A Location Dereferencing Protocol Using HELD
draft-ietf-geopriv-deref-protocol-00

Abstract

This document describes how to use the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) over Transport Layer Security (TLS) as a dereferencing protocol to resolve a reference to a Presence Information Data Format Location Object (PIDF-LO). The document assumes that a Location Recipient possesses a secure HELD URI that can be used in conjunction with the HELD protocol to request the location of the Target.

Status of this Memo

This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

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This Internet-Draft will expire on January 6, 2011.

Copyright Notice

Copyright (c) 2010 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.

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Table of Contents

1.  Introduction
2.  Terminology
3.  Authorization Models
    3.1.  Authorization by Possession
    3.2.  Authorization via Access Control
    3.3.  Access Control with HELD Deference
4.  HELD Dereference Protocol
    4.1.  HELD Usage Profile
5.  Examples
6.  Security Considerations
7.  IANA Considerations
8.  Acknowledgements
9.  References
    9.1.  Normative References
    9.2.  Informative references
Appendix A.  GEOPRIV Using Protocol Compliance
Appendix B.  Compliance to Location Reference Requirements
    B.1.  Requirements for a Location Configuration Protocol
    B.2.  Requirements for a Location Dereference Protocol
§  Authors' Addresses

1.  Introduction

Provision of location information by reference (Marshall, R., “Requirements for a Location-by-Reference Mechanism,” May 2010.) [RFC5808] involves the creation of a resource that is identified by a "location URI". A "location URI" identifies resource that contains the location of an entity. A location URI might be a temporary resource, created in response to a HTTP-Enabled Location Delivery (HELD) (Barnes, M., Winterbottom, J., Thomson, M., and B. Stark, “HTTP Enabled Location Delivery (HELD),” August 2009.) [I‑D.ietf‑geopriv‑http‑location‑delivery] request. A location URI does not intrinsically include location information, instead the URI is "dereferenced" by a Location Recipient to acquire location information. This document specifies how a holder of a location URI uses that URI to retrieve location information.

The HELD protocol, as described in [I‑D.ietf‑geopriv‑http‑location‑delivery] (Barnes, M., Winterbottom, J., Thomson, M., and B. Stark, “HTTP Enabled Location Delivery (HELD),” August 2009.), defines a use of HTTP that enables location configuration - the process where a Device acquires location information about itself. A part of location configuration is the provision of a location URI. However, HELD does not describe how such a URI is used; this document provides that definition.

This document defines how HELD is used by a Location Recipient to dereference a location URI and acquire location information. The result of this process is location object in the form of a Presence Information Data Format - Location Object (PIDF-LO) document (Peterson, J., “A Presence-based GEOPRIV Location Object Format,” December 2005.) [RFC4119]. A constrained set of HELD features are defined such that it is suitable for use as a location dereference protocol (Marshall, R., “Requirements for a Location-by-Reference Mechanism,” May 2010.) [RFC5808]. Use as a location dereference protocol requires use of the Transport Layer Security (TLS) binding for HTTP (Rescorla, E., “HTTP Over TLS,” May 2000.) [RFC2818] in order to provide confidentiality, authentication and protection from modification.

Use of HELD as a dereferencing protocol has the advantage that the Location Recipient can indicate the type of location information it would like to receive. This functionality is already available with the HELD base specification, described in [I‑D.ietf‑geopriv‑http‑location‑delivery] (Barnes, M., Winterbottom, J., Thomson, M., and B. Stark, “HTTP Enabled Location Delivery (HELD),” August 2009.). Furthermore, the HELD response from the LIS towards the Location Recipient not only provides the PIDF-LO but also encapsulates supplementary information, such as error messages, back to the Location Recipient.

Location URIs created for use with HELD dereferencing use the https: or http: scheme. The behaviour described in this document can be used by Location Recipients that are aware of the fact that the URI is a location URI.

An example scenario envisioned by this document is shown in Figure 1 (Example of Dereference Protocol Exchange). This diagram shows how a location dereference protocol fits with location configuration and conveyance. [RFC5808] (Marshall, R., “Requirements for a Location-by-Reference Mechanism,” May 2010.) contains more information on this scenario and others like it.

                         +-------------+
+------------+           |  Location   |            +-----------+
| End Device |           | Information |            | Location  |
|  (Target)  |           |   Server    |            | Recipient |
+-----+------+           +------+------+            +-----+-----+
      |                         |                         |
   .- + - - - - - - - - - - - - + -.                      |
   :  |     locationRequest     |  :                      |
   .  |------(location URI)---->|  .                      |
   :  |                         |  : Location             |
   .  |     locationResponse    |  . Configuration        |
   :  |<-----(location URI)-----|  : Protocol             |
   .  |                         |  .                      |
   `- + - - - - - - - - - - - - + -'                      |
      |                         |                         |
      |                Location Conveyance                |
      |~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~(location URI)~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~>|
      |                         |                         |
      |                      .- + - - - - - - - - - - - - + -.
      |                      :  |     locationRequest     |  :
      |                      .  |<--------(civic)---------|  .
      |        Dereferencing :  |                         |  :
      |        Protocol      .  |     locationResponse    |  .
      |                      :  |--------(PIDF-LO)------->|  :
      |                      .  |                         |  .
      |                      `- + - - - - - - - - - - - - + -'
      |                         |                         |

2.  Terminology

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119] (Bradner, S., “Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels,” March 1997.).

This document uses key terminology from several sources:

• terms for the GEOPRIV reference model defined in [I‑D.ietf‑geopriv‑arch] (Barnes, R., Lepinski, M., Cooper, A., Morris, J., Tschofenig, H., and H. Schulzrinne, “An Architecture for Location and Location Privacy in Internet Applications,” May 2010.);
• the term Location Information Server (LIS), from [RFC5687] (Tschofenig, H. and H. Schulzrinne, “GEOPRIV Layer 7 Location Configuration Protocol: Problem Statement and Requirements,” March 2010.), is a node in the access network that provides location information to an end point; a LIS provides location URIs;
• the term Location Server (LS), from [I‑D.ietf‑geopriv‑arch] (Barnes, R., Lepinski, M., Cooper, A., Morris, J., Tschofenig, H., and H. Schulzrinne, “An Architecture for Location and Location Privacy in Internet Applications,” May 2010.), is used to identify the role that responds to a location dereference request; this might be the same entity as the LIS, but the model in [RFC5808] (Marshall, R., “Requirements for a Location-by-Reference Mechanism,” May 2010.) allows for the existence of separate - but related - entities; and
• the term location URI is coined in [RFC5808] (Marshall, R., “Requirements for a Location-by-Reference Mechanism,” May 2010.).

3.  Authorization Models

This section discusses two extreme types of authorization models for dereferencing with HELD URIs, namely "Authorization by Possession" and "Authorization by Access Control". In the subsequent subsections we discuss the properties of these two models. Figure 2 (Communication Model), from [RFC5808] (Marshall, R., “Requirements for a Location-by-Reference Mechanism,” May 2010.), shows the model applicable to location configuration, conveyance and dereference.

          +---------+--------+   Location    +-----------+
          |         |        |  Dereference  | Location  |
          |   LIS   -   LS   +---------------+ Recipient |
          |         |        |   Protocol    |           |
          +----+----+--------+      (3)      +-----+-----+
               |         `.                        |
               |    Policy `.                      |
 Location      |    Exchange `.                    |
 Configuration |      (*)      |                   |
 Protocol      |          +----+----+              |
   (1)         |          |  Rule   |   Location   |
               |          |  Maker  |   Conveyance |
         +-----+----+     +---------+   Protocol   |
         |          |                      (2)     |
         |  Target  +------------------------------+
         |          |
         +----------+

It is important to note that this document does not mandate a specific authorization model. It is possible to combine aspects of both models. However, no authentication framework is provided, which limits the policy options available when the "Authorization by Access Control" model is used.

For either authorization model, the overall process is similar. The following steps are followed, with minor alterations:

1. The Target acquires a location URI from the LIS. This might use HELD as a location configuration protocol (LCP).
2. The Target then conveys the location URI to a third party, the Location Recipient (for example using SIP as described in [I‑D.ietf‑sipcore‑location‑conveyance] (Polk, J. and B. Rosen, “Location Conveyance for the Session Initiation Protocol,” February 2010.)). This step is shown in (2) of Figure 2 (Communication Model).
3. The Location Recipient then needs to dereference the location URI in order to obtain the Location Object (3). Depending on the URI scheme of the location URI dereferencing might, as is the case for https: or http: URIs, be performed as described in this document.

In this final step, the Location Server (LS) or LIS makes an authorization decision. How this decision is reached depends on the authorization model.

3.1.  Authorization by Possession

In this model, possession - or knowledge - of the location URI is used to control access to location information. A location URI is constructed such that it is hard to guess (see C9 of [RFC5808] (Marshall, R., “Requirements for a Location-by-Reference Mechanism,” May 2010.)) and the set of entities that it is disclosed to is limited. The only authentication required by the LS is evidence of possession of the URI. The LS is able to immediately authorize any request that indicates this URI.

Authorization by possession uses a very simple policy that does not typically require direct interaction with a Rule Maker; it is assumed that the Rule Maker is able to exert control over the distribution of the location URI. Therefore, the LIS can operate with limited policy input from a Rule Maker.

Limited disclosure is an important aspect of this authorization model. The location URI is a secret; therefore, ensuring that adversaries are not able to acquire this information is paramount. Encryption, such as might be offered by TLS (Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, “The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.2,” August 2008.) [RFC5246] or S/MIME (Ramsdell, B., “Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (S/MIME) Version 3.1 Message Specification,” July 2004.) [RFC3851], protects the information from eavesdroppers.

Use of authorization by possession location URIs in a hop-by-hop protocol such as SIP (Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston, A., Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M., and E. Schooler, “SIP: Session Initiation Protocol,” June 2002.) [RFC3261] adds the possibility of on-path adversaries. Depending on the usage of the location URI for certain location based applications (e.g., emergency services, location based routing) specific treatment is important, as discussed in [I‑D.ietf‑sipcore‑location‑conveyance] (Polk, J. and B. Rosen, “Location Conveyance for the Session Initiation Protocol,” February 2010.).

Using possession as a basis for authorization means that, once granted, authorization cannot be easily revoked. Cancellation of a location URI ensures that legitimate users are also affected; application of additional policy is theoretically possible, but could be technically infeasible. Therefore, other measures are provided to prevent an adversary from gaining access to location information indefinitely.

A very simple policy is established at the time that the location URI is created. This policy specifies that the location URI expires after a certain time, which limits any inadvertent exposure of location information to adversaries. The expiration time of the location URI might be negotiated at the time of its creation, or it might be unilaterally set by the LIS.

3.2.  Authorization via Access Control

Use of explicit access control provides a Rule Maker greater control over the behaviour of an LS. In contrast to authorization by possession, possession of a this form of location URI does not imply authorization. Since an explicit policy is used to authorize access to location information, the location URI can be distributed to many potential Location Recipients.

Either before creation or dissemination of the location URI, the Rule Maker establishes an authorization policy with the LS. In reference to Figure 2 (Communication Model), authorization policies might be established at creation (Step 1), and need to be established before before the location URI is published (Step 2) to ensure that the policy grants access to the desired Location Recipients. Depending on the mechanism used, it might also be possible to change authorization policies at any time.

A possible format for these authorization policies is available with GEOPRIV Common Policy [RFC4745] (Schulzrinne, H., Tschofenig, H., Morris, J., Cuellar, J., Polk, J., and J. Rosenberg, “Common Policy: A Document Format for Expressing Privacy Preferences,” February 2007.) and Geolocation Policy [I‑D.ietf‑geopriv‑policy] (Schulzrinne, H., Tschofenig, H., Morris, J., Cuellar, J., and J. Polk, “Geolocation Policy: A Document Format for Expressing Privacy Preferences for Location Information,” January 2010.). Additional constraints might be established by other means.

The LS enforces the authorization policy when a Location Recipient dereferences the URI. Explicit authorization policies allow a Rule Maker to specify how location information is provided to Location Recipients.

3.3.  Access Control with HELD Deference

This document does not describe a specific authentication mechanism. This means that authorization policies are unable to specifically identify authorized Location Recipients.

In order to control access to location information based on the identity of the Location Recipient, use of authorization by possession is employed. By controlling which Location Recipients receive location URIs, access to location information is controlled.

Other policy mechanisms, such as those described in [I‑D.ietf‑geopriv‑policy] (Schulzrinne, H., Tschofenig, H., Morris, J., Cuellar, J., and J. Polk, “Geolocation Policy: A Document Format for Expressing Privacy Preferences for Location Information,” January 2010.), can be applied to different Location Recipients if multiple location URIs are used. Location Recipients that receive a particular location URI are granted location information based on the authorization policy associated with that URI.

Providing that knowledge of a location URI is limited, policy appropriate to the Location Recipients that receive the location URI can be assigned. Selective disclosure used in this fashion can be used in place of identity-based authorization.

How policy is associated with a location URI is not defined by this document. [I‑D.barnes‑geopriv‑policy‑uri] (Barnes, R., Thomson, M., and J. Winterbottom, “Location Configuration Extensions for Policy Management,” May 2010.) describes one possible mechanism.

Authentication of Location Recipients and use of identity-based authorization policy is not precluded. A Location Server MAY support an authentication mechanism that enables identity-based authorization policies to be used. Future specifications might define means of identifying recipients.

Note:

Policy frameworks like [RFC4745] (Schulzrinne, H., Tschofenig, H., Morris, J., Cuellar, J., Polk, J., and J. Rosenberg, “Common Policy: A Document Format for Expressing Privacy Preferences,” February 2007.) degrade in a way that protects privacy if features are not supported. If a policy specifies a rule that is conditional on the identity of a recipient and the protocol does not (or cannot) provide an assertion identity of the recipient, the rule has no effect and the policy defaults to providing less information.

4.  HELD Dereference Protocol

This section describes how HELD can be used to dereference a location URI. This process can be applied when a Location Recipient is in possession of a location URI with a https: or http: URI scheme.

A Location Recipient that wishes to dereference an https: or http: URI performs a HELD request on HTTP to the identified resource.

Note:

In many cases, an http: URI does not provide sufficient security for location URIs. The absence of the security mechanisms provided by TLS means that the Rule Maker has no control over who receives location information and the Location Recipient has no assurance that the information is correct.

The Location Recipient establishes a connection to the LS, as described in [RFC2818] (Rescorla, E., “HTTP Over TLS,” May 2000.). The TLS ciphersuite TLS_NULL_WITH_NULL_NULL MUST NOT be used. The LS MUST be authenticated to ensure that the correct server is contacted.

A Location Server MAY reject a request and request that a Location Recipient provide authentication credentials if authorization is dependent on the Location Recipient identity. Future specifications could define an authentication mechanism and a means by which Location Recipients are identified in authorization policies. This document provides definitions for neither item.

4.1.  HELD Usage Profile

Use of HELD as a location dereference protocol is largely the same as its use as a location configuration protocol. Aside from the restrictions noted in this document, HELD semantics do not differ from those established in [I‑D.ietf‑geopriv‑http‑location‑delivery] (Barnes, M., Winterbottom, J., Thomson, M., and B. Stark, “HTTP Enabled Location Delivery (HELD),” August 2009.).

The HELD locationRequest is the only request permitted by this specification. Similarly, request parameters other than the following MUST NOT be accepted by the LS: responseTime, locationType (including the associated exact attribute).

Parameters and requests that do not have known behaviour for dereference requests MUST NOT be used. The LS MUST ignore any parameters that it does not understand unless it knows the parameters to be invalid. If parameters are known to be invalid, the LS MAY generate a HELD error response. For instance, those defined in [I‑D.ietf‑geopriv‑held‑identity‑extensions] (Winterbottom, J., Thomson, M., Tschofenig, H., and R. Barnes, “Use of Device Identity in HTTP-Enabled Location Delivery (HELD),” June 2010.) are always invalid and can be rejected.

The LS MUST NOT generate location URIs or provide a locationUriSet in response to a dereference request. If the location request contains a locationType element that includes locationURI, this parameter is either ignored or rejected as appropriate, based on the associated exact attribute.

5.  Examples

The example in Figure 3 (Minimal Dereferencing Request) shows the simplest form of dereferencing request using HELD to the location URI https://ls.example.com:49152/uri/w3g61nf5n66p0. The only way that this differs from the example in Section 10.1 of [I‑D.ietf‑geopriv‑http‑location‑delivery] (Barnes, M., Winterbottom, J., Thomson, M., and B. Stark, “HTTP Enabled Location Delivery (HELD),” August 2009.) is in the request URI and the source of the URI.

POST /uri/w3g61nf5n66p0 HTTP/1.1
Host: ls.example.com:49152
Content-Type: application/held+xml
Content-Length: 87

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<locationRequest xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:geopriv:held"/>

Figure 4 (Response with Location Information) shows the response to the previous request listing both civic and geodetic location information of the Target's location. Again, this is identical to the response in Section 10.1 of [I‑D.ietf‑geopriv‑http‑location‑delivery] (Barnes, M., Winterbottom, J., Thomson, M., and B. Stark, “HTTP Enabled Location Delivery (HELD),” August 2009.) - unless policy specfies otherwise, the Location Recipient receives the same information as the Device.

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: Example LIS
Date: Tue, 10 Jan 2009 03:42:29 GMT
Expires: Tue, 10 Jan 2009 03:42:29 GMT
Cache-control: private
Content-Type: application/held+xml
Content-Length: 594

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<locationResponse xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:geopriv:held">
<presence xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:pidf"
          entity="pres:3650n87934c@ls.example.com">
  <tuple id="b650sf789nd">
  <status>
   <geopriv xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:pidf:geopriv10"
     xmlns:gbp="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:pidf:geopriv10:basic-policy">
    <location-info>
       <Point xmlns="http://www.opengis.net/gml"
              srsName="urn:ogc:def:crs:EPSG::4326">
         <pos>-34.407 150.88001</pos>
       </Point>
     </location-info>
     <usage-rules>
       <gbp:retention-expiry>
         2006-01-11T03:42:28+00:00</gbp:retention-expiry>
     </usage-rules>
     <method>Wiremap</method>
   </geopriv>
  </status>
  <timestamp>2006-01-10T03:42:28+00:00</timestamp>
  </tuple>
</presence>
</locationResponse>

6.  Security Considerations

Privacy of location information is the most important security consideration for this document. Two measures in particular are used to protect privacy: TLS and authorization policies. TLS provides a means of ensuring confidentiality of location information through encryption and mutual authentication. An authorization policy allows a Rule Maker to explicitly control how location information is provided to Location Recipients.

The process by which a Rule Maker establishes an authorization policy is not covered by this document; several methods are possible, for instance: [I‑D.barnes‑geopriv‑policy‑uri] (Barnes, R., Thomson, M., and J. Winterbottom, “Location Configuration Extensions for Policy Management,” May 2010.), [RFC4825] (Rosenberg, J., “The Extensible Markup Language (XML) Configuration Access Protocol (XCAP),” May 2007.).

Use of TLS for the dereferencing of location URIs is strongly RECOMMENDED, as discussed in Section 4.1 (HELD Usage Profile). Location Recipients MUST authenticate the host identity using the domain name included in the location URI, using the procedure described in Section 3.1 of [RFC2818] (Rescorla, E., “HTTP Over TLS,” May 2000.). Local policy determines what a Location Recipient does if authentication fails or cannot be attempted.

The authorization by possession model (Authorization by Possession) further relies on TLS when transmitting the location URI to protect the secrecy of the URI. Possession of such a URI implies the same privacy considerations as possession of the PIDF-LO document that the URI references.

Location URIs MUST only be disclosed to authorized Location Recipients. The GEOPRIV architecture (Barnes, R., Lepinski, M., Cooper, A., Morris, J., Tschofenig, H., and H. Schulzrinne, “An Architecture for Location and Location Privacy in Internet Applications,” May 2010.) [I‑D.ietf‑geopriv‑arch] identifies the Rule Maker role as being the entity that authorizes disclosure of this nature.

Protection of the location URI is necessary, since the policy attached to such a location URI permits any who have the URI to view it. This aspect of security is covered in more detail in the specification of location conveyance protocols, such as [I‑D.ietf‑sipcore‑location‑conveyance] (Polk, J. and B. Rosen, “Location Conveyance for the Session Initiation Protocol,” February 2010.).

The LS MUST NOT provide any information about the Target except its location, unless policy from a Rule Maker allows otherwise. In particular, the requirements in [RFC5808] (Marshall, R., “Requirements for a Location-by-Reference Mechanism,” May 2010.) mandate this measure to protect the identity of the Target. To this end, an unlinked pseudonym MUST be provided in the entity attribute of the PIDF-LO document.

Further security considerations and requirements relating to the use of location URIs are described in [RFC5808] (Marshall, R., “Requirements for a Location-by-Reference Mechanism,” May 2010.).

7.  IANA Considerations

This document makes no request of IANA.

[[IANA/RFC-EDITOR: Please remove this section before publication.]]

8.  Acknowledgements

Thanks to Barbara Stark and Guy Caron for providing early comments. Thanks to Rohan Mahy for constructive comments on the scope and format of the document. Thanks to Ted Hardie for his strawman proposal that provided assistance with the security section of this document. Richard Barnes made helpful observations on the application of authorization policy.

The Participants of the GEOPRIV interim meeting 2008 provided significant feedback on this document.

James Polk provided input on security in June 2008.

9.  References

9.1. Normative References

9.2. Informative references

Appendix A.  GEOPRIV Using Protocol Compliance

This section describes how use of HELD as a location dereference protocol complies with the GEOPRIV requirements described in [RFC3693] (Cuellar, J., Morris, J., Mulligan, D., Peterson, J., and J. Polk, “Geopriv Requirements,” February 2004.).

Req. 1.

(Location Object generalities):
This section relates to the PIDF-LO (Peterson, J., “A Presence-based GEOPRIV Location Object Format,” December 2005.) [RFC4119] document, which is used by HELD. These requirements are addressed by [RFC4119] (Peterson, J., “A Presence-based GEOPRIV Location Object Format,” December 2005.) and [RFC5491] (Winterbottom, J., Thomson, M., and H. Tschofenig, “GEOPRIV Presence Information Data Format Location Object (PIDF-LO) Usage Clarification, Considerations, and Recommendations,” March 2009.).

Req. 2.

(Location Object fields):
This section relates to the PIDF-LO (Peterson, J., “A Presence-based GEOPRIV Location Object Format,” December 2005.) [RFC4119] document, which is used by HELD. These requirements are addressed by [RFC4119] (Peterson, J., “A Presence-based GEOPRIV Location Object Format,” December 2005.) and [RFC5491] (Winterbottom, J., Thomson, M., and H. Tschofenig, “GEOPRIV Presence Information Data Format Location Object (PIDF-LO) Usage Clarification, Considerations, and Recommendations,” March 2009.).

Req. 3.

(Location Data Types):
This section relates to the PIDF-LO (Peterson, J., “A Presence-based GEOPRIV Location Object Format,” December 2005.) [RFC4119] document, which is used by HELD. These requirements are addressed by [RFC4119] (Peterson, J., “A Presence-based GEOPRIV Location Object Format,” December 2005.) and [RFC5491] (Winterbottom, J., Thomson, M., and H. Tschofenig, “GEOPRIV Presence Information Data Format Location Object (PIDF-LO) Usage Clarification, Considerations, and Recommendations,” March 2009.).

Section 7.2 of [RFC3693] (Cuellar, J., Morris, J., Mulligan, D., Peterson, J., and J. Polk, “Geopriv Requirements,” February 2004.) details the requirements of a "Using Protocol". These requirements are restated, followed by a statement of compliance:

Req. 4.

"The using protocol has to obey the privacy and security instructions coded in the Location Object and in the corresponding Rules regarding the transmission and storage of the LO."
Compliant: This document carries the PIDF-LO as is via HTTPS from the LS to the Location Recipient. The sending and receiving parties are expected to comply with the instructions carried inside the object.

Req. 5.

"The using protocol will typically facilitate that the keys associated with the credentials are transported to the respective parties, that is, key establishment is the responsibility of the using protocol."
Compliant: This document specifies that authentication of the LS uses the established public key infrastructure used by HTTP over TLS (Rescorla, E., “HTTP Over TLS,” May 2000.) [RFC2818]. Authentication of Location Recipients is either based on distribution of a secret (the location URI) using a conveyance protocol (for instance, [I‑D.ietf‑sipcore‑location‑conveyance] (Polk, J. and B. Rosen, “Location Conveyance for the Session Initiation Protocol,” February 2010.)), allowances are made for later work to define alternative methods.

Req. 6.

"(Single Message Transfer) In particular, for tracking of small target devices, the design should allow a single message/packet transmission of location as a complete transaction."
Not Compliant: The XML encoding specified in [RFC4119] (Peterson, J., “A Presence-based GEOPRIV Location Object Format,” December 2005.) is not suited to single packet transfers. Use of compressed content encoding (Fielding, R., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H., Masinter, L., Leach, P., and T. Berners-Lee, “Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1,” June 1999.) [RFC2616] might allow this condition to be met.

Section 7.3 of [RFC3693] (Cuellar, J., Morris, J., Mulligan, D., Peterson, J., and J. Polk, “Geopriv Requirements,” February 2004.) details the requirements of a "Rule based Location Data Transfer". These requirements are restated where they are applicable to this document:

Req. 7.

"(LS Rules) The decision of a Location Server to provide a Location Recipient access to Location Information MUST be based on Rule Maker-defined Privacy Rules."
Compliant: This document describes two alternative methods by which a Rule Maker is able to control access to location information. Rule Maker policy is enforced by the LS when a location URI is dereferenced. However, this document does not describe how a location URI is created, or how a Rule Maker associates policy with a location URI. These are covered by other specifications.

Req. 8.

(LG Rules) Not Applicable: This relationship between LS and the source of its information (be that Location Generator (LG) or LIS) is out of scope for this document.

Req. 9.

"(Viewer Rules) A Viewer does not need to be aware of the full Rules defined by the Rule Maker (because a Viewer SHOULD NOT retransmit Location Information), and thus a Viewer SHOULD receive only the subset of Privacy Rules necessary for the Viewer to handle the LO in compliance with the full Privacy Rules (such as, instruction on the time period for which the LO can be retained)."
Compliant: The Rule Maker might define (via mechanisms outside the scope of this document) which policy rules are disclosed to other entities. For instance, if [RFC4745] (Schulzrinne, H., Tschofenig, H., Morris, J., Cuellar, J., Polk, J., and J. Rosenberg, “Common Policy: A Document Format for Expressing Privacy Preferences,” February 2007.) is used to convey authorization policies from Rule Maker to LS, this is possible using the parameters specified in [I‑D.ietf‑geopriv‑policy] (Schulzrinne, H., Tschofenig, H., Morris, J., Cuellar, J., and J. Polk, “Geolocation Policy: A Document Format for Expressing Privacy Preferences for Location Information,” January 2010.).

Req. 10.

(Full Rule language) Not Applicable: Note however that Geopriv has defined a rule language capable of expressing a wide range of privacy rules (see [RFC4745] (Schulzrinne, H., Tschofenig, H., Morris, J., Cuellar, J., Polk, J., and J. Rosenberg, “Common Policy: A Document Format for Expressing Privacy Preferences,” February 2007.) and [I‑D.ietf‑geopriv‑policy] (Schulzrinne, H., Tschofenig, H., Morris, J., Cuellar, J., and J. Polk, “Geolocation Policy: A Document Format for Expressing Privacy Preferences for Location Information,” January 2010.).

Req. 11.

(Limited Rule language) Not Applicable: This requirement applies to (and is addressed by) PIDF-LO (Peterson, J., “A Presence-based GEOPRIV Location Object Format,” December 2005.) [RFC4119].

Section 7.4 of [RFC3693] (Cuellar, J., Morris, J., Mulligan, D., Peterson, J., and J. Polk, “Geopriv Requirements,” February 2004.) details the requirements of "Location Object Privacy and Security". These requirements are restated where they are applicable to this document:

Req. 12.

(Identity Protection) Compliant: Identity protection of the Target is provided as long as both of the following conditions are true:

(a)

the location URI is not associated with the identity of the Target in any context, and

(b)

the PIDF-LO does not contain information about the identity about the Target.

For instance, this requirement is complied with if the protocol that conveys the location URI does not link the identity of the Target to the location URI and the LS doesn't include meaningful identification information in the PIDF-LO document. Section 6 (Security Considerations) recommends that an unlinked pseudonym is used by the LS.

Req. 13.

(Credential Requirements) Compliant: The primary security mechanism specified in this document is Transport Layer Security. TLS offers the ability to use different types of credentials, including symmetric, asymmetric credentials or a combination of them.

Req. 14.

(Security Features) Compliant: Geopriv defines a few security requirements for the protection of Location Objects such as mutual end-point authentication, data object integrity, data object confidentiality and replay protection. The ability to use Transport Layer security fulfills most of these requirements. Authentication of Location Recipients in this document relies on proof of a shared secret - the location URI. This does not preclude the addition of more robust authentication procedures.

Req. 15.

(Minimal Crypto) Compliant: The mandatory to implement ciphersuite is provided in the TLS layer security specification.

Appendix B.  Compliance to Location Reference Requirements

This section describes how HELD complies to the location reference requirements stipulated in [RFC5808] (Marshall, R., “Requirements for a Location-by-Reference Mechanism,” May 2010.). Compliance to the Location Configuration Protocol are included in this document.

Note that use of HELD as a location dereference protocol does not necessarily imply that HELD is the corresponding LCP. This document is still applicable to HTTP location URIs that are acquired by other means.

B.1.  Requirements for a Location Configuration Protocol

C1.

"Location URI support: The location configuration protocol MUST support a location reference in URI form."
Compliant: HELD only provides location references in URI form.

C2.

"Location URI expiration: When a location URI has a limited validity interval, its lifetime MUST be indicated."
Compliant: HELD indicates the expiry time of location URIs using the expires attribute. [I‑D.barnes‑geopriv‑policy‑uri] (Barnes, R., Thomson, M., and J. Winterbottom, “Location Configuration Extensions for Policy Management,” May 2010.) provides a way to control expiration of a location URI; a Device is able to specify limits on the life time of a HELD context.

C3.

"Location URI cancellation: The location configuration protocol MUST support the ability to request a cancellation of a specific location URI."
Compliant with Extension: [I‑D.barnes‑geopriv‑policy‑uri] (Barnes, R., Thomson, M., and J. Winterbottom, “Location Configuration Extensions for Policy Management,” May 2010.) describes how a location URI can be cancelled through the application of policy. Without extensions, HELD does not provide a method for cancelling location URIs.

C4.

"Location Information Masking: The location URI MUST ensure, by default, through randomization and uniqueness, that the location URI does not contain location information specific components."
Compliant: The HELD specification explicitly references this requirement in providing guidance on the format of the location URI.

C5.

"Target Identity Protection: The location URI MUST NOT contain information that identifies the Target (e.g., user or device)."
Compliant: The HELD specification provides specific guidance on the anonymity of the Target with regards to the generation of location URIs. Section 6 (Security Considerations) expands on this guidance.

C6.

"Reuse indicator: There SHOULD be a way to allow a Target to control whether a location URI can be resolved once only, or multiple times."
Not Compliant: Specific extensions to the protocol or authorization policy formats is needed to alter the default behavior, which allows unlimited resolution of the location URI.

C7.

"Selective disclosure: The location configuration protocol MUST provide a mechanism that allows the Rule Maker to control what information is being disclosed about the Target."
Compliant with Extension: Use of policy mechanisms and [I‑D.barnes‑geopriv‑policy‑uri] (Barnes, R., Thomson, M., and J. Winterbottom, “Location Configuration Extensions for Policy Management,” May 2010.) enable this capability. Note that this document recommends that only location information be provided.

C8.

"Location URI Not guessable: As a default, the location configuration protocol MUST return location URIs that are random and unique throughout the indicated lifetime. A location URI with 128-bits of randomness is RECOMMENDED."
Compliant: HELD specifies that location URIs conform to this requirement.

C9.

"Location URI Options: In the case of user-provided authorization policies, where anonymous or non-guessable location URIs are not warranted, the location configuration protocol MAY support a variety of optional location URI conventions, as requested by a Target to a location configuration server, (e.g., embedded location information within the location URI)."
Not Compliant: HELD does not support Device-specified location URI forms.

B.2.  Requirements for a Location Dereference Protocol

D1.

"Location URI support: The location dereference protocol MUST support a location reference in URI form."
Compliant: HELD only provides location references in URI form.

D2.

"Authentication: The location dereference protocol MUST include mechanisms to authenticate both the client and the server."
Partially Compliant: TLS provides means for mutual authentication. This document only specifies the required mechanism for server authentication. Client authentication is not precluded.

D3.

"Dereferenced Location Form: The value returned by the dereference protocol MUST contain a well-formed PIDF-LO document."
Compliant: HELD requires that location objects are in the form of a PIDF-LO that complies with [RFC5491] (Winterbottom, J., Thomson, M., and H. Tschofenig, “GEOPRIV Presence Information Data Format Location Object (PIDF-LO) Usage Clarification, Considerations, and Recommendations,” March 2009.).

D4.

"Location URI Repeated Use: The location dereference protocol MUST support the ability for the same location URI to be resolved more than once, based on dereference server configuration."
Compliant: A Location Recipient may access and use a location URI as many times as desired until URI expiration results in the URI being invalidated. Authorization policies might include rules that modify this behavior.

D5.

"The location dereference protocol MUST support confidentiality protection of messages sent between the Location Recipient and the location server."
Compliant: This document strongly recommends the use of TLS for confidentiality and HELD mandates its implementation. Unsecured HTTP is permitted, and some of the associated risks are described in Section 4.1 (HELD Usage Profile).

Authors' Addresses