| Internet-Draft | DRIP Entity Tag (DET) | March 2022 |
| Moskowitz, et al. | Expires 2 October 2022 | [Page] |
This document describes the use of Hierarchical Host Identity Tags (HHITs), updating both [RFC7401] and [RFC7343], as self-asserting IPv6 addresses and thereby a trustable identifier for use as the Unmanned Aircraft System Remote Identification and tracking (UAS RID). Within the context of RID, HHITs will be called DRIP Entity Tags (DET). HHITs self-attest to the included explicit hierarchy that provides Registrar discovery for 3rd-party identifier attestation.¶
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Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.¶
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This Internet-Draft will expire on 2 October 2022.¶
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DRIP Requirements [RFC9153] describes an Unmanned Aircraft System Remote Identification and tracking (UAS ID) as unique (ID-4), non-spoofable (ID-5), and identify a registry where the ID is listed (ID-2); all within a 20 character identifier (ID-1).¶
This document describes the use of Hierarchical Host Identity Tags (HHITs) (Section 3) as self-asserting IPv6 addresses and thereby a trustable identifier for use as the UAS Remote ID. HHITs include explicit hierarchy to enable DNS HHIT queries (Host ID for authentication, e.g., [drip-authentication]) and for Extensible Provisioning Protocol (EPP) Registrar discovery [RFC7484] for 3rd-party identification attestation (e.g., [drip-authentication]).¶
This addition of hierarchy to HITs requires updates to both [RFC7401] and [RFC7343].¶
HHITs as used within the context of UAS will be labeled as DRIP Entity Tags (DET). Throughout this document HHIT and DET will be used appropriately. HHIT will be used when covering the technology, and DET for their context within UAS RID.¶
HHITs are statistically unique through the cryptographic hash feature of second-preimage resistance. The cryptographically-bound addition of the hierarchy and a HHIT registration process [drip-registries] provide complete, global HHIT uniqueness. This contrasts with using general identifiers (e.g., a Universally Unique IDentifiers (UUID) [RFC4122] or device serial numbers) as the subject in an X.509 [RFC5280] certificate.¶
In a multi Certificate Authority (multi-CA) PKI alternative to HHITs, a Remote ID as the Subject (Section 4.1.2.6 of [RFC5280]) can occur in multiple CAs, possibly fraudulently. CAs within the PKI would need to implement an approach to enforce assurance of the uniqueness achieved with HHITs.¶
Hierarchical HITs provide self-attestation of the HHIT registry. A HHIT can only be in a single registry within a registry system (e.g., EPP and DNS).¶
Hierarchical HITs are valid, though non-routable, IPv6 addresses [RFC8200]. As such, they fit in many ways within various IETF technologies.¶
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.¶
This document uses the terms defined in DRIP Requirements [RFC9153]. The following new terms are used in the document:¶
The Hierarchical HIT (HHIT) is a small but important enhancement over the flat HIT space, constructed as an Overlay Routable Cryptographic Hash IDentifier (ORCHID) [RFC7343]. By adding two levels of hierarchical administration control, the HHIT provides for device registration/ownership, thereby enhancing the trust framework for HITs.¶
HHITs represent the HI in only a 64-bit hash, expand the Suite ID to 8 bits, and use the other 28 bits to create a hierarchical administration organization for HIT domains. Hierarchical HIT construction is defined in Section 3.5. The input values for the Encoding rules are described in Section 3.5.1.¶
A HHIT is built from the following fields:¶
28-bit Hierarchy ID (HID) which provides the structure to organize HITs into administrative domains. HIDs are further divided into two fields:¶
14 bits| 14 bits 8 bits
+-------+-------+ +--------------+
| RAA | HDA | |HHIT Suite ID |
+-------+-------+ +--------------+
\ | ____/ ___________/
\ \ _/ ___/
\ \/ /
| p bits | 28 bits |8bits| o=96-p-8 bits |
+--------------+------------+-----+------------------------+
| IANA Prefix | HID |HHSI | ORCHID hash |
+--------------+------------+-----+------------------------+
The Context ID (generated with openssl rand) for the ORCHID hash is:¶
Context ID := 0x00B5 A69C 795D F5D5 F008 7F56 843F 2C40
¶
Context IDs are allocated out of the namespace introduced for Cryptographically Generated Addresses (CGA) Type Tags [RFC3972].¶
A python script is available for generating HHITs [hhit-gen].¶
The IPv6 HHIT prefix MUST be distinct from that used in the flat-space HIT as allocated in [RFC7343]. Without this unique prefix, the first 4 bits of the RAA would be interpreted as the HIT Suite ID per HIPv2 [RFC7401].¶
Initially, for DET use, one 28-bit prefix should be assigned out of the IANA IPv6 Special Purpose Address Block, namely 2001::/23, as per [RFC6890].¶
HHIT Use Bits Value
DET 28 TBD6 (suggested value 2001:30::/28)
¶
Other prefixes may be added in the future either for DET use or other applications of HHITs. For a prefix to be added to this registry, its usage and HID allocation process needs to be publicly available.¶
The HHIT Suite IDs specify the HI and hash algorithms. These are a superset of the HIT Suite ID as defined in Section 5.2.10 of [RFC7401].¶
The HHIT values of 1 - 15 map to the 4-bit HIT Suite IDs. HHIT values of 17 - 31 map to the 8-bit HIT Suite IDs. HHIT values unique to HHIT will start with value 32.¶
As HHIT introduces a new Suite ID, EdDSA/cSHAKE128, and since this is of value to HIPv2, it will be allocated out of the 4-bit HIT space and result in an update to HIT Suite IDs. Future HHIT Suite IDs may be allocated similarly, or may come out of the additional space made available by going to 8 bits.¶
The following HHIT Suite IDs are defined:¶
HHIT Suite Value
RESERVED 0
RSA,DSA/SHA-256 1 [RFC7401]
ECDSA/SHA-384 2 [RFC7401]
ECDSA_LOW/SHA-1 3 [RFC7401]
EdDSA/cSHAKE128 TBD3 (suggested value 5) (RECOMMENDED)
RESERVED 16
¶
Support for 8 bit HHIT Suite IDs allows for HDA custom HIT Suite IDs. These will be assigned values greater than 15 as follows:¶
HIT Suite Value
HDA Assigned 1 TBD4 (suggested value 254)
HDA Assigned 2 TBD5 (suggested value 255)
¶
This feature, for example, may be used for large-scale experimenting with post quantum computing hashes or similar domain specific needs. Note that currently there is no support for domain-specific HI algorithms.¶
The Hierarchy ID (HID) provides the structure to organize HITs into administrative domains. HIDs are further divided into two fields:¶
The rationale for the 14/14 HID split is described in Appendix B.¶
An RAA is a business or organization that manages a registry of HDAs. For example, the Federal Aviation Authority (FAA) could be an RAA.¶
The RAA is a 14-bit field (16,384 RAAs) managed as described in [drip-registries]. An RAA must provide a set of services to allocate HDAs to organizations. It must have a public policy on what is necessary to obtain an HDA. The RAA need not maintain any HIP related services. It must maintain a DNS zone minimally for discovering HID RVS servers. The zone delegation is also covered in [drip-registries].¶
As HHITs may be used in many different domains, RAA should be allocated in blocks with consideration on the likely size of a particular usage. Alternatively, different prefixes can be used to separate different domains of use of HHITs.¶
This DNS zone may be a PTR for its RAA. It may be a zone in an HHIT specific DNS zone. Assume that the RAA is 100. The PTR record could be constructed as follows:¶
100.hhit.arpa IN PTR raa.bar.com.¶
An HDA may be an ISP, USS, or any third party that takes on the business to provide UAS services management, HIP RVS or other needed services such as those required for HHIT and/or HIP-enabled devices.¶
The HDA is a 14-bit field (16,384 HDAs per RAA) assigned by an RAA as described in [drip-registries]. An HDA must maintain public and private UAS registration information and should maintain a set of RVS servers for UAS clients that may use HIP. How this is done and scales to the potentially millions of customers are outside the scope of this document, though covered in [drip-registries]. This service should be discoverable through the DNS zone maintained by the HDA's RAA.¶
An RAA may assign a block of values to an individual organization. This is completely up to the individual RAA's published policy for delegation. Such policy is out of scope.¶
The Edwards-Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (EdDSA) [RFC8032] is specified here for use as Host Identities (HIs) per HIPv2 [RFC7401].¶
The intent in this document is to add EdDSA as a HI algorithm for DETs, but doing so impacts the HIP parameters used in a HIP exchange. As such the following update HIP parameters. Other than the HIP DNS RR, these should not be needed in a DRIP implementation that does not use HIP.¶
See Section 3.2 for use of the HIT Suite in the context of this document.¶
The HOST_ID parameter specifies the public key algorithm, and for elliptic curves, a name. The HOST_ID parameter is defined in Section 5.2.19 of [RFC7401].¶
Algorithm
profiles Values
EdDSA TBD1 (suggested value 13) [RFC8032] (RECOMMENDED)
¶
The addition of EdDSA as a HI algorithm requires a subfield in the HIP HOST_ID parameter (Section 5.2.9 of [RFC7401]) as was done for ECDSA when used in a HIP exchange.¶
For HIP hosts that implement EdDSA as the algorithm, the following EdDSA curves are represented by the following fields:¶
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | EdDSA Curve | / +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ / Public Key | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ EdDSA Curve Curve label Public Key Represented in Octet-string format [RFC8032]
For hosts that implement EdDSA as a HIP algorithm the following EdDSA curves are required:¶
Algorithm Curve Values
EdDSA RESERVED 0
EdDSA EdDSA25519 1 [RFC8032] (RECOMMENDED)
EdDSA EdDSA25519ph 2 [RFC8032]
EdDSA EdDSA448 3 [RFC8032] (RECOMMENDED)
EdDSA EdDSA448ph 4 [RFC8032]
¶
The HIP DNS RR (Resource Record) is defined in [RFC8005]. It uses the values defined for the 'Algorithm Type' of the IPSECKEY RR [RFC4025] for its PK Algorithm field.¶
The new EdDSA HI will use [RFC8080] for the IPSECKEY RR encoding:¶
Value Description
TBD2 (suggested value 4)
An EdDSA key is present, in the format defined in [RFC8080]
¶
The HIT_SUITE_LIST parameter contains a list of the supported HIT suite IDs of the HIP Responder. Based on the HIT_SUITE_LIST, the HIP Initiator can determine which source HIT Suite IDs are supported by the Responder. The HIT_SUITE_LIST parameter is defined in Section 5.2.10 of [RFC7401].¶
The following HIT Suite ID is defined, and the relationship between the four-bit ID value used in the OGA ID field and the eight-bit encoding within the HIT_SUITE_LIST ID field is clarified:¶
HIT Suite Value
EdDSA/cSHAKE128 TBD3 (suggested value 5) (RECOMMENDED)
¶
The following table provides more detail on the above HIT Suite combination.¶
The output of cSHAKE128 is variable per the needs of a specific ORCHID construction. It is at most 96 bits long and is directly used in the ORCHID (without truncation).¶
| Index | Hash function | HMAC | Signature algorithm family | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5 | cSHAKE128 | KMAC128 | EdDSA | EdDSA HI hashed with cSHAKE128, output is variable |
This section improves on ORCHIDv2 [RFC7343] with three enhancements:¶
The Keccak [Keccak] based cSHAKE XOF hash function is a variable output length hash function. As such it does not use the truncation operation that other hashes need. The invocation of cSHAKE specifies the desired number of bits in the hash output. Further, cSHAKE has a parameter 'S' as a customization bit string. This parameter will be used for including the ORCHID Context Identifier in a standard fashion.¶
This ORCHID construction includes the fields in the ORCHID in the hash to protect them against substitution attacks. It also provides for inclusion of additional information, in particular the hierarchical bits of the Hierarchical HIT, in the ORCHID generation. This should be viewed as an addendum to ORCHIDv2 [RFC7343], as it can produce ORCHIDv2 output.¶
ORCHIDv2 [RFC7343] is defined as consisting of three components:¶
ORCHID := Prefix | OGA ID | Encode_96( Hash )
where:
Prefix : A constant 28-bit-long bitstring value
(IANA IPv6 assigned).
OGA ID : A 4-bit long identifier for the Hash_function
in use within the specific usage context. When
used for HIT generation this is the HIT Suite ID.
Encode_96( ) : An extraction function in which output is obtained
by extracting the middle 96-bit-long bitstring
from the argument bitstring.
¶
This addendum will be constructed as follows:¶
ORCHID := Prefix (p) | Info (n) | OGA ID (o) | Hash (m)
where:
Prefix (p) : An IANA IPv6 assigned prefix (max 28-bit-long).
Info (n) : n bits of information that define a use of the
ORCHID. 'n' can be zero, that is no additional
information.
OGA ID (o) : A 4 or 8-bit long identifier for the Hash_function
in use within the specific usage context. When
used for HIT generation this is the HIT Suite ID.
When used for HHIT generation this is the
HHIT Suite ID.
Hash (m) : An extraction function in which output is 'm' bits.
p + n + o + m = 128 bits
¶
With a 28-bit IPv6 Prefix, the remaining 100 bits can be divided in any manner between the additional information, OGA ID, and the hash output. Care must be considering the size of the hash portion, taking into account risks like pre-image attacks. Thus 64 bits as used in Hierarchical HITs may be as small as is acceptable. The size of n is determined as what is left; in the case of the 8-bit OGA used for HHIT, this is 28 bits.¶
This addendum adds a different encoding process to that currently used in ORCHIDv2. The input to the hash function explicitly includes all the header content plus the Context ID. The header content consists of the Prefix, the Additional Information, and OGA ID (HIT Suite ID). Secondly, the length of the resulting hash is set by sum of the length of the ORCHID header fields. For example, a 28-bit prefix with 28 bits for the HID and 8 bits for the OGA ID leaves 64 bits for the hash length.¶
To achieve the variable length output in a consistent manner, the cSHAKE hash is used. For this purpose, cSHAKE128 is appropriate. The cSHAKE function call for this addendum is:¶
cSHAKE128(Input, L, "", Context ID)
Input := Prefix | Additional Information | OGA ID | HOST_ID
L := Length in bits of hash portion of ORCHID
¶
For full Suite ID support (those that use fixed length hashes like SHA256), the following hashing can be used (Note: this does not produce output Identical to ORCHIDv2 for a /28 prefix and Additional Information of zero-length):¶
Hash[L](Context ID | Input)
Input := Prefix | Additional Information | OGA ID | HOST_ID
L := Length in bits of hash portion of ORCHID
Hash[L] := An extraction function in which output is obtained
by extracting the middle L-bit-long bitstring
from the argument bitstring.
¶
Hierarchical HITs use the same context as HIPv2 HIT as the ORCHID generation is clearly separated by the distinct Prefix in HHIT.¶
This section discusses how to provide backwards compatibility for ORCHIDv2 [RFC7343] as used in HIPv2 [RFC7401].¶
For HIPv2, the Prefix is 2001:20::/28. 'Info' is zero-length (i.e., not included), and OGA ID is 4-bit. Thus, the HI Hash is length 96-bit. Further, the Prefix and OGA ID are not included in the hash calculation. Thus, the following ORCHID calculations for fixed output length hashes are used:¶
Hash[L](Context ID | Input)
Input := HOST_ID
L := 96
Context ID := 0xF0EF F02F BFF4 3D0F E793 0C3C 6E61 74EA
Hash[L] := An extraction function in which output is obtained
by extracting the middle L-bit-long bitstring
from the argument bitstring.
¶
For variable output length hashes use:¶
Hash[L](Context ID | Input)
Input := HOST_ID
L := 96
Context ID := 0xF0EF F02F BFF4 3D0F E793 0C3C 6E61 74EA
Hash[L] := The L-bit output from the hash function
¶
Then, the ORCHID is constructed as follows:¶
Prefix | OGA ID | Hash Output
¶
With this addendum, the decoding of an ORCHID is determined by the Prefix and OGA ID. ORCHIDv2 [RFC7343] decoding is selected when the Prefix is: 2001:20::/28.¶
For Hierarchical HITs, the decoding is determined by the presence of the HHIT Prefix as specified in Section 9.5.¶
Hierarchical HITs are a refinement on the Host Identity Tag (HIT) of HIPv2. HHITs require a new ORCHID mechanism as described in Section 3.5.¶
HHITs for UAS ID (called, DETs) also use the new EdDSA/SHAKE128 HIT suite defined in Section 3.4 (GEN-2 in [RFC9153]). This hierarchy, cryptographically embedded within the HHIT, provides the information for finding the UA's HHIT registry (ID-3 in [RFC9153]).¶
As per 2021, ASTM Standard Specification for Remote ID and Tracking [F3411] specifies four UAS ID types:¶
Note that Types 1 - 3 allow for an UAS ID with a maximum length of 20 bytes, the SSI (Type 4) uses the first byte of the ID for the SSI value, thus restricting the UAS ID to a maximum of 19 bytes. The SSI values initially assigned (as per 2021) are:¶
A HI and its HHIT SHOULD NOT be transferable between UA or even between replacement electronics (e.g., replacement of damaged controller CPU) for a UA. The private key for the HI SHOULD be held in a cryptographically secure component.¶
In some cases, it is advantageous to encode HHITs as a CTA 2063-A Serial Number [CTA2063A]. For example, the FAA Remote ID Rules [FAA_RID] state that a Remote ID Module (i.e., not integrated with UA controller) must only use "the serial number of the unmanned aircraft"; CTA 2063-A meets this requirement.¶
Encoding an HHIT within the CTA 2063-A format is not simple. The CTA 2063-A format is defined as:¶
Serial Number := MFR Code | Length Code | MFR SN
where:
MFR Code : 4 character code assigned by ICAO
(International Civil Aviation Organization,
a UN Agency).
Length Code : 1 character Hex encoding of MFR SN length (1-F).
MFR SN : Alphanumeric code (0-9, A-Z except O and I).
Maximum length of 15 characters.
¶
There is no place for the HID; there will need to be a mapping service from Manufacturer Code to HID. The HHIT Suite ID and ORCHID hash will take the full 15 characters (as described below) of the MFR SN field.¶
A character in a CTA 2063-A Serial Number "shall include any combination of digits and uppercase letters, except the letters O and I, but may include all digits". This would allow for a Base34 encoding of the binary HHIT Suite ID and ORCHID hash in 15 characters. Although, programmatically, such a conversion is not hard, other technologies (e.g., credit card payment systems) that have used such odd base encoding have had performance challenges. Thus, here a Base32 encoding will be used by also excluding the letters Z and S (too similar to the digits 2 and 5).¶
The low-order 72 bits (HHIT Suite ID | ORCHID hash) of the HHIT SHALL be left-padded with 3 bits of zeros. This 75-bit number will be encoded into the 15 character MFR SN field using the digit/letters above. The manufacturer MUST use a Length Code of F (15).¶
Using the sample DET from Section 5 that is for HDA=20 under RAA=10 and having the ICAO CTA MFR Code of 8653, the 20-character CTA 2063-A Serial Number would be:¶
8653F02T7B8RA85D19LX
¶
A mapping service (e.g., DNS) MUST provide a trusted (e.g., via DNSSEC) conversion of the 4-character Manufacturer Code to high-order 58 bits (Prefix | HID) of the HHIT. Definition of this mapping service is currently out of scope of this document.¶
It should be noted that this encoding would only be used in the Basic ID Message. The HHIT DET will still be used in the Authentication Messages.¶
UAS Remote ID DET may be one of a number of uses of HHITs. However, it is out of the scope of the document to elaborate on other uses of HHITs. As such these follow-on uses need to be considered in allocating the RAAs (Section 3.3.1) or HHIT prefix assignments (Section 9).¶
ORCHIDS, as defined in [RFC7343], do not cryptographically bind an IPv6 prefix nor the Orchid Generation Algorithm (OGA) ID (the HIT Suite ID) to the hash of the HI. The rationale at the time of developing ORCHID was attacks against these fields are Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks against protocols using ORCHIDs and thus up to those protocols to address the issue.¶
HHITs, as defined in Section 3.5, cryptographically bind all content in the ORCHID through the hashing function. A recipient of a DET that has the underlying HI can directly trust and act on all content in the HHIT. This provides a strong, self-attestation for using the hierarchy to find the DET Registry based on the HID.¶
DETs are registered to HDAs. A registration process, [drip-registries], ensures DET global uniqueness (ID-4 in [RFC9153]). It also provides the mechanism to create UAS public/private data that are associated with the DET (REG-1 and REG-2 in [RFC9153]).¶
The two levels of hierarchy within the DET allows for CAAs to have their own Registered Assigning Authority (RAA) for their NAS. Within the RAA, the CAAs can delegate HDAs as needed. There may be other RAAs allowed to operate within a given NAS; this is a policy decision of each CAA.¶
The EdDSA25519 HI (Section 3.4) underlying the DET can be used in an 84-byte self-proof attestation (timestamp, HHIT, and signature of these) to provide proof of Remote ID ownership (GEN-1 in [RFC9153]). In practice, the Wrapper and Manifest authentication formats in the ASTM Authentication Message (Msg Type 0x2) [drip-authentication] implicitly provide this self-attestation. A lookup service like DNS can provide the HI and registration proof (GEN-3 in [RFC9153]).¶
Similarly, for Observers without Internet access, a 200-byte offline self-attestation could provide the same Remote ID ownership proof. This attestation would contain the HDA's signing of the UA's HHIT, itself signed by the UA's HI. Only a small cache that contains the HDA's HI/HHIT and HDA meta-data is needed by the Observer. However, such an object would just fit in the ASTM Authentication Message with no room for growth. In practice [drip-authentication] provides this offline self-attestation in two authentication messages: the HDA's certification of the UA's HHIT registration in a Link authentication message whose hash is sent in a Manifest authentication message.¶
Hashes of any previously sent ASTM messages can be placed in a Manifest authentication message (GEN-2 in [RFC9153]). When a Location/Vector Message (Msg Type 0x1) hash along with the hash of the HDA's UA HHIT attestation are sent in a Manifest authentication message and the Observer can visually see a UA at the claimed location, the Observer has a very strong proof of the UA's Remote ID.¶
All this behavior and how to mix these authentication messages into the flow of UA operation messages are detailed in [drip-authentication].¶
There are two approaches for storing and retrieving DETs using DNS. The following are examples of how this may be done. This will serve as guidance to the actual deployment of DETs in DNS. Further DNS-related considerations are covered in [drip-registries].¶
A DET can be used to construct an FQDN that points to the USS that has the public/private information for the UA (REG-1 and REG-2 in [RFC9153]). For example, the USS for the HHIT could be found via the following: Assume the RAA is 100 and the HDA is 50. The PTR record is constructed as follows:¶
100.50.det.uas.icao.int IN PTR foo.uss.icao.int.
¶
The individual DETs may be potentially too numerous (e.g., 60 - 600M) and dynamic (e.g., new DETs every minute for some HDAs) to store in a signed, DNS zone. The HDA SHOULD provide DNS service for its zone and provide the HHIT detail response. A secure connection (e.g., DNS over TLS) to the authoritative zone may be a viable alternative to DNSSEC.¶
The DET reverse lookup can be a standard IPv6 reverse look up, or it can leverage off the HHIT structure. If we assume a prefix of 2001:30::/28, the RAA is 10 and the HDA is 20, the DET is:¶
2001:30:280:1405:a3ad:1952:ad0:a69e
¶
A DET reverse lookup could be to:¶
a69e.ad0.1952.a3ad.1405.280.30.2001.20.10.det.arpa.
¶
or:¶
a3ad1952ad0a69e.5.20.10.30.2001.det.remoteid.icao.int.
¶
A 'standard' ip6.arpa RR has the advantage of only one Registry service supported.¶
$ORIGIN 5.0.4.1.0.8.2.0.0.3.0.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa.
e.9.6.a.0.d.a.0.2.5.9.1.d.a.3.a IN PTR
¶
HHITs might be used within the UTM architecture beyond DET (and USS in UA ID registration and authentication), for example, as a GCS HHIT ID. The GCS may use its HIIT if it is the source of Network Remote ID for securing the transport and for secure C2 transport (e.g., [drip-secure-nrid-c2]).¶
Observers may have their own HHITs to facilitate UAS information retrieval (e.g., for authorization to private UAS data). They could also use their HHIT for establishing a HIP connection with the UA Pilot for direct communications per authorization (this use is currently outside the scope of this document). Further, they can be used by FINDER observers, (e.g., [crowd-sourced-rid]).¶
This document provides the details to solutions for GEN 1 - 3, ID 1 - 5, and REG 1 - 2 requirements that are described in [RFC9153].¶
There is no expectation of privacy for DETs; it is not part of the Privacy Normative Requirements, Section 4.3.1, of [RFC9153]. DETs are broadcast in the clear over the open air via Bluetooth and Wi-Fi. They will be collected and collated with other public information about the UAS. This will include DET registration information and location and times of operations for a DET. A DET can be for the life of a UA if there is no concern about DET/UA activity harvesting.¶
Further, the MAC address of the wireless interface used for Remote ID broadcasts are a target for UA operation aggregation that may not be mitigated through address randomization. For Bluetooth 4 Remote ID messaging, the MAC address is used by observers to link the Basic ID Message that contains the RID with other Remote ID messages, thus must be constant for a UA operation. This message linkage use of MAC addresses may not be needed with the Bluetooth 5 or Wi-Fi PHYs. These PHYs provide for a larger message payload and can use the Message Pack (Msg Type 0xF) and the Authentication Message to transmit the RID with other Remote ID messages. However, it is not mandatory to send the RID in a Message Pack or Authentication Message, so allowance for using the MAC address for UA message linking must be maintained. That is, the MAC address should be stable for at least a UA operation.¶
Finally, it is not adequate to simply change the DET and MAC for a UA per operation to defeat historically tracking a UA's activity.¶
Any changes to the UA MAC may have impacts to C2 setup and use. A constant GCS MAC may well defeat any privacy gains in UA MAC and RID changes. UA/GCS binding is complicated with changing MAC addresses; historically UAS design assumed these to be "forever" and made setup a one-time process. Additionally, if IP is used for C2, a changing MAC may mean a changing IP address to further impact the UAS bindings. Finally, an encryption wrapper's identifier (such as ESP [RFC4303] SPI) would need to change per operation to insure operation tracking separation.¶
Creating and maintaining UAS operational privacy is a multifaceted problem. Many communication pieces need to be considered to truly create a separation between UA operations. Simply changing the UAS RID only starts the changes that need to be implemented.¶
This document requests IANA to create a new registry titled "Drone Remote Identification Protocol" registry. The following two subregistries should be created under that registry.¶
HHIT Use Bits Value
DET 28 TBD6 (suggested value 2001:30::/28)
¶
HHIT Suite Value
RESERVED 0
RSA,DSA/SHA-256 1 [RFC7401]
ECDSA/SHA-384 2 [RFC7401]
ECDSA_LOW/SHA-1 3 [RFC7401]
EdDSA/cSHAKE128 TBD3 (suggested value 5) (RECOMMENDED)
RESERVED 16
HDA Assigned 1 TBD4 (suggested value 254)
HDA Assigned 2 TBD5 (suggested value 255)
¶
This document requests IANA to make the following change to the IANA "CGA Extension Type Tags registry [IANA-CGA] registry:¶
Context ID := 0x00B5 A69C 795D F5D5 F008 7F56 843F 2C40¶
This document requests IANA to make the following changes to the IANA "Host Identity Protocol (HIP) Parameters" [IANA-HIP] registry:¶
Algorithm
profiles Values
EdDSA TBD1 (suggested value 13) [RFC8032] (RECOMMENDED)
¶
Algorithm Curve Values
EdDSA RESERVED 0
EdDSA EdDSA25519 1 [RFC8032] (RECOMMENDED)
EdDSA EdDSA25519ph 2 [RFC8032]
EdDSA EdDSA448 3 [RFC8032] (RECOMMENDED)
EdDSA EdDSA448ph 4 [RFC8032]
¶
HIT Suite Value
EdDSA/cSHAKE128 TBD3 (suggested value 5) (RECOMMENDED)
¶
This document requests IANA to make the following change to the "IPSECKEY Resource Record Parameters" [IANA-IPSECKEY] registry:¶
Value Description
TBD2 (suggested value 4)
An EdDSA key is present, in the format defined in [RFC8080]
¶
Since the DET format is not compatible with [RFC7343], IANA is requested to allocate a new prefix following this template for the IPv6 Special-Purpose Address Registry.¶
The 64-bit hash in HHITs presents a real risk of second pre-image cryptographic hash attack Section 10.2. There are no known (to the authors) studies of hash size to cryptographic hash attacks. A Python script is available to randomly generate 1M HHITs that did not produce a hash collision which is a simpler attack than a first or second pre-image attack.¶
However, with today's computing power, producing 2^64 EdDSA keypairs and then generating the corresponding HHIT is economically feasible. Consider that a *single* bitcoin mining ASIC can do on the order of 2^46 sha256 hashes a second or about 2^62 hashes in a single day. The point being, 2^64 is not prohibitive, especially as this can be done in parallel.¶
Now it should be noted that the 2^64 attempts is for stealing a specific HHIT. Consider a scenario of a street photography company with 1,024 UAs (each with its own HHIT); you'd be happy stealing any one of them. Then rather than needing to satisfy a 64-bit condition on the cSHAKE128 output, you need only satisfy what is equivalent to a 54-bit condition (since you have 2^10 more opportunities for success).¶
Thus, although the probability of a collision or pre-image attack is low in a collection of 1,024 HHITs out of a total population of 2^64, per Section 10.2, it is computationally and economically feasible. Therefore, the HHIT registration and HHIT/HI registration validation is strongly recommended.¶
The DET Registry services effectively block attempts to "take over" or "hijack" a DET. It does not stop a rogue attempting to impersonate a known DET. This attack can be mitigated by the receiver of the DET using DNS to find the HI for the DET. As such, use of DNSSEC and DNS over TLS by the DET registries is recommended.¶
The 60-bit hash for DETs with 8-bit OGAs have a greater hash attack risk. As such its use should be restricted to testing and to small, well managed UAS/USS.¶
Another mitigation of HHIT hijacking is if the HI owner (UA) supplies an object containing the HHIT and signed by the HI private key of the HDA such as discussed in Section 4.6.¶
The two risks with hierarchical HITs are the use of an invalid HID and forced HIT collisions. The use of a DNS zone (e.g., "det.arpa.") is a strong protection against invalid HIDs. Querying an HDA's RVS for a HIT under the HDA protects against talking to unregistered clients. The Registry service [drip-registries], through its HHIT uniqueness enforcement, provides against forced or accidental HHIT hash collisions.¶
Cryptographically Generated Addresses (CGAs) provide an assurance of uniqueness. This is two-fold. The address (in this case the UAS ID) is a hash of a public key and a Registry hierarchy naming. Collision resistance (more important that it implied second-preimage resistance) makes it statistically challenging to attacks. A registration process [drip-registries] within the HDA provides a level of assured uniqueness unattainable without mirroring this approach.¶
The second aspect of assured uniqueness is the digital signing (attestation) process of the DET by the HI private key and the further signing (attestation) of the HI public key by the Registry's key. This completes the ownership process. The observer at this point does not know what owns the DET, but is assured, other than the risk of theft of the HI private key, that this UAS ID is owned by something and is properly registered.¶
The DET in the ASTM Basic ID Message (Msg Type 0x0, the actual Remote ID message) does not provide any assertion of trust. The best that might be done within this Basic ID Message is 4 bytes truncated from a HI signing of the HHIT (the UA ID field is 20 bytes and a HHIT is 16). This is not trustable; that is, too open to a hash attack. Minimally, it takes 84 bytes (Section 4.6) to prove ownership of a DET with a full EdDSA signature. Thus, no attempt has been made to add DET trust directly within the very small Basic ID Message.¶
The ASTM Authentication Message (Msg Type 0x2) as shown in Section 4.6 can provide practical actual ownership proofs. These attestations include timestamps to defend against replay attacks. But in themselves, they do not prove which UA sent the message. They could have been sent by a dog running down the street with a Broadcast Remote ID module strapped to its back.¶
Proof of UA transmission comes when the Authentication Message includes proofs for the ASTM Location/Vector Message (Msg Type 0x1) and the observer can see the UA or that information is validated by ground multilateration [crowd-sourced-rid]. Only then does an observer gain full trust in the DET of the UA.¶
DETs obtained via the Network RID path provides a different approach to trust. Here the UAS SHOULD be securely communicating to the USS (see [drip-secure-nrid-c2]), thus asserting DET trust.¶
The 64-bit hash size does have an increased risk of collisions over the 96-bit hash size used for the other HIT Suites. There is a 0.01% probability of a collision in a population of 66 million. The probability goes up to 1% for a population of 663 million. See Appendix C for the collision probability formula.¶
However, this risk of collision is within a single "Additional Information" value, i.e., a RAA/HDA domain. The UAS/USS registration process should include registering the DET and MUST reject a collision, forcing the UAS to generate a new HI and thus HHIT and reapplying to the DET registration process.¶
EU is defining a future of airspace management known as U-space within the Single European Sky ATM Research (SESAR) undertaking. Concept of Operation for EuRopean UTM Systems (CORUS) project proposed low-level Concept of Operations [corus] for UAS in EU. It introduces strong requirements for UAS privacy based on European GDPR regulations. It suggests that UAs are identified with agnostic IDs, with no information about UA type, the operators or flight trajectory. Only authorized persons should be able to query the details of the flight with a record of access.¶
Due to the high privacy requirements, a casual observer can only query U-space if it is aware of a UA seen in a certain area. A general observer can use a public U-space portal to query UA details based on the UA transmitted "Remote identification" signal. Direct remote identification (DRID) is based on a signal transmitted by the UA directly. Network remote identification (NRID) is only possible for UAs being tracked by U-Space and is based on the matching the current UA position to one of the tracks.¶
The project lists "E-Identification" and "E-Registrations" services as to be developed. These services can follow the privacy mechanism proposed in this document. If an "agnostic ID" above refers to a completely random identifier, it creates a problem with identity resolution and detection of misuse. On the other hand, a classical HIT has a flat structure which makes its resolution difficult. The Hierarchical HITs provide a balanced solution by associating a registry with the UA identifier. This is not likely to cause a major conflict with U-space privacy requirements, as the registries are typically few at a country level (e.g., civil personal, military, law enforcement, or commercial).¶
The following explains the logic behind selecting to divide the 28 bits of the HID into 2 14-bit components.¶
At this writing ICAO has 273 member "States", each may want to control RID assignment within its National Air Space (NAS). Some members may want separate RAAs to use for Civil, general Government, and Military use. They may also want allowances for competing Civil RAA operations. It is reasonable to plan for 8 RAAs per ICAO member (plus regional aviation organizations like in the European Union). Thus at a start a 4,096 RAA space is advised.¶
There will be requests by commercial entities for their own, RAA allotments. Examples could include international organizations that will be using UAS and international delivery service associations. These may be smaller than the RAA space needed by ICAO member States and could be met with a 2,048 space allotment, but as will be seen, might as well be 4,096 as well.¶
This may well cover currently understood RAA entities. There will be future new applications, branching off into new areas. So yet another space allocation should be set aside. If this is equal to all that has been reserved, we should allow for 16,384 (2^14) RAAs.¶
The HDA allocation follows a different logic from that of RAAs. Per Appendix C, an HDA should be able to easily assign 63M RIDs and even manage 663M with a "first come, first assigned" registration process. For most HDAs this is more than enough, and a single HDA assignment within their RAA will suffice. Most RAAs will only delegate to a couple HDAs for their operational needs. But there are major exceptions that point to some RAAs needing large numbers of HDA assignments.¶
Delivery service operators like Amazon (est. 30K delivery vans) and UPS (est. 500K delivery vans) may choose, for anti-tracking reasons, to use unique RIDs per day or even per operation. 30K delivery UA could need 11M upwards to 44M RIDs. Anti-tracking would be hard to provide if the HID were the same for a delivery service fleet, so such a company may turn to an HDA that provides this service to multiple companies so that who's UA is who's is not evident in the HID. A USS providing this service could well use multiple HDA assignments per year, depending on strategy.¶
Perhaps a single RAA providing HDAs for delivery service (or similar behaving) UAS could 'get by' with a 2048 HDA space (11-bits). So the HDA space could well be served with only 12 bits allocated out of the 28-bit HID space. But as this is speculation, and it will take years of deployment experience, a 14-bit HDA space has been selected.¶
There may also be 'small' ICAO member States that opt for a single RAA and allocate their HDAs for all UA that are permitted in their NAS. The HDA space is large enough that some to use part for government needs as stated above and for small commercial needs. Or the State may use a separate, consecutive RAA for commercial users. Thus it would be 'easy' to recognize State-approved UA by HID high-order bits.¶
The accepted formula for calculating the probability of a collision is:¶
p = 1 - e^{-k^2/(2n)}
P Collision Probability
n Total possible population
k Actual population
¶
The following table provides the approximate population size for a collision for a given total population.¶
Deployed Population
Total With Collision Risk of
Population .01% 1%
2^96 4T 42T
2^72 1B 10B
2^68 250M 2.5B
2^64 66M 663M
2^60 16M 160M
¶
Dr. Gurtov is an adviser on Cybersecurity to the Swedish Civil Aviation Administration.¶
Quynh Dang of NIST gave considerable guidance on using Keccak and the NIST supporting documents. Joan Deamen of the Keccak team was especially helpful in many aspects of using Keccak. Nicholas Gajcowski [cfrg-comment] provided a concise hash pre-image security assessment via the CFRG list.¶
Many thanks to Michael Richardson for the iotdir review, Magnus Nystrom for the secdir review and DRIP co-chair and draft shepherd, Mohamed Boucadair for his extensive comments and help on document clarity.¶