields might lead one to believe they do. All 1xx (informational), 204 (No Content), and 304 (Not Modified) responses MUST NOT include a message-body. All other responses do include a message-body, although it MAY be of zero length.

4.4.  Message Length

The transfer-length of a message is the length of the message-body as it appears in the message; that is, after any transfer-codings have been applied. When a message-body is included with a message, the transfer-length of that body is determined by one of the following (in order of precedence):

1. Any response message which "MUST NOT" include a message-body (such as the 1xx, 204, and 304 responses and any response to a HEAD request) is always terminated by the first empty line after the header fields, regardless of the entity-header fields present in the message.
2. If a Transfer-Encoding header field (Section 8.7 (Transfer-Encoding)) is present and the "chunked" transfer-coding (Section 3.4 (Transfer Codings)) is used, the transfer-length is defined by the use of this transfer-coding. If a Transfer-Encoding header field is present and the "chunked" transfer-coding is not present, the transfer-length is defined by the sender closing the connection.
3. If a Content-Length header field (Section 8.2 (Content-Length)) is present, its decimal value in OCTETs represents both the entity-length and the transfer-length. The Content-Length header field MUST NOT be sent if these two lengths are different (i.e., if a Transfer-Encoding header field is present). If a message is received with both a Transfer-Encoding header field and a Content-Length header field, the latter MUST be ignored.
4. If the message uses the media type "multipart/byteranges", and the transfer-length is not otherwise specified, then this self-delimiting media type defines the transfer-length. This media type MUST NOT be used unless the sender knows that the recipient can parse it; the presence in a request of a Range header with multiple byte-range specifiers from a 1.1 client implies that the client can parse multipart/byteranges responses.

   A range header might be forwarded by a 1.0 proxy that does not understand multipart/byteranges; in this case the server MUST delimit the message using methods defined in items 1, 3 or 5 of this section.

5. By the server closing the connection. (Closing the connection cannot be used to indicate the end of a request body, since that would leave no possibility for the server to send back a response.)

For compatibility with HTTP/1.0 applications, HTTP/1.1 requests containing a message-body MUST include a valid Content-Length header field unless the server is known to be HTTP/1.1 compliant. If a request contains a message-body and a Content-Length is not given, the server SHOULD respond with 400 (Bad Request) if it cannot determine the length of the message, or with 411 (Length Required) if it wishes to insist on receiving a valid Content-Length.

All HTTP/1.1 applications that receive entities MUST accept the "chunked" transfer-coding (Section 3.4 (Transfer Codings)), thus allowing this mechanism to be used for messages when the message length cannot be determined in advance.

Messages MUST NOT include both a Content-Length header field and a transfer-coding. If the message does include a transfer-coding, the Content-Length MUST be ignored.

When a Content-Length is given in a message where a message-body is allowed, its field value MUST exactly match the number of OCTETs in the message-body. HTTP/1.1 user agents MUST notify the user when an invalid length is received and detected.

4.5.  General Header Fields

There are a few header fields which have general applicability for both request and response messages, but which do not apply to the entity being transferred. These header fields apply only to the message being transmitted.

  general-header = Cache-Control            ; [Part6], Section 16.2
                 / Connection               ; Section 8.1
                 / Date                     ; Section 8.3
                 / Pragma                   ; [Part6], Section 16.4
                 / Trailer                  ; Section 8.6
                 / Transfer-Encoding        ; Section 8.7
                 / Upgrade                  ; Section 8.8
                 / Via                      ; Section 8.9
                 / Warning                  ; [Part6], Section 16.6

General-header field names can be extended reliably only in combination with a change in the protocol version. However, new or experimental header fields may be given the semantics of general header fields if all parties in the communication recognize them to be general-header fields. Unrecognized header fields are treated as entity-header fields.

5.  Request

A request message from a client to a server includes, within the first line of that message, the method to be applied to the resource, the identifier of the resource, and the protocol version in use.

  Request       = Request-Line              ; Section 5.1
                  *(( general-header        ; Section 4.5
                   / request-header         ; [Part2], Section 4
                   / entity-header ) CRLF)  ; [Part3], Section 4.1
                  CRLF
                  [ message-body ]          ; Section 4.3

5.1.  Request-Line

The Request-Line begins with a method token, followed by the Request-URI and the protocol version, and ending with CRLF. The elements are separated by SP characters. No CR or LF is allowed except in the final CRLF sequence.

  Request-Line   = Method SP Request-URI SP HTTP-Version CRLF

5.1.1.  Method

The Method token indicates the method to be performed on the resource identified by the Request-URI. The method is case-sensitive.

  Method         = token

5.1.2.  Request-URI

The Request-URI is a Uniform Resource Identifier (Section 3.2 (Uniform Resource Identifiers)) and identifies the resource upon which to apply the request.

  Request-URI    = "*"
                 / absolute-URI
                 / ( path-absolute [ "?" query ] )
                 / authority

The four options for Request-URI are dependent on the nature of the request. The asterisk "*" means that the request does not apply to a particular resource, but to the server itself, and is only allowed when the method used does not necessarily apply to a resource. One example would be

    OPTIONS * HTTP/1.1

The absolute-URI form is REQUIRED when the request is being made to a proxy. The proxy is requested to forward the request or service it from a valid cache, and return the response. Note that the proxy MAY forward the request on to another proxy or directly to the server specified by the absolute-URI. In order to avoid request loops, a proxy MUST be able to recognize all of its server names, including any aliases, local variations, and the numeric IP address. An example Request-Line would be:

    GET http://www.example.org/pub/WWW/TheProject.html HTTP/1.1

To allow for transition to absolute-URIs in all requests in future versions of HTTP, all HTTP/1.1 servers MUST accept the absolute-URI form in requests, even though HTTP/1.1 clients will only generate them in requests to proxies.

The authority form is only used by the CONNECT method (Section 8.9 of [Part2] (Fielding, R., Ed., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H., Masinter, L., Leach, P., Berners-Lee, T., Lafon, Y., Ed., and J. Reschke, Ed., “HTTP/1.1, part 2: Message Semantics,” November 2008.)).

The most common form of Request-URI is that used to identify a resource on an origin server or gateway. In this case the absolute path of the URI MUST be transmitted (see Section 3.2.1 (http URI scheme), path-absolute) as the Request-URI, and the network location of the URI (authority) MUST be transmitted in a Host header field. For example, a client wishing to retrieve the resource above directly from the origin server would create a TCP connection to port 80 of the host "www.example.org" and send the lines:

    GET /pub/WWW/TheProject.html HTTP/1.1
    Host: www.example.org

followed by the remainder of the Request. Note that the absolute path cannot be empty; if none is present in the original URI, it MUST be given as "/" (the server root).

The Request-URI is transmitted in the format specified in Section 3.2.1 (http URI scheme). If the Request-URI is encoded using the "% HEXDIG HEXDIG" encoding ([RFC3986] (Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, “Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax,” January 2005.), Section 2.4), the origin server MUST decode the Request-URI in order to properly interpret the request. Servers SHOULD respond to invalid Request-URIs with an appropriate status code.

A transparent proxy MUST NOT rewrite the "path-absolute" part of the received Request-URI when forwarding it to the next inbound server, except as noted above to replace a null path-absolute with "/".

Note: The "no rewrite" rule prevents the proxy from changing the meaning of the request when the origin server is improperly using a non-reserved URI character for a reserved purpose. Implementors should be aware that some pre-HTTP/1.1 proxies have been known to rewrite the Request-URI.

5.2.  The Resource Identified by a Request

The exact resource identified by an Internet request is determined by examining both the Request-URI and the Host header field.

An origin server that does not allow resources to differ by the requested host MAY ignore the Host header field value when determining the resource identified by an HTTP/1.1 request. (But see Appendix C.1.1 (Changes to Simplify Multi-homed Web Servers and Conserve IP Addresses) for other requirements on Host support in HTTP/1.1.)

An origin server that does differentiate resources based on the host requested (sometimes referred to as virtual hosts or vanity host names) MUST use the following rules for determining the requested resource on an HTTP/1.1 request:

1. If Request-URI is an absolute-URI, the host is part of the Request-URI. Any Host header field value in the request MUST be ignored.
2. If the Request-URI is not an absolute-URI, and the request includes a Host header field, the host is determined by the Host header field value.
3. If the host as determined by rule 1 or 2 is not a valid host on the server, the response MUST be a 400 (Bad Request) error message.

Recipients of an HTTP/1.0 request that lacks a Host header field MAY attempt to use heuristics (e.g., examination of the URI path for something unique to a particular host) in order to determine what exact resource is being requested.

6.  Response

After receiving and interpreting a request message, a server responds with an HTTP response message.

  Response      = Status-Line               ; Section 6.1
                  *(( general-header        ; Section 4.5
                   / response-header        ; [Part2], Section 6
                   / entity-header ) CRLF)  ; [Part3], Section 4.1
                  CRLF
                  [ message-body ]          ; Section 4.3

6.1.  Status-Line

The first line of a Response message is the Status-Line, consisting of the protocol version followed by a numeric status code and its associated textual phrase, with each element separated by SP characters. No CR or LF is allowed except in the final CRLF sequence.

  Status-Line = HTTP-Version SP Status-Code SP Reason-Phrase CRLF

6.1.1.  Status Code and Reason Phrase

The Status-Code element is a 3-digit integer result code of the attempt to understand and satisfy the request. These codes are fully defined in Section 9 of [Part2] (Fielding, R., Ed., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H., Masinter, L., Leach, P., Berners-Lee, T., Lafon, Y., Ed., and J. Reschke, Ed., “HTTP/1.1, part 2: Message Semantics,” November 2008.). The Reason Phrase exists for the sole purpose of providing a textual description associated with the numeric status code, out of deference to earlier Internet application protocols that were more frequently used with interactive text clients. A client SHOULD ignore the content of the Reason Phrase.

The first digit of the Status-Code defines the class of response. The last two digits do not have any categorization role. There are 5 values for the first digit:

• 1xx: Informational - Request received, continuing process
• 2xx: Success - The action was successfully received, understood, and accepted
• 3xx: Redirection - Further action must be taken in order to complete the request
• 4xx: Client Error - The request contains bad syntax or cannot be fulfilled
• 5xx: Server Error - The server failed to fulfill an apparently valid request

  Status-Code    = 3DIGIT
  Reason-Phrase  = *<TEXT, excluding CR, LF>

7.  Connections

7.1.  Persistent Connections

7.1.1.  Purpose

Prior to persistent connections, a separate TCP connection was established to fetch each URL, increasing the load on HTTP servers and causing congestion on the Internet. The use of inline images and other associated data often require a client to make multiple requests of the same server in a short amount of time. Analysis of these performance problems and results from a prototype implementation are available [Pad1995] (Padmanabhan, V. and J. Mogul, “Improving HTTP Latency,” December 1995.) [Spe] (Spero, S., “Analysis of HTTP Performance Problems,” .). Implementation experience and measurements of actual HTTP/1.1 (RFC 2068) implementations show good results [Nie1997] (Nielsen, H., Gettys, J., Prud'hommeaux, E., Lie, H., and C. Lilley, “Network Performance Effects of HTTP/1.1, CSS1, and PNG,” September 1997.). Alternatives have also been explored, for example, T/TCP [Tou1998] (Touch, J., Heidemann, J., and K. Obraczka, “Analysis of HTTP Performance,” Aug 1998.).

Persistent HTTP connections have a number of advantages:

• By opening and closing fewer TCP connections, CPU time is saved in routers and hosts (clients, servers, proxies, gateways, tunnels, or caches), and memory used for TCP protocol control blocks can be saved in hosts.
• HTTP requests and responses can be pipelined on a connection. Pipelining allows a client to make multiple requests without waiting for each response, allowing a single TCP connection to be used much more efficiently, with much lower elapsed time.
• Network congestion is reduced by reducing the number of packets caused by TCP opens, and by allowing TCP sufficient time to determine the congestion state of the network.
• Latency on subsequent requests is reduced since there is no time spent in TCP's connection opening handshake.
• HTTP can evolve more gracefully, since errors can be reported without the penalty of closing the TCP connection. Clients using future versions of HTTP might optimistically try a new feature, but if communicating with an older server, retry with old semantics after an error is reported.

HTTP implementations SHOULD implement persistent connections.

7.1.2.  Overall Operation

A significant difference between HTTP/1.1 and earlier versions of HTTP is that persistent connections are the default behavior of any HTTP connection. That is, unless otherwise indicated, the client SHOULD assume that the server will maintain a persistent connection, even after error responses from the server.

Persistent connections provide a mechanism by which a client and a server can signal the close of a TCP connection. This signaling takes place using the Connection header field (Section 8.1 (Connection)). Once a close has been signaled, the client MUST NOT send any more requests on that connection.

7.1.2.1.  Negotiation

An HTTP/1.1 server MAY assume that a HTTP/1.1 client intends to maintain a persistent connection unless a Connection header including the connection-token "close" was sent in the request. If the server chooses to close the connection immediately after sending the response, it SHOULD send a Connection header including the connection-token close.

An HTTP/1.1 client MAY expect a connection to remain open, but would decide to keep it open based on whether the response from a server contains a Connection header with the connection-token close. In case the client does not want to maintain a connection for more than that request, it SHOULD send a Connection header including the connection-token close.

If either the client or the server sends the close token in the Connection header, that request becomes the last one for the connection.

Clients and servers SHOULD NOT assume that a persistent connection is maintained for HTTP versions less than 1.1 unless it is explicitly signaled. See Appendix C.2 (Compatibility with HTTP/1.0 Persistent Connections) for more information on backward compatibility with HTTP/1.0 clients.

In order to remain persistent, all messages on the connection MUST have a self-defined message length (i.e., one not defined by closure of the connection), as described in Section 4.4 (Message Length).

7.1.2.2.  Pipelining

A client that supports persistent connections MAY "pipeline" its requests (i.e., send multiple requests without waiting for each response). A server MUST send its responses to those requests in the same order that the requests were received.

Clients which assume persistent connections and pipeline immediately after connection establishment SHOULD be prepared to retry their connection if the first pipelined attempt fails. If a client does such a retry, it MUST NOT pipeline before it knows the connection is persistent. Clients MUST also be prepared to resend their requests if the server closes the connection before sending all of the corresponding responses.

Clients SHOULD NOT pipeline requests using non-idempotent methods or non-idempotent sequences of methods (see Section 8.1.2 of [Part2] (Fielding, R., Ed., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H., Masinter, L., Leach, P., Berners-Lee, T., Lafon, Y., Ed., and J. Reschke, Ed., “HTTP/1.1, part 2: Message Semantics,” November 2008.)). Otherwise, a premature termination of the transport connection could lead to indeterminate results. A client wishing to send a non-idempotent request SHOULD wait to send that request until it has received the response status for the previous request.

7.1.3.  Proxy Servers

It is especially important that proxies correctly implement the properties of the Connection header field as specified in Section 8.1 (Connection).

The proxy server MUST signal persistent connections separately with its clients and the origin servers (or other proxy servers) that it connects to. Each persistent connection applies to only one transport link.

A proxy server MUST NOT establish a HTTP/1.1 persistent connection with an HTTP/1.0 client (but see [RFC2068] (Fielding, R., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Nielsen, H., and T. Berners-Lee, “Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1,” January 1997.) for information and discussion of the problems with the Keep-Alive header implemented by many HTTP/1.0 clients).

7.1.4.  Practical Considerations

Servers will usually have some time-out value beyond which they will no longer maintain an inactive connection. Proxy servers might make this a higher value since it is likely that the client will be making more connections through the same server. The use of persistent connections places no requirements on the length (or existence) of this time-out for either the client or the server.

When a client or server wishes to time-out it SHOULD issue a graceful close on the transport connection. Clients and servers SHOULD both constantly watch for the other side of the transport close, and respond to it as appropriate. If a client or server does not detect the other side's close promptly it could cause unnecessary resource drain on the network.

A client, server, or proxy MAY close the transport connection at any time. For example, a client might have started to send a new request at the same time that the server has decided to close the "idle" connection. From the server's point of view, the connection is being closed while it was idle, but from the client's point of view, a request is in progress.

This means that clients, servers, and proxies MUST be able to recover from asynchronous close events. Client software SHOULD reopen the transport connection and retransmit the aborted sequence of requests without user interaction so long as the request sequence is idempotent (see Section 8.1.2 of [Part2] (Fielding, R., Ed., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H., Masinter, L., Leach, P., Berners-Lee, T., Lafon, Y., Ed., and J. Reschke, Ed., “HTTP/1.1, part 2: Message Semantics,” November 2008.)). Non-idempotent methods or sequences MUST NOT be automatically retried, although user agents MAY offer a human operator the choice of retrying the request(s). Confirmation by user-agent software with semantic understanding of the application MAY substitute for user confirmation. The automatic retry SHOULD NOT be repeated if the second sequence of requests fails.

Servers SHOULD always respond to at least one request per connection, if at all possible. Servers SHOULD NOT close a connection in the middle of transmitting a response, unless a network or client failure is suspected.

Clients that use persistent connections SHOULD limit the number of simultaneous connections that they maintain to a given server. A single-user client SHOULD NOT maintain more than 2 connections with any server or proxy. A proxy SHOULD use up to 2*N connections to another server or proxy, where N is the number of simultaneously active users. These guidelines are intended to improve HTTP response times and avoid congestion.

7.2.  Message Transmission Requirements

7.2.1.  Persistent Connections and Flow Control

HTTP/1.1 servers SHOULD maintain persistent connections and use TCP's flow control mechanisms to resolve temporary overloads, rather than terminating connections with the expectation that clients will retry. The latter technique can exacerbate network congestion.

7.2.2.  Monitoring Connections for Error Status Messages

An HTTP/1.1 (or later) client sending a message-body SHOULD monitor the network connection for an error status while it is transmitting the request. If the client sees an error status, it SHOULD immediately cease transmitting the body. If the body is being sent using a "chunked" encoding (Section 3.4 (Transfer Codings)), a zero length chunk and empty trailer MAY be used to prematurely mark the end of the message. If the body was preceded by a Content-Length header, the client MUST close the connection.

7.2.3.  Use of the 100 (Continue) Status

The purpose of the 100 (Continue) status (see Section 9.1.1 of [Part2] (Fielding, R., Ed., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H., Masinter, L., Leach, P., Berners-Lee, T., Lafon, Y., Ed., and J. Reschke, Ed., “HTTP/1.1, part 2: Message Semantics,” November 2008.)) is to allow a client that is sending a request message with a request body to determine if the origin server is willing to accept the request (based on the request headers) before the client sends the request body. In some cases, it might either be inappropriate or highly inefficient for the client to send the body if the server will reject the message without looking at the body.

Requirements for HTTP/1.1 clients:

• If a client will wait for a 100 (Continue) response before sending the request body, it MUST send an Expect request-header field (Section 10.2 of [Part2] (Fielding, R., Ed., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H., Masinter, L., Leach, P., Berners-Lee, T., Lafon, Y., Ed., and J. Reschke, Ed., “HTTP/1.1, part 2: Message Semantics,” November 2008.)) with the "100-continue" expectation.
• A client MUST NOT send an Expect request-header field (Section 10.2 of [Part2] (Fielding, R., Ed., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H., Masinter, L., Leach, P., Berners-Lee, T., Lafon, Y., Ed., and J. Reschke, Ed., “HTTP/1.1, part 2: Message Semantics,” November 2008.)) with the "100-continue" expectation if it does not intend to send a request body.

Because of the presence of older implementations, the protocol allows ambiguous situations in which a client may send "Expect: 100-continue" without receiving either a 417 (Expectation Failed) status or a 100 (Continue) status. Therefore, when a client sends this header field to an origin server (possibly via a proxy) from which it has never seen a 100 (Continue) status, the client SHOULD NOT wait for an indefinite period before sending the request body.

Requirements for HTTP/1.1 origin servers:

• Upon receiving a request which includes an Expect request-header field with the "100-continue" expectation, an origin server MUST either respond with 100 (Continue) status and continue to read from the input stream, or respond with a final status code. The origin server MUST NOT wait for the request body before sending the 100 (Continue) response. If it responds with a final status code, it MAY close the transport connection or it MAY continue to read and discard the rest of the request. It MUST NOT perform the requested method if it returns a final status code.
• An origin server SHOULD NOT send a 100 (Continue) response if the request message does not include an Expect request-header field with the "100-continue" expectation, and MUST NOT send a 100 (Continue) response if such a request comes from an HTTP/1.0 (or earlier) client. There is an exception to this rule: for compatibility with [RFC2068] (Fielding, R., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Nielsen, H., and T. Berners-Lee, “Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1,” January 1997.), a server MAY send a 100 (Continue) status in response to an HTTP/1.1 PUT or POST request that does not include an Expect request-header field with the "100-continue" expectation. This exception, the purpose of which is to minimize any client processing delays associated with an undeclared wait for 100 (Continue) status, applies only to HTTP/1.1 requests, and not to requests with any other HTTP-version value.
• An origin server MAY omit a 100 (Continue) response if it has already received some or all of the request body for the corresponding request.
• An origin server that sends a 100 (Continue) response MUST ultimately send a final status code, once the request body is received and processed, unless it terminates the transport connection prematurely.
• If an origin server receives a request that does not include an Expect request-header field with the "100-continue" expectation, the request includes a request body, and the server responds with a final status code before reading the entire request body from the transport connection, then the server SHOULD NOT close the transport connection until it has read the entire request, or until the client closes the connection. Otherwise, the client might not reliably receive the response message. However, this requirement is not be construed as preventing a server from defending itself against denial-of-service attacks, or from badly broken client implementations.

Requirements for HTTP/1.1 proxies:

• If a proxy receives a request that includes an Expect request-header field with the "100-continue" expectation, and the proxy either knows that the next-hop server complies with HTTP/1.1 or higher, or does not know the HTTP version of the next-hop server, it MUST forward the request, including the Expect header field.
• If the proxy knows that the version of the next-hop server is HTTP/1.0 or lower, it MUST NOT forward the request, and it MUST respond with a 417 (Expectation Failed) status.
• Proxies SHOULD maintain a cache recording the HTTP version numbers received from recently-referenced next-hop servers.
• A proxy MUST NOT forward a 100 (Continue) response if the request message was received from an HTTP/1.0 (or earlier) client and did not include an Expect request-header field with the "100-continue" expectation. This requirement overrides the general rule for forwarding of 1xx responses (see Section 9.1 of [Part2] (Fielding, R., Ed., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H., Masinter, L., Leach, P., Berners-Lee, T., Lafon, Y., Ed., and J. Reschke, Ed., “HTTP/1.1, part 2: Message Semantics,” November 2008.)).

7.2.4.  Client Behavior if Server Prematurely Closes Connection

If an HTTP/1.1 client sends a request which includes a request body, but which does not include an Expect request-header field with the "100-continue" expectation, and if the client is not directly connected to an HTTP/1.1 origin server, and if the client sees the connection close before receiving any status from the server, the client SHOULD retry the request. If the client does retry this request, it MAY use the following "binary exponential backoff" algorithm to be assured of obtaining a reliable response:

1. Initiate a new connection to the server
2. Transmit the request-headers
3. Initialize a variable R to the estimated round-trip time to the server (e.g., based on the time it took to establish the connection), or to a constant value of 5 seconds if the round-trip time is not available.
4. Compute T = R * (2**N), where N is the number of previous retries of this request.
5. Wait either for an error response from the server, or for T seconds (whichever comes first)
6. If no error response is received, after T seconds transmit the body of the request.
7. If client sees that the connection is closed prematurely, repeat from step 1 until the request is accepted, an error response is received, or the user becomes impatient and terminates the retry process.

If at any point an error status is received, the client

• SHOULD NOT continue and
• SHOULD close the connection if it has not completed sending the request message.

8.  Header Field Definitions

This section defines the syntax and semantics of HTTP/1.1 header fields related to message framing and transport protocols.

For entity-header fields, both sender and recipient refer to either the client or the server, depending on who sends and who receives the entity.

8.1.  Connection

The general-header field "Connection" allows the sender to specify options that are desired for that particular connection and MUST NOT be communicated by proxies over further connections.

The Connection header's value has the following grammar:

  Connection       = "Connection" ":" OWS Connection-v
  Connection-v     = 1#connection-token
  connection-token = token

HTTP/1.1 proxies MUST parse the Connection header field before a message is forwarded and, for each connection-token in this field, remove any header field(s) from the message with the same name as the connection-token. Connection options are signaled by the presence of a connection-token in the Connection header field, not by any corresponding additional header field(s), since the additional header field may not be sent if there are no parameters associated with that connection option.

Message headers listed in the Connection header MUST NOT include end-to-end headers, such as Cache-Control.

HTTP/1.1 defines the "close" connection option for the sender to signal that the connection will be closed after completion of the response. For example,

  Connection: close

in either the request or the response header fields indicates that the connection SHOULD NOT be considered `persistent' (Section 7.1 (Persistent Connections)) after the current request/response is complete.

An HTTP/1.1 client that does not support persistent connections MUST include the "close" connection option in every request message.

An HTTP/1.1 server that does not support persistent connections MUST include the "close" connection option in every response message that does not have a 1xx (informational) status code.

A system receiving an HTTP/1.0 (or lower-version) message that includes a Connection header MUST, for each connection-token in this field, remove and ignore any header field(s) from the message with the same name as the connection-token. This protects against mistaken forwarding of such header fields by pre-HTTP/1.1 proxies. See Appendix C.2 (Compatibility with HTTP/1.0 Persistent Connections).

8.2.  Content-Length

The entity-header field "Content-Length" indicates the size of the entity-body, in decimal number of OCTETs, sent to the recipient or, in the case of the HEAD method, the size of the entity-body that would have been sent had the request been a GET.

  Content-Length   = "Content-Length" ":" OWS 1*Content-Length-v
  Content-Length-v = 1*DIGIT

An example is

  Content-Length: 3495

Applications SHOULD use this field to indicate the transfer-length of the message-body, unless this is prohibited by the rules in Section 4.4 (Message Length).

Any Content-Length greater than or equal to zero is a valid value. Section 4.4 (Message Length) describes how to determine the length of a message-body if a Content-Length is not given.

Note that the meaning of this field is significantly different from the corresponding definition in MIME, where it is an optional field used within the "message/external-body" content-type. In HTTP, it SHOULD be sent whenever the message's length can be determined prior to being transferred, unless this is prohibited by the rules in Section 4.4 (Message Length).

8.3.  Date

The general-header field "Date" represents the date and time at which the message was originated, having the same semantics as orig-date in Section 3.6.1 of [RFC5322] (Resnick, P., “Internet Message Format,” October 2008.). The field value is an HTTP-date, as described in Section 3.3.1 (Full Date); it MUST be sent in rfc1123-date format.

  Date   = "Date" ":" OWS Date-v
  Date-v = HTTP-date

An example is

  Date: Tue, 15 Nov 1994 08:12:31 GMT

Origin servers MUST include a Date header field in all responses, except in these cases:

1. If the response status code is 100 (Continue) or 101 (Switching Protocols), the response MAY include a Date header field, at the server's option.
2. If the response status code conveys a server error, e.g. 500 (Internal Server Error) or 503 (Service Unavailable), and it is inconvenient or impossible to generate a valid Date.
3. If the server does not have a clock that can provide a reasonable approximation of the current time, its responses MUST NOT include a Date header field. In this case, the rules in Section 8.3.1 (Clockless Origin Server Operation) MUST be followed.

A received message that does not have a Date header field MUST be assigned one by the recipient if the message will be cached by that recipient or gatewayed via a protocol which requires a Date. An HTTP implementation without a clock MUST NOT cache responses without revalidating them on every use. An HTTP cache, especially a shared cache, SHOULD use a mechanism, such as NTP [RFC1305] (Mills, D., “Network Time Protocol (Version 3) Specification, Implementation,” March 1992.), to synchronize its clock with a reliable external standard.

Clients SHOULD only send a Date header field in messages that include an entity-body, as in the case of the PUT and POST requests, and even then it is optional. A client without a clock MUST NOT send a Date header field in a request.

The HTTP-date sent in a Date header SHOULD NOT represent a date and time subsequent to the generation of the message. It SHOULD represent the best available approximation of the date and time of message generation, unless the implementation has no means of generating a reasonably accurate date and time. In theory, the date ought to represent the moment just before the entity is generated. In practice, the date can be generated at any time during the message origination without affecting its semantic value.

8.3.1.  Clockless Origin Server Operation

Some origin server implementations might not have a clock available. An origin server without a clock MUST NOT assign Expires or Last-Modified values to a response, unless these values were associated with the resource by a system or user with a reliable clock. It MAY assign an Expires value that is known, at or before server configuration time, to be in the past (this allows "pre-expiration" of responses without storing separate Expires values for each resource).

8.4.  Host

The request-header field "Host" specifies the Internet host and port number of the resource being requested, as obtained from the original URI given by the user or referring resource (generally an HTTP URL, as described in Section 3.2.1 (http URI scheme)). The Host field value MUST represent the naming authority of the origin server or gateway given by the original URL. This allows the origin server or gateway to differentiate between internally-ambiguous URLs, such as the root "/" URL of a server for multiple host names on a single IP address.

  Host   = "Host" ":" OWS Host-v
  Host-v = uri-host [ ":" port ] ; Section 3.2.1

A "host" without any trailing port information implies the default port for the service requested (e.g., "80" for an HTTP URL). For example, a request on the origin server for <http://www.example.org/pub/WWW/> would properly include:

  GET /pub/WWW/ HTTP/1.1
  Host: www.example.org

A client MUST include a Host header field in all HTTP/1.1 request messages. If the requested URI does not include an Internet host name for the service being requested, then the Host header field MUST be given with an empty value. An HTTP/1.1 proxy MUST ensure that any request message it forwards does contain an appropriate Host header field that identifies the service being requested by the proxy. All Internet-based HTTP/1.1 servers MUST respond with a 400 (Bad Request) status code to any HTTP/1.1 request message which lacks a Host header field.

See Sections 5.2 (The Resource Identified by a Request) and C.1.1 (Changes to Simplify Multi-homed Web Servers and Conserve IP Addresses) for other requirements relating to Host.

8.5.  TE

The request-header field "TE" indicates what extension transfer-codings it is willing to accept in the response and whether or not it is willing to accept trailer fields in a chunked transfer-coding. Its value may consist of the keyword "trailers" and/or a comma-separated list of extension transfer-coding names with optional accept parameters (as described in Section 3.4 (Transfer Codings)).

  TE        = "TE" ":" OWS TE-v
  TE-v      = #t-codings
  t-codings = "trailers" / ( transfer-extension [ accept-params ] )

The presence of the keyword "trailers" indicates that the client is willing to accept trailer fields in a chunked transfer-coding, as defined in Section 3.4.1 (Chunked Transfer Coding). This keyword is reserved for use with transfer-coding values even though it does not itself represent a transfer-coding.

Examples of its use are:

  TE: deflate
  TE:
  TE: trailers, deflate;q=0.5

The TE header field only applies to the immediate connection. Therefore, the keyword MUST be supplied within a Connection header field (Section 8.1 (Connection)) whenever TE is present in an HTTP/1.1 message.

A server tests whether a transfer-coding is acceptable, according to a TE field, using these rules:

1. The "chunked" transfer-coding is always acceptable. If the keyword "trailers" is listed, the client indicates that it is willing to accept trailer fields in the chunked response on behalf of itself and any downstream clients. The implication is that, if given, the client is stating that either all downstream clients are willing to accept trailer fields in the forwarded response, or that it will attempt to buffer the response on behalf of downstream recipients.
   
   Note: HTTP/1.1 does not define any means to limit the size of a chunked response such that a client can be assured of buffering the entire response.
2. If the transfer-coding being tested is one of the transfer-codings listed in the TE field, then it is acceptable unless it is accompanied by a qvalue of 0. (As defined in Section 3.4 of [Part3] (Fielding, R., Ed., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H., Masinter, L., Leach, P., Berners-Lee, T., Lafon, Y., Ed., and J. Reschke, Ed., “HTTP/1.1, part 3: Message Payload and Content Negotiation,” November 2008.), a qvalue of 0 means "not acceptable.")
3. If multiple transfer-codings are acceptable, then the acceptable transfer-coding with the highest non-zero qvalue is preferred. The "chunked" transfer-coding always has a qvalue of 1.

If the TE field-value is empty or if no TE field is present, the only transfer-coding is "chunked". A message with no transfer-coding is always acceptable.

8.6.  Trailer

The general field "Trailer" indicates that the given set of header fields is present in the trailer of a message encoded with chunked transfer-coding.

  Trailer   = "Trailer" ":" OWS Trailer-v
  Trailer-v = 1#field-name

An HTTP/1.1 message SHOULD include a Trailer header field in a message using chunked transfer-coding with a non-empty trailer. Doing so allows the recipient to know which header fields to expect in the trailer.

If no Trailer header field is present, the trailer SHOULD NOT include any header fields. See Section 3.4.1 (Chunked Transfer Coding) for restrictions on the use of trailer fields in a "chunked" transfer-coding.

Message header fields listed in the Trailer header field MUST NOT include the following header fields:

• Transfer-Encoding
• Content-Length
• Trailer

8.7.  Transfer-Encoding

The general-header "Transfer-Encoding" field indicates what (if any) type of transformation has been applied to the message body in order to safely transfer it between the sender and the recipient. This differs from the content-coding in that the transfer-coding is a property of the message, not of the entity.

  Transfer-Encoding   = "Transfer-Encoding" ":" OWS
                        Transfer-Encoding-v
  Transfer-Encoding-v = 1#transfer-coding

Transfer-codings are defined in Section 3.4 (Transfer Codings). An example is:

  Transfer-Encoding: chunked

If multiple encodings have been applied to an entity, the transfer-codings MUST be listed in the order in which they were applied. Additional information about the encoding parameters MAY be provided by other entity-header fields not defined by this specification.

Many older HTTP/1.0 applications do not understand the Transfer-Encoding header.

8.8.  Upgrade

The general-header "Upgrade" allows the client to specify what additional communication protocols it supports and would like to use if the server finds it appropriate to switch protocols. The server MUST use the Upgrade header field within a 101 (Switching Protocols) response to indicate which protocol(s) are being switched.

  Upgrade   = "Upgrade" ":" OWS Upgrade-v
  Upgrade-v = 1#product

For example,

  Upgrade: HTTP/2.0, SHTTP/1.3, IRC/6.9, RTA/x11

The Upgrade header field is intended to provide a simple mechanism for transition from HTTP/1.1 to some other, incompatible protocol. It does so by allowing the client to advertise its desire to use another protocol, such as a later version of HTTP with a higher major version number, even though the current request has been made using HTTP/1.1. This eases the difficult transition between incompatible protocols by allowing the client to initiate a request in the more commonly supported protocol while indicating to the server that it would like to use a "better" protocol if available (where "better" is determined by the server, possibly according to the nature of the method and/or resource being requested).

The Upgrade header field only applies to switching application-layer protocols upon the existing transport-layer connection. Upgrade cannot be used to insist on a protocol change; its acceptance and use by the server is optional. The capabilities and nature of the application-layer communication after the protocol change is entirely dependent upon the new protocol chosen, although the first action after changing the protocol MUST be a response to the initial HTTP request containing the Upgrade header field.

The Upgrade header field only applies to the immediate connection. Therefore, the upgrade keyword MUST be supplied within a Connection header field (Section 8.1 (Connection)) whenever Upgrade is present in an HTTP/1.1 message.

The Upgrade header field cannot be used to indicate a switch to a protocol on a different connection. For that purpose, it is more appropriate to use a 301, 302, 303, or 305 redirection response.

This specification only defines the protocol name "HTTP" for use by the family of Hypertext Transfer Protocols, as defined by the HTTP version rules of Section 3.1 (HTTP Version) and future updates to this specification. Any token can be used as a protocol name; however, it will only be useful if both the client and server associate the name with the same protocol.

8.9.  Via

The general-header field "Via" MUST be used by gateways and proxies to indicate the intermediate protocols and recipients between the user agent and the server on requests, and between the origin server and the client on responses. It is analogous to the "Received" field defined in Section 3.6.7 of [RFC5322] (Resnick, P., “Internet Message Format,” October 2008.) and is intended to be used for tracking message forwards, avoiding request loops, and identifying the protocol capabilities of all senders along the request/response chain.

  Via               = "Via" ":" OWS Via-v
  Via-v             = 1#( received-protocol RWS received-by
                          [ RWS comment ] )
  received-protocol = [ protocol-name "/" ] protocol-version
  protocol-name     = token
  protocol-version  = token
  received-by       = ( uri-host [ ":" port ] ) / pseudonym
  pseudonym         = token

The received-protocol indicates the protocol version of the message received by the server or client along each segment of the request/response chain. The received-protocol version is appended to the Via field value when the message is forwarded so that information about the protocol capabilities of upstream applications remains visible to all recipients.

The protocol-name is optional if and only if it would be "HTTP". The received-by field is normally the host and optional port number of a recipient server or client that subsequently forwarded the message. However, if the real host is considered to be sensitive information, it MAY be replaced by a pseudonym. If the port is not given, it MAY be assumed to be the default port of the received-protocol.

Multiple Via field values represents each proxy or gateway that has forwarded the message. Each recipient MUST append its information such that the end result is ordered according to the sequence of forwarding applications.

Comments MAY be used in the Via header field to identify the software of the recipient proxy or gateway, analogous to the User-Agent and Server header fields. However, all comments in the Via field are optional and MAY be removed by any recipient prior to forwarding the message.

For example, a request message could be sent from an HTTP/1.0 user agent to an internal proxy code-named "fred", which uses HTTP/1.1 to forward the request to a public proxy at p.example.net, which completes the request by forwarding it to the origin server at www.example.com. The request received by www.example.com would then have the following Via header field:

  Via: 1.0 fred, 1.1 p.example.net (Apache/1.1)

Proxies and gateways used as a portal through a network firewall SHOULD NOT, by default, forward the names and ports of hosts within the firewall region. This information SHOULD only be propagated if explicitly enabled. If not enabled, the received-by host of any host behind the firewall SHOULD be replaced by an appropriate pseudonym for that host.

For organizations that have strong privacy requirements for hiding internal structures, a proxy MAY combine an ordered subsequence of Via header field entries with identical received-protocol values into a single such entry. For example,

  Via: 1.0 ricky, 1.1 ethel, 1.1 fred, 1.0 lucy

could be collapsed to

  Via: 1.0 ricky, 1.1 mertz, 1.0 lucy

Applications SHOULD NOT combine multiple entries unless they are all under the same organizational control and the hosts have already been replaced by pseudonyms. Applications MUST NOT combine entries which have different received-protocol values.

9.  IANA Considerations

9.1.  Message Header Registration

The Message Header Registry located at http://www.iana.org/assignments/message-headers/message-header-index.html should be updated with the permanent registrations below (see [RFC3864] (Klyne, G., Nottingham, M., and J. Mogul, “Registration Procedures for Message Header Fields,” September 2004.)):

The change controller is: "IETF (iesg@ietf.org) - Internet Engineering Task Force".

9.2.  URI Scheme Registration

The entry for the "http" URI Scheme in the registry located at http://www.iana.org/assignments/uri-schemes.html should be updated to point to Section 3.2.1 (http URI scheme) of this document (see [RFC4395] (Hansen, T., Hardie, T., and L. Masinter, “Guidelines and Registration Procedures for New URI Schemes,” February 2006.)).

9.3.  Internet Media Type Registrations

This document serves as the specification for the Internet media types "message/http" and "application/http". The following is to be registered with IANA (see [RFC4288] (Freed, N. and J. Klensin, “Media Type Specifications and Registration Procedures,” December 2005.)).

9.3.1.  Internet Media Type message/http

The message/http type can be used to enclose a single HTTP request or response message, provided that it obeys the MIME restrictions for all "message" types regarding line length and encodings.

Type name:

message

Subtype name:

http

Required parameters:

none

Optional parameters:

version, msgtype

version:

The HTTP-Version number of the enclosed message (e.g., "1.1"). If not present, the version can be determined from the first line of the body.

msgtype:

The message type -- "request" or "response". If not present, the type can be determined from the first line of the body.

Encoding considerations:

only "7bit", "8bit", or "binary" are permitted

Security considerations:

none

Interoperability considerations:

none

Published specification:

This specification (see Section 9.3.1 (Internet Media Type message/http)).

Applications that use this media type:

Additional information:

Magic number(s):

none

File extension(s):

none

Macintosh file type code(s):

none

Person and email address to contact for further information:

See Authors Section.

Intended usage:

COMMON

Restrictions on usage:

none

Author/Change controller:

IESG

9.3.2.  Internet Media Type application/http

The application/http type can be used to enclose a pipeline of one or more HTTP request or response messages (not intermixed).

Type name:

application

Subtype name:

http

Required parameters:

none

Optional parameters:

version, msgtype

version:

The HTTP-Version number of the enclosed messages (e.g., "1.1"). If not present, the version can be determined from the first line of the body.

msgtype:

The message type -- "request" or "response". If not present, the type can be determined from the first line of the body.

Encoding considerations:

HTTP messages enclosed by this type are in "binary" format; use of an appropriate Content-Transfer-Encoding is required when transmitted via E-mail.

Security considerations:

none

Interoperability considerations:

none

Published specification:

This specification (see Section 9.3.2 (Internet Media Type application/http)).

Applications that use this media type:

Additional information:

Magic number(s):

none

File extension(s):

none

Macintosh file type code(s):

none

Person and email address to contact for further information:

See Authors Section.

Intended usage:

COMMON

Restrictions on usage:

none

Author/Change controller:

IESG

10.  Security Considerations

This section is meant to inform application developers, information providers, and users of the security limitations in HTTP/1.1 as described by this document. The discussion does not include definitive solutions to the problems revealed, though it does make some suggestions for reducing security risks.

10.1.  Personal Information

HTTP clients are often privy to large amounts of personal information (e.g. the user's name, location, mail address, passwords, encryption keys, etc.), and SHOULD be very careful to prevent unintentional leakage of this information. We very strongly recommend that a convenient interface be provided for the user to control dissemination of such information, and that designers and implementors be particularly careful in this area. History shows that errors in this area often create serious security and/or privacy problems and generate highly adverse publicity for the implementor's company.

10.2.  Abuse of Server Log Information

A server is in the position to save personal data about a user's requests which might identify their reading patterns or subjects of interest. This information is clearly confidential in nature and its handling can be constrained by law in certain countries. People using HTTP to provide data are responsible for ensuring that such material is not distributed without the permission of any individuals that are identifiable by the published results.

10.3.  Attacks Based On File and Path Names

Implementations of HTTP origin servers SHOULD be careful to restrict the documents returned by HTTP requests to be only those that were intended by the server administrators. If an HTTP server translates HTTP URIs directly into file system calls, the server MUST take special care not to serve files that were not intended to be delivered to HTTP clients. For example, UNIX, Microsoft Windows, and other operating systems use ".." as a path component to indicate a directory level above the current one. On such a system, an HTTP server MUST disallow any such construct in the Request-URI if it would otherwise allow access to a resource outside those intended to be accessible via the HTTP server. Similarly, files intended for reference only internally to the server (such as access control files, configuration files, and script code) MUST be protected from inappropriate retrieval, since they might contain sensitive information. Experience has shown that minor bugs in such HTTP server implementations have turned into security risks.

10.4.  DNS Spoofing

Clients using HTTP rely heavily on the Domain Name Service, and are thus generally prone to security attacks based on the deliberate mis-association of IP addresses and DNS names. Clients need to be cautious in assuming the continuing validity of an IP number/DNS name association.

In particular, HTTP clients SHOULD rely on their name resolver for confirmation of an IP number/DNS name association, rather than caching the result of previous host name lookups. Many platforms already can cache host name lookups locally when appropriate, and they SHOULD be configured to do so. It is proper for these lookups to be cached, however, only when the TTL (Time To Live) information reported by the name server makes it likely that the cached information will remain useful.

If HTTP clients cache the results of host name lookups in order to achieve a performance improvement, they MUST observe the TTL information reported by DNS.

If HTTP clients do not observe this rule, they could be spoofed when a previously-accessed server's IP address changes. As network renumbering is expected to become increasingly common [RFC1900] (Carpenter, B. and Y. Rekhter, “Renumbering Needs Work,” February 1996.), the possibility of this form of attack will grow. Observing this requirement thus reduces this potential security vulnerability.

This requirement also improves the load-balancing behavior of clients for replicated servers using the same DNS name and reduces the likelihood of a user's experiencing failure in accessing sites which use that strategy.

10.5.  Proxies and Caching

By their very nature, HTTP proxies are men-in-the-middle, and represent an opportunity for man-in-the-middle attacks. Compromise of the systems on which the proxies run can result in serious security and privacy problems. Proxies have access to security-related information, personal information about individual users and organizations, and proprietary information belonging to users and content providers. A compromised proxy, or a proxy implemented or configured without regard to security and privacy considerations, might be used in the commission of a wide range of potential attacks.

Proxy operators should protect the systems on which proxies run as they would protect any system that contains or transports sensitive information. In particular, log information gathered at proxies often contains highly sensitive personal information, and/or information about organizations. Log information should be carefully guarded, and appropriate guidelines for use developed and followed. (Section 10.2 (Abuse of Server Log Information)).

Proxy implementors should consider the privacy and security implications of their design and coding decisions, and of the configuration options they provide to proxy operators (especially the default configuration).

Users of a proxy need to be aware that they are no trustworthier than the people who run the proxy; HTTP itself cannot solve this problem.

The judicious use of cryptography, when appropriate, may suffice to protect against a broad range of security and privacy attacks. Such cryptography is beyond the scope of the HTTP/1.1 specification.

10.6.  Denial of Service Attacks on Proxies

They exist. They are hard to defend against. Research continues. Beware.

11.  Acknowledgments

HTTP has evolved considerably over the years. It has benefited from a large and active developer community--the many people who have participated on the www-talk mailing list--and it is that community which has been most responsible for the success of HTTP and of the World-Wide Web in general. Marc Andreessen, Robert Cailliau, Daniel W. Connolly, Bob Denny, John Franks, Jean-Francois Groff, Phillip M. Hallam-Baker, Hakon W. Lie, Ari Luotonen, Rob McCool, Lou Montulli, Dave Raggett, Tony Sanders, and Marc VanHeyningen deserve special recognition for their efforts in defining early aspects of the protocol.

This document has benefited greatly from the comments of all those participating in the HTTP-WG. In addition to those already mentioned, the following individuals have contributed to this specification:

Gary Adams, Harald Tveit Alvestrand, Keith Ball, Brian Behlendorf, Paul Burchard, Maurizio Codogno, Mike Cowlishaw, Roman Czyborra, Michael A. Dolan, Daniel DuBois, David J. Fiander, Alan Freier, Marc Hedlund, Greg Herlihy, Koen Holtman, Alex Hopmann, Bob Jernigan, Shel Kaphan, Rohit Khare, John Klensin, Martijn Koster, Alexei Kosut, David M. Kristol, Daniel LaLiberte, Ben Laurie, Paul J. Leach, Albert Lunde, John C. Mallery, Jean-Philippe Martin-Flatin, Mitra, David Morris, Gavin Nicol, Ross Patterson, Bill Perry, Jeffrey Perry, Scott Powers, Owen Rees, Luigi Rizzo, David Robinson, Marc Salomon, Rich Salz, Allan M. Schiffman, Jim Seidman, Chuck Shotton, Eric W. Sink, Simon E. Spero, Richard N. Taylor, Robert S. Thau, Bill (BearHeart) Weinman, Francois Yergeau, Mary Ellen Zurko, Josh Cohen.

Thanks to the "cave men" of Palo Alto. You know who you are.

Jim Gettys (the editor of [RFC2616] (Fielding, R., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H., Masinter, L., Leach, P., and T. Berners-Lee, “Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1,” June 1999.)) wishes particularly to thank Roy Fielding, the editor of [RFC2068] (Fielding, R., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Nielsen, H., and T. Berners-Lee, “Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1,” January 1997.), along with John Klensin, Jeff Mogul, Paul Leach, Dave Kristol, Koen Holtman, John Franks, Josh Cohen, Alex Hopmann, Scott Lawrence, and Larry Masinter for their help. And thanks go particularly to Jeff Mogul and Scott Lawrence for performing the "MUST/MAY/SHOULD" audit.

The Apache Group, Anselm Baird-Smith, author of Jigsaw, and Henrik Frystyk implemented RFC 2068 early, and we wish to thank them for the discovery of many of the problems that this document attempts to rectify.

This specification makes heavy use of the augmented BNF and generic constructs defined by David H. Crocker for [RFC5234] (Crocker, D., Ed. and P. Overell, “Augmented BNF for Syntax Specifications: ABNF,” January 2008.). Similarly, it reuses many of the definitions provided by Nathaniel Borenstein and Ned Freed for MIME [RFC2045] (Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, “Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message Bodies,” November 1996.). We hope that their inclusion in this specification will help reduce past confusion over the relationship between HTTP and Internet mail message formats.

12.  References

12.1. Normative References

12.2. Informative References

Appendix A.  Tolerant Applications

Although this document specifies the requirements for the generation of HTTP/1.1 messages, not all applications will be correct in their implementation. We therefore recommend that operational applications be tolerant of deviations whenever those deviations can be interpreted unambiguously.

Clients SHOULD be tolerant in parsing the Status-Line and servers tolerant when parsing the Request-Line. In particular, they SHOULD accept any amount of SP or HTAB characters between fields, even though only a single SP is required.

The line terminator for message-header fields is the sequence CRLF. However, we recommend that applications, when parsing such headers, recognize a single LF as a line terminator and ignore the leading CR.

The character set of an entity-body SHOULD be labeled as the lowest common denominator of the character codes used within that body, with the exception that not labeling the entity is preferred over labeling the entity with the labels US-ASCII or ISO-8859-1. See [Part3] (Fielding, R., Ed., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H., Masinter, L., Leach, P., Berners-Lee, T., Lafon, Y., Ed., and J. Reschke, Ed., “HTTP/1.1, part 3: Message Payload and Content Negotiation,” November 2008.).

Additional rules for requirements on parsing and encoding of dates and other potential problems with date encodings include:

• HTTP/1.1 clients and caches SHOULD assume that an RFC-850 date which appears to be more than 50 years in the future is in fact in the past (this helps solve the "year 2000" problem).
• An HTTP/1.1 implementation MAY internally represent a parsed Expires date as earlier than the proper value, but MUST NOT internally represent a parsed Expires date as later than the proper value.
• All expiration-related calculations MUST be done in GMT. The local time zone MUST NOT influence the calculation or comparison of an age or expiration time.
• If an HTTP header incorrectly carries a date value with a time zone other than GMT, it MUST be converted into GMT using the most conservative possible conversion.

Appendix B.  Conversion of Date Formats

HTTP/1.1 uses a restricted set of date formats (Section 3.3.1 (Full Date)) to simplify the process of date comparison. Proxies and gateways from other protocols SHOULD ensure that any Date header field present in a message conforms to one of the HTTP/1.1 formats and rewrite the date if necessary.

Appendix C.  Compatibility with Previous Versions

HTTP has been in use by the World-Wide Web global information initiative since 1990. The first version of HTTP, later referred to as HTTP/0.9, was a simple protocol for hypertext data transfer across the Internet with only a single method and no metadata. HTTP/1.0, as defined by [RFC1945] (Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and H. Nielsen, “Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.0,” May 1996.), added a range of request methods and MIME-like messaging that could include metadata about the data transferred and modifiers on the request/response semantics. However, HTTP/1.0 did not sufficiently take into consideration the effects of hierarchical proxies, caching, the need for persistent connections, or name-based virtual hosts. The proliferation of incompletely-implemented applications calling themselves "HTTP/1.0" further necessitated a protocol version change in order for two communicating applications to determine each other's true capabilities.

HTTP/1.1 remains compatible with HTTP/1.0 by including more stringent requirements that enable reliable implementations, adding only those new features that will either be safely ignored by an HTTP/1.0 recipient or only sent when communicating with a party advertising compliance with HTTP/1.1.

It is beyond the scope of a protocol specification to mandate compliance with previous versions. HTTP/1.1 was deliberately designed, however, to make supporting previous versions easy. It is worth noting that, at the time of composing this specification (1996), we would expect commercial HTTP/1.1 servers to:

• recognize the format of the Request-Line for HTTP/0.9, 1.0, and 1.1 requests;
• understand any valid request in the format of HTTP/0.9, 1.0, or 1.1;
• respond appropriately with a message in the same major version used by the client.

And we would expect HTTP/1.1 clients to:

• recognize the format of the Status-Line for HTTP/1.0 and 1.1 responses;
• understand any valid response in the format of HTTP/0.9, 1.0, or 1.1.

For most implementations of HTTP/1.0, each connection is established by the client prior to the request and closed by the server after sending the response. Some implementations implement the Keep-Alive version of persistent connections described in Section 19.7.1 of [RFC2068] (Fielding, R., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Nielsen, H., and T. Berners-Lee, “Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1,” January 1997.).

C.1.  Changes from HTTP/1.0

This section summarizes major differences between versions HTTP/1.0 and HTTP/1.1.

C.1.1.  Changes to Simplify Multi-homed Web Servers and Conserve IP Addresses

The requirements that clients and servers support the Host request-header, report an error if the Host request-header (Section 8.4 (Host)) is missing from an HTTP/1.1 request, and accept absolute URIs (Section 5.1.2 (Request-URI)) are among the most important changes defined by this specification.

Older HTTP/1.0 clients assumed a one-to-one relationship of IP addresses and servers; there was no other established mechanism for distinguishing the intended server of a request than the IP address to which that request was directed. The changes outlined above will allow the Internet, once older HTTP clients are no longer common, to support multiple Web sites from a single IP address, greatly simplifying large operational Web servers, where allocation of many IP addresses to a single host has created serious problems. The Internet will also be able to recover the IP addresses that have been allocated for the sole purpose of allowing special-purpose domain names to be used in root-level HTTP URLs. Given the rate of growth of the Web, and the number of servers already deployed, it is extremely important that all implementations of HTTP (including updates to existing HTTP/1.0 applications) correctly implement these requirements:

• Both clients and servers MUST support the Host request-header.
• A client that sends an HTTP/1.1 request MUST send a Host header.
• Servers MUST report a 400 (Bad Request) error if an HTTP/1.1 request does not include a Host request-header.
• Servers MUST accept absolute URIs.

C.2.  Compatibility with HTTP/1.0 Persistent Connections

Some clients and servers might wish to be compatible with some previous implementations of persistent connections in HTTP/1.0 clients and servers. Persistent connections in HTTP/1.0 are explicitly negotiated as they are not the default behavior. HTTP/1.0 experimental implementations of persistent connections are faulty, and the new facilities in HTTP/1.1 are designed to rectify these problems. The problem was that some existing 1.0 clients may be sending Keep-Alive to a proxy server that doesn't understand Connection, which would then erroneously forward it to the next inbound server, which would establish the Keep-Alive connection and result in a hung HTTP/1.0 proxy waiting for the close on the response. The result is that HTTP/1.0 clients must be prevented from using Keep-Alive when talking to proxies.

However, talking to proxies is the most important use of persistent connections, so that prohibition is clearly unacceptable. Therefore, we need some other mechanism for indicating a persistent connection is desired, which is safe to use even when talking to an old proxy that ignores Connection. Persistent connections are the default for HTTP/1.1 messages; we introduce a new keyword (Connection: close) for declaring non-persistence. See Section 8.1 (Connection).

The original HTTP/1.0 form of persistent connections (the Connection: Keep-Alive and Keep-Alive header) is documented in [RFC2068] (Fielding, R., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Nielsen, H., and T. Berners-Lee, “Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1,” January 1997.).

C.3.  Changes from RFC 2068

This specification has been carefully audited to correct and disambiguate key word usage; RFC 2068 had many problems in respect to the conventions laid out in [RFC2119] (Bradner, S., “Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels,” March 1997.).

Transfer-coding and message lengths all interact in ways that required fixing exactly when chunked encoding is used (to allow for transfer encoding that may not be self delimiting); it was important to straighten out exactly how message lengths are computed. (Sections 3.4 (Transfer Codings), 4.4 (Message Length), 8.2 (Content-Length), see also [Part3] (Fielding, R., Ed., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H., Masinter, L., Leach, P., Berners-Lee, T., Lafon, Y., Ed., and J. Reschke, Ed., “HTTP/1.1, part 3: Message Payload and Content Negotiation,” November 2008.), [Part5] (Fielding, R., Ed., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H., Masinter, L., Leach, P., Berners-Lee, T., Lafon, Y., Ed., and J. Reschke, Ed., “HTTP/1.1, part 5: Range Requests and Partial Responses,” November 2008.) and [Part6] (Fielding, R., Ed., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H., Masinter, L., Leach, P., Berners-Lee, T., Lafon, Y., Ed., and J. Reschke, Ed., “HTTP/1.1, part 6: Caching,” November 2008.))

The use and interpretation of HTTP version numbers has been clarified by [RFC2145] (Mogul, J., Fielding, R., Gettys, J., and H. Nielsen, “Use and Interpretation of HTTP Version Numbers,” May 1997.). Require proxies to upgrade requests to highest protocol version they support to deal with problems discovered in HTTP/1.0 implementations (Section 3.1 (HTTP Version))

Transfer-coding had significant problems, particularly with interactions with chunked encoding. The solution is that transfer-codings become as full fledged as content-codings. This involves adding an IANA registry for transfer-codings (separate from content codings), a new header field (TE) and enabling trailer headers in the future. Transfer encoding is a major performance benefit, so it was worth fixing [Nie1997] (Nielsen, H., Gettys, J., Prud'hommeaux, E., Lie, H., and C. Lilley, “Network Performance Effects of HTTP/1.1, CSS1, and PNG,” September 1997.). TE also solves another, obscure, downward interoperability problem that could have occurred due to interactions between authentication trailers, chunked encoding and HTTP/1.0 clients.(Section 3.4 (Transfer Codings), 3.4.1 (Chunked Transfer Coding), and 8.5 (TE))

C.4.  Changes from RFC 2616

Rules about implicit linear white space between certain grammar productions have been removed; now it's only allowed when specifically pointed out in the ABNF. The CHAR rule does not allow the NUL character anymore (this affects the comment and quoted-string rules). Furthermore, the quoted-pair rule does not allow escaping NUL, CR or LF anymore. (Section 2.2 (Basic Rules))

Clarify that HTTP-Version is case sensitive. (Section 3.1 (HTTP Version))

Remove reference to non-existant identity transfer-coding value tokens. (Sections 3.4 (Transfer Codings) and 4.4 (Message Length))

Clarification that the chunk length does not include the count of the octets in the chunk header and trailer. (Section 3.4.1 (Chunked Transfer Coding))

Update use of abs_path production from RFC1808 to the path-absolute + query components of RFC3986. (Section 5.1.2 (Request-URI))

Clarify exactly when close connection options must be sent. (Section 8.1 (Connection))

Appendix D.  Terminology

This specification uses a number of terms to refer to the roles played by participants in, and objects of, the HTTP communication.

connection

A transport layer virtual circuit established between two programs for the purpose of communication.

message

The basic unit of HTTP communication, consisting of a structured sequence of octets matching the syntax defined in Section 4 (HTTP Message) and transmitted via the connection.

request

An HTTP request message, as defined in Section 5 (Request).

response

An HTTP response message, as defined in Section 6 (Response).

resource

A network data object or service that can be identified by a URI, as defined in Section 3.2 (Uniform Resource Identifiers). Resources may be available in multiple representations (e.g. multiple languages, data formats, size, and resolutions) or vary in other ways.

entity

The information transferred as the payload of a request or response. An entity consists of metainformation in the form of entity-header fields and content in the form of an entity-body, as described in Section 4 of [Part3] (Fielding, R., Ed., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H., Masinter, L., Leach, P., Berners-Lee, T., Lafon, Y., Ed., and J. Reschke, Ed., “HTTP/1.1, part 3: Message Payload and Content Negotiation,” November 2008.).

representation

An entity included with a response that is subject to content negotiation, as described in Section 5 of [Part3] (Fielding, R., Ed., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H., Masinter, L., Leach, P., Berners-Lee, T., Lafon, Y., Ed., and J. Reschke, Ed., “HTTP/1.1, part 3: Message Payload and Content Negotiation,” November 2008.). There may exist multiple representations associated with a particular response status.

content negotiation

The mechanism for selecting the appropriate representation when servicing a request, as described in Section 5 of [Part3] (Fielding, R., Ed., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H., Masinter, L., Leach, P., Berners-Lee, T., Lafon, Y., Ed., and J. Reschke, Ed., “HTTP/1.1, part 3: Message Payload and Content Negotiation,” November 2008.). The representation of entities in any response can be negotiated (including error responses).

variant

A resource may have one, or more than one, representation(s) associated with it at any given instant. Each of these representations is termed a `variant'. Use of the term `variant' does not necessarily imply that the resource is subject to content negotiation.

client

A program that establishes connections for the purpose of sending requests.

user agent

The client which initiates a request. These are often browsers, editors, spiders (web-traversing robots), or other end user tools.

server

An application program that accepts connections in order to service requests by sending back responses. Any given program may be capable of being both a client and a server; our use of these terms refers only to the role being performed by the program for a particular connection, rather than to the program's capabilities in general. Likewise, any server may act as an origin server, proxy, gateway, or tunnel, switching behavior based on the nature of each request.

origin server

The server on which a given resource resides or is to be created.

proxy

An intermediary program which acts as both a server and a client for the purpose of making requests on behalf of other clients. Requests are serviced internally or by passing them on, with possible translation, to other servers. A proxy MUST implement both the client and server requirements of this specification. A "transparent proxy" is a proxy that does not modify the request or response beyond what is required for proxy authentication and identification. A "non-transparent proxy" is a proxy that modifies the request or response in order to provide some added service to the user agent, such as group annotation services, media type transformation, protocol reduction, or anonymity filtering. Except where either transparent or non-transparent behavior is explicitly stated, the HTTP proxy requirements apply to both types of proxies.

gateway

A server which acts as an intermediary for some other server. Unlike a proxy, a gateway receives requests as if it were the origin server for the requested resource; the requesting client may not be aware that it is communicating with a gateway.

tunnel

An intermediary program which is acting as a blind relay between two connections. Once active, a tunnel is not considered a party to the HTTP communication, though the tunnel may have been initiated by an HTTP request. The tunnel ceases to exist when both ends of the relayed connections are closed.

cache

A program's local store of response messages and the subsystem that controls its message storage, retrieval, and deletion. A cache stores cacheable responses in order to reduce the response time and network bandwidth consumption on future, equivalent requests. Any client or server may include a cache, though a cache cannot be used by a server that is acting as a tunnel.

cacheable

A response is cacheable if a cache is allowed to store a copy of the response message for use in answering subsequent requests. The rules for determining the cacheability of HTTP responses are defined in Section 1 of [Part6] (Fielding, R., Ed., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H., Masinter, L., Leach, P., Berners-Lee, T., Lafon, Y., Ed., and J. Reschke, Ed., “HTTP/1.1, part 6: Caching,” November 2008.). Even if a resource is cacheable, there may be additional constraints on whether a cache can use the cached copy for a particular request.

upstream/downstream

Upstream and downstream describe the flow of a message: all messages flow from upstream to downstream.

inbound/outbound

Inbound and outbound refer to the request and response paths for messages: "inbound" means "traveling toward the origin server", and "outbound" means "traveling toward the user agent"

Appendix E.  Change Log (to be removed by RFC Editor before publication)

E.1.  Since RFC2616

Extracted relevant partitions from [RFC2616] (Fielding, R., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H., Masinter, L., Leach, P., and T. Berners-Lee, “Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1,” June 1999.).

E.2.  Since draft-ietf-httpbis-p1-messaging-00

Closed issues:

• http://tools.ietf.org/wg/httpbis/trac/ticket/1: "HTTP Version should be case sensitive" (http://purl.org/NET/http-errata#verscase)
• http://tools.ietf.org/wg/httpbis/trac/ticket/2: "'unsafe' characters" (http://purl.org/NET/http-errata#unsafe-uri)
• http://tools.ietf.org/wg/httpbis/trac/ticket/3: "Chunk Size Definition" (http://purl.org/NET/http-errata#chunk-size)
• http://tools.ietf.org/wg/httpbis/trac/ticket/4: "Message Length" (http://purl.org/NET/http-errata#msg-len-chars)
• http://tools.ietf.org/wg/httpbis/trac/ticket/8: "Media Type Registrations" (http://purl.org/NET/http-errata#media-reg)
• http://tools.ietf.org/wg/httpbis/trac/ticket/11: "URI includes query" (http://purl.org/NET/http-errata#uriquery)
• http://tools.ietf.org/wg/httpbis/trac/ticket/15: "No close on 1xx responses" (http://purl.org/NET/http-errata#noclose1xx)
• http://tools.ietf.org/wg/httpbis/trac/ticket/16: "Remove 'identity' token references" (http://purl.org/NET/http-errata#identity)
• http://tools.ietf.org/wg/httpbis/trac/ticket/26: "Import query BNF"
• http://tools.ietf.org/wg/httpbis/trac/ticket/31: "qdtext BNF"
• http://tools.ietf.org/wg/httpbis/trac/ticket/35: "Normative and Informative references"
• http://tools.ietf.org/wg/httpbis/trac/ticket/42: "RFC2606 Compliance"
• http://tools.ietf.org/wg/httpbis/trac/ticket/45: "RFC977 reference"
• http://tools.ietf.org/wg/httpbis/trac/ticket/46: "RFC1700 references"
• http://tools.ietf.org/wg/httpbis/trac/ticket/47: "inconsistency in date format explanation"
• http://tools.ietf.org/wg/httpbis/trac/ticket/48: "Date reference typo"
• http://tools.ietf.org/wg/httpbis/trac/ticket/65: "Informative references"
• http://tools.ietf.org/wg/httpbis/trac/ticket/66: "ISO-8859-1 Reference"
• http://tools.ietf.org/wg/httpbis/trac/ticket/86: "Normative up-to-date references"

Other changes:

• Update media type registrations to use RFC4288 template.
• Use names of RFC4234 core rules DQUOTE and HTAB, fix broken ABNF for chunk-data (work in progress on http://tools.ietf.org/wg/httpbis/trac/ticket/36)

E.3.  Since draft-ietf-httpbis-p1-messaging-01

Closed issues:

• http://tools.ietf.org/wg/httpbis/trac/ticket/19: "Bodies on GET (and other) requests"
• http://tools.ietf.org/wg/httpbis/trac/ticket/55: "Updating to RFC4288"
• http://tools.ietf.org/wg/httpbis/trac/ticket/57: "Status Code and Reason Phrase"
• http://tools.ietf.org/wg/httpbis/trac/ticket/82: "rel_path not used"

Ongoing work on ABNF conversion (http://tools.ietf.org/wg/httpbis/trac/ticket/36):

• Get rid of duplicate BNF rule names ("host" -> "uri-host", "trailer" -> "trailer-part").
• Avoid underscore character in rule names ("http_URL" -> "http-URL", "abs_path" -> "path-absolute").
• Add rules for terms imported from URI spec ("absoluteURI", "authority", "path-absolute", "port", "query", "relativeURI", "host) -- these will have to be updated when switching over to RFC3986.
• Synchronize core rules with RFC5234 (this includes a change to CHAR which now excludes NUL).
• Get rid of prose rules that span multiple lines.
• Get rid of unused rules LOALPHA and UPALPHA.
• Move "Product Tokens" section (back) into Part 1, as "token" is used in the definition of the Upgrade header.
• Add explicit references to BNF syntax and rules imported from other parts of the specification.
• Rewrite prose rule "token" in terms of "tchar", rewrite prose rule "TEXT".

E.4.  Since draft-ietf-httpbis-p1-messaging-02

Closed issues:

• http://tools.ietf.org/wg/httpbis/trac/ticket/51: "HTTP-date vs. rfc1123-date"
• http://tools.ietf.org/wg/httpbis/trac/ticket/64: "WS in quoted-pair"

Ongoing work on IANA Message Header Registration (http://tools.ietf.org/wg/httpbis/trac/ticket/40):

• Reference RFC 3984, and update header registrations for headers defined in this document.

Ongoing work on ABNF conversion (http://tools.ietf.org/wg/httpbis/trac/ticket/36):

• Replace string literals when the string really is case-sensitive (HTTP-Version).

E.5.  Since draft-ietf-httpbis-p1-messaging-03

Closed issues:

• http://tools.ietf.org/wg/httpbis/trac/ticket/28: "Connection closing"
• http://tools.ietf.org/wg/httpbis/trac/ticket/97: "Move registrations and registry information to IANA Considerations"
• http://tools.ietf.org/wg/httpbis/trac/ticket/120: "need new URL for PAD1995 reference"
• http://tools.ietf.org/wg/httpbis/trac/ticket/127: "IANA Considerations: update HTTP URI scheme registration"
• http://tools.ietf.org/wg/httpbis/trac/ticket/128: "Cite HTTPS URI scheme definition"
• http://tools.ietf.org/wg/httpbis/trac/ticket/129: "List-type headers vs Set-Cookie"

Ongoing work on ABNF conversion (http://tools.ietf.org/wg/httpbis/trac/ticket/36):

• Replace string literals when the string really is case-sensitive (HTTP-Date).
• Replace HEX by HEXDIG for future consistence with RFC 5234's core rules.

E.6.  Since draft-ietf-httpbis-p1-messaging-04

Closed issues:

• http://tools.ietf.org/wg/httpbis/trac/ticket/34: "Out-of-date reference for URIs"
• http://tools.ietf.org/wg/httpbis/trac/ticket/132: "RFC 2822 is updated by RFC 5322"

Ongoing work on ABNF conversion (http://tools.ietf.org/wg/httpbis/trac/ticket/36):

• Use "/" instead of "|" for alternatives.
• Get rid of RFC822 dependency; use RFC5234 plus extensions instead.
• Only reference RFC 5234's core rules.
• Introduce new ABNF rules for "bad" whitespace ("BWS"), optional whitespace ("OWS") and required whitespace ("RWS").
• Rewrite ABNFs to spell out whitespace rules, factor out header value format definitions.

Index

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