MANET Cryptographical Signature TLV Definition
draft-herberg-manet-packetbb-sec-03

Abstract

This document describes a general and flexible TLV (type-length-value structure) for representing cryptographic signatures as well as timestamps, using the generalized MANET packet/message format [RFC5444] (Clausen, T., Dearlove, C., Dean, J., and C. Adjih, “Generalized MANET Packet/Message Format,” February 2009.). It defines two Packet TLVs, two Message TLVs, and two Address Block TLVs, for affixing cryptographic signatures and timestamps to a packet, message and address, respectively.

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Table of Contents

1.  Introduction
2.  Terminology
3.  Applicability Statement
4.  Protocol Overview and Functioning
5.  General Signature TLV Structure
    5.1.  Rationale
6.  General Timestamp TLV Structure
7.  Packet TLVs
    7.1.  Packet SIGNATURE TLV
    7.2.  Packet TIMESTAMP TLV
8.  Message TLVs
    8.1.  Message SIGNATURE TLV
    8.2.  Message TIMESTAMP TLV
9.  Address Block TLVs
    9.1.  Address Block SIGNATURE TLV
    9.2.  Address Block TIMESTAMP TLV
10.  IANA Considerations
    10.1.  TLV Registrations
        10.1.1.  Expert Review: Evaluation Guidelines
        10.1.2.  Packet TLV Type Registrations
        10.1.3.  Message TLV Type Registrations
        10.1.4.  Address Block TLV Type Registrations
    10.2.  New IANA Registries
        10.2.1.  Expert Review: Evaluation Guidelines
        10.2.2.  Hash Function
        10.2.3.  Cryptographic Algorithm
11.  Security Considerations
12.  Acknowledgements
13.  References
    13.1.  Normative References
    13.2.  Informative References
Appendix A.  Examples
    A.1.  Example of a Signed Message
§  Authors' Addresses

1.  Introduction

This document:

• specifies two TLVs for carrying cryptographic signatures and timestamps in packets, messages and address blocks as defined by [RFC5444] (Clausen, T., Dearlove, C., Dean, J., and C. Adjih, “Generalized MANET Packet/Message Format,” February 2009.),
• requests IANA allocations for these Packet, Message, and Address Block TLVs from the 0-223 Packet TLV range, the 0-127 Message TLV range and the 0-127 Address Block TLV range from [RFC5444] (Clausen, T., Dearlove, C., Dean, J., and C. Adjih, “Generalized MANET Packet/Message Format,” February 2009.),
• describes how cryptographic signatures are calculated, taking (for Message TLVs) into account the mutable message header fields (<msg-hop-limit> and <msg-hop-count>) where these fields are present in messages,
• requests creation of two IANA registries for recording code points for hash function and signature calculation, respectively.

This document does not stipulate how to sign or validate messages. A specification of a routing protocol or routing protocol extension, using the security representation of this document, MUST specify appropriate interpretation of the TLVs. This document does specifically not suggest specific cryptographic algorithms or hash functions, but rather establishes IANA registries for such.

2.  Terminology

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119] (Bradner, S., “Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels,” March 1997.).

This document uses the terminology and notation defined in [RFC5444] (Clausen, T., Dearlove, C., Dean, J., and C. Adjih, “Generalized MANET Packet/Message Format,” February 2009.). Additionally, it defines the following terminology:

• Hash-Function

  A hash function is an algorithm that takes a message of any length as input and produces a fixed-length string as output. Hash functions are used in cryptography for authentication and message integrity.

• Object

  An object, here, is any sequence of bytes that is used to calculate the signature over (e.g. a packet, a message, an address as defined in [RFC5444] (Clausen, T., Dearlove, C., Dean, J., and C. Adjih, “Generalized MANET Packet/Message Format,” February 2009.), a timestamp, or a combination of these).

• Signature

  A digital signature can be used to (i) authenticate the originator and (ii) to assure that the object, which has been signed, has not been altered in transit. In many cases, a signature is calculated by encrypting a hash of the object, which is the basic assumption of this specification.

• Timestamp

  The timestamp indicates the time when the timestamp has been created. If a timestamp is added to an object before signing the object, this information can be useful to determine the "freshness" of the signed object. "Old" objects can indicate replayed objects. The minimal requirement for a timestamp is to provide a logical representation of time (e.g. Lamport time). Using timestamps may require - at least roughly - synchronized clocks among the routers in the network.

3.  Applicability Statement

The packet and message format defined in [RFC5444] (Clausen, T., Dearlove, C., Dean, J., and C. Adjih, “Generalized MANET Packet/Message Format,” February 2009.) accords MANET routing protocols, using this format, the ability to carry additional information in control messages, through inclusion of TLVs. Information so included in a control message MAY be used by the routing protocol, or by an extension of the routing protocol, according to its specification.

This document specifies how to include a cryptographic signature for a packet, message or address block by way of such TLVs. This document also specifies how to treat "mutable" fields (<msg-hop- count> and <msg-hop-limit>) in the message header when calculating signatures, such that the resulting signature can be correctly verified by any recipient, and how to include this signature. A MANET routing protocol, or an extension of a MANET routing protocol, MAY use such included cryptographic signatures for, for example, rejecting messages where signature verification fails.

Basic MANET routing protocol specifications are often "oblivious to security", however have a clause allowing a control message to be rejected as "badly formed" prior to it being processed or forwarded. Protocols such as [NHDP] (Clausen, T., Dean, J., and C. Dearlove, “MANET Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP),” October 2009.) and [OLSRv2] (Clausen, T., Dearlove, C., and P. Jacquet, “The Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2,” September 2009.) recognize external reasons (such as failure to verify a signature) as being reasons for rejecting a message as "badly formed", and therefore "invalid for processing". This architecture is a result of the observation that with respect to security in MANETs, "one size rarely fits all" and that MANET routing protocol deployment domains have varying security requirements ranging from "unbreakable" to "virtually none". The virtue of this approach is that MANET routing protocol specifications (and implementations) can remain "generic", with extensions providing proper deployment-domain specific security mechanisms.

The MANET routing protocol "security architecture", in which this specification situates itself, can therefore be summarized as follows:

• Security-oblivious MANET routing protocol specifications, with a clause allowing an extension to reject a message (prior to processing/forwarding) as "badly formed".
• MANET routing protocol security extensions, rejecting messages as "badly formed", as appropriate for a given deployment-domain specific security requirement.
• Code-points and an exchange format for information necessary for specification of such security extensions.

This document addresses the last of these issues, by specifying a common exchange format for cryptographic signatures. This document also makes reservations from within the Packet TLV, Message TLV and Address Block TLV registries of [RFC5444] (Clausen, T., Dearlove, C., Dean, J., and C. Adjih, “Generalized MANET Packet/Message Format,” February 2009.), to be used (and shared) among MANET routing protocol security extensions. Finally, this document establishes two IANA registries for code-points for hash functions and cryptographic algorithms for use by protocols adhering to [RFC5444] (Clausen, T., Dearlove, C., Dean, J., and C. Adjih, “Generalized MANET Packet/Message Format,” February 2009.).

With respect to [RFC5444] (Clausen, T., Dearlove, C., Dean, J., and C. Adjih, “Generalized MANET Packet/Message Format,” February 2009.), this document:

• is intended to be used in the non-normative, but intended, mode of use of [RFC5444] (Clausen, T., Dearlove, C., Dean, J., and C. Adjih, “Generalized MANET Packet/Message Format,” February 2009.) as described in its Appendix B.
• is a specific example of the Security Considerations section of [RFC5444] (Clausen, T., Dearlove, C., Dean, J., and C. Adjih, “Generalized MANET Packet/Message Format,” February 2009.) (the authentication part).

4.  Protocol Overview and Functioning

This specification does not describe a protocol, nor does it mandate specific router or protocol behavior. It represents a purely syntactical representation of security related information for use with [RFC5444] (Clausen, T., Dearlove, C., Dean, J., and C. Adjih, “Generalized MANET Packet/Message Format,” February 2009.) messages and packets, as well as establishes IANA registrations and registries.

5.  General Signature TLV Structure

The following data structure allows representation of a cryptographic signature, including specification of the appropriate hash function and cryptographic algorithm used for calculating the signature. This <signature> data structure is specified, using the regular expression syntax of [RFC5444] (Clausen, T., Dearlove, C., Dean, J., and C. Adjih, “Generalized MANET Packet/Message Format,” February 2009.), as:

          <signature> := <hash-function>
                         <cryptographic-algorithm>
                         <signature-value>

where:

<hash-function>

is an 8-bit unsigned integer field specifying the hash function.

<cryptographic-algorithm>

is an 8-bit unsigned integer field specifying the cryptographic algorithm.

<signature-value>

is an unsigned integer field, whose length is <tlv-length>-2, and which contains the cryptographic signature.

The basic version of this TLV assumes that calculating the signature can be decomposed into:

signature-value = cryptographic-function(hash-function(message))

The hash function and the cryptographic algorithm correspond to the IANA registry in the two registries set up by this specification, see Section 10 (IANA Considerations).

5.1.  Rationale

The rationale for separating the hash function and the cryptographic algorithm into two octets instead of having all combinations in a single octet - possibly as TLV type extension - is twofold: First, if further hash functions or cryptographic algorithms are added in the future, the number space might not remain continuous. More importantly, the number space of 256 possible combinations would be rapidly exhausted: 16 different hash functions and 16 different cryptographic algorithms would lead to exhaustion. As new or improved cryptographic mechanism are continuously being developed and introduced, this format should be able to accommodate such for the foreseeable future.

The rationale for not including a field that lists parameters of the cryptographic signature in the TLV is the following: Before being able to to validate a cryptographic signature, routers have to exchange keys (e.g. public keys). Any additional parameters can be exchanged together with the keys in this bootstrap process. It is therefore not necessary, and would even entail an extra overhead, to transmit the parameters within every message. One inherently included parameter is the length of the signature, which is tlv-length - 2 and which depends on the choice of the cryptographic algorithm.

6.  General Timestamp TLV Structure

The following data structure allows the representation of a timestamp. This <timestamp> data structure is specified as:

       <timestamp> := <time-value>

where:

<time-value>

is an unsigned integer field, whose length is <tlv-length>, and which contains the timestamp. The value of this variable is to be interpreted by the routing protocol as specified by the type extension of the Timestamp TLV (refer to Table 1 (Packet TLV types)).

A timestamp is essentially "freshness information". As such, its setting and interpretation is to be determined by the routing protocol (or the extension to a routing protocol) that uses it, and may e.g. correspond to a UNIX-timestamp, GPS timestamp or a simple sequence number. This is out of the scope of this specification.

7.  Packet TLVs

Two Packet TLVs are defined, for including the cryptographic signature of a packet, and for including the timestamp indicating the time at which the cryptographic signature was calculated.

7.1.  Packet SIGNATURE TLV

A Packet SIGNATURE TLV is an example of a Signature TLV as described in Section 5 (General Signature TLV Structure). When calculating the <signature-value> for a Packet, the signature is calculated over the entire Packet, including the packet header, all Packet TLVs (other than Packet SIGNATURE TLVs) and all included Messages and their message headers.

7.2.  Packet TIMESTAMP TLV

A Packet TIMESTAMP TLV is an example of a Timestamp TLV as described in Section 6 (General Timestamp TLV Structure). If a packet contains a TIMESTAMP TLV and a SIGNATURE TLV, the TIMESTAMP TLV SHOULD be added to the packet before the SIGNATURE TLV, in order that it be included in the calculation of the signature.

8.  Message TLVs

Two Message TLVs are defined, for including the cryptographic signature of a message, and for including the timestamp indicating the time at which the cryptographic signature was calculated.

8.1.  Message SIGNATURE TLV

A Message SIGNATURE TLV is an example of a Signature TLV as described in Section 5 (General Signature TLV Structure). When determining the <signature-value> for a message, the signature is calculated over the entire message with the following considerations:

• the fields <msg-hop-limit> and <msg-hop-count> MUST be both assumed to have the value 0 (zero).
• all Message SIGNATURE TLVs MUST be removed before calculating the signature, and the message size as well as the Message TLV block size MUST be recalculated accordingly. The TLVs can be restored after having calculated the signature value.

8.2.  Message TIMESTAMP TLV

A Message TIMESTAMP TLV is an example of a Timestamp TLV as described in Section 6 (General Timestamp TLV Structure). If a message contains a TIMESTAMP TLV and a SIGNATURE TLV, the TIMESTAMP TLV SHOULD be added to the message before the SIGNATURE TLV, in order that it be included in the calculation of the signature.

9.  Address Block TLVs

Two Address Block TLVs are defined, for associating a cryptographic signature to an address, and for including the timestamp indicating the time at which the cryptographic signature was calculated.

9.1.  Address Block SIGNATURE TLV

An Address Block SIGNATURE TLV is an example of a Signature TLV as described in Section 5 (General Signature TLV Structure). The signature can be calculated over any object, including, for example, the address to which this TLV is associated to.

9.2.  Address Block TIMESTAMP TLV

An Address Block TIMESTAMP TLV is an example of a Timestamp TLV as described in Section 6 (General Timestamp TLV Structure). If both a TIMESTAMP TLV and a SIGNATURE TLV are associated with an address, the timestamp value should be considered when calculating the value of the signature.

10.  IANA Considerations

10.1.  TLV Registrations

This specification defines:

• two Packet TLV types which must be allocated from the 0-223 range of the "Assigned Packet TLV Types" repository of [RFC5444] (Clausen, T., Dearlove, C., Dean, J., and C. Adjih, “Generalized MANET Packet/Message Format,” February 2009.) as specified in Table 1 (Packet TLV types),
• two Message TLV types which must be allocated from the 0-127 range of the "Assigned Message TLV Types" repository of [RFC5444] (Clausen, T., Dearlove, C., Dean, J., and C. Adjih, “Generalized MANET Packet/Message Format,” February 2009.) as specified in Table 2 (Message TLV types),
• and two Address Block TLV types which must be allocated from the 0-127 range of the "Assigned Address Block TLV Types" repository of [RFC5444] (Clausen, T., Dearlove, C., Dean, J., and C. Adjih, “Generalized MANET Packet/Message Format,” February 2009.) as specified in Table 3 (Address Block TLV types).

IANA is requested to assign the same numerical value to the Packet TLV, Message TLV and Address Block TLV types with the same name.

10.1.1.  Expert Review: Evaluation Guidelines

For the registries for TLV type extensions where an Expert Review is required, the designated expert SHOULD take the same general recommendations into consideration as are specified by [RFC5444] (Clausen, T., Dearlove, C., Dean, J., and C. Adjih, “Generalized MANET Packet/Message Format,” February 2009.).

10.1.2.  Packet TLV Type Registrations

The Packet TLVs as specified in Table 1 (Packet TLV types) must be allocated from the "Packet TLV Types" namespace of [RFC5444] (Clausen, T., Dearlove, C., Dean, J., and C. Adjih, “Generalized MANET Packet/Message Format,” February 2009.).

10.1.3.  Message TLV Type Registrations

The Message TLVs as specified in Table 2 (Message TLV types) must be allocated from the "Message TLV Types" namespace of [RFC5444] (Clausen, T., Dearlove, C., Dean, J., and C. Adjih, “Generalized MANET Packet/Message Format,” February 2009.).

10.1.4.  Address Block TLV Type Registrations

The Address Block TLVs as specified in Table 3 (Address Block TLV types) must be allocated from the "Address Block TLV Types" namespace of [RFC5444] (Clausen, T., Dearlove, C., Dean, J., and C. Adjih, “Generalized MANET Packet/Message Format,” February 2009.).

10.2.  New IANA Registries

This document introduces three namespaces that have been registered: Packet TLV Types, Message TLV Types, and Address Block TLV Types. This section specifies IANA registries for these namespaces and provides guidance to the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority regarding registrations in these namespaces.

The following terms are used with the meanings defined in [BCP26] (Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, “Guidelines for Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs,” May 2008.): "Namespace", "Assigned Value", "Registration", "Unassigned", "Reserved", "Hierarchical Allocation", and "Designated Expert".

The following policies are used with the meanings defined in [BCP26] (Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, “Guidelines for Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs,” May 2008.): "Private Use", "Expert Review", and "Standards Action".

10.2.1.  Expert Review: Evaluation Guidelines

For the registries for the following tables where an Expert Review is required, the designated expert SHOULD take the same general recommendations into consideration as are specified by [RFC5444] (Clausen, T., Dearlove, C., Dean, J., and C. Adjih, “Generalized MANET Packet/Message Format,” February 2009.).

10.2.2.  Hash Function

IANA is requested to create a new registry for the hash functions that can be used when creating a signature. The initial assignments and allocation policies are specified in Table 4 (Hash-Function registry).

10.2.3.  Cryptographic Algorithm

IANA is requested to create a new registry for the cryptographic algorithm. Initial assignments and allocation policies are specified in Table 5 (Cryptographic algorithm registry).

11.  Security Considerations

This document does not specify a protocol itself. However, it provides a syntactical component for cryptographic signatures of messages and packets as defined in [RFC5444] (Clausen, T., Dearlove, C., Dean, J., and C. Adjih, “Generalized MANET Packet/Message Format,” February 2009.). It can be used to address security issues of a protocol or extension that uses the component specified in this document. As such, it has the same security considerations as [RFC5444] (Clausen, T., Dearlove, C., Dean, J., and C. Adjih, “Generalized MANET Packet/Message Format,” February 2009.).

In addition, a protocol that includes this component MUST specify the usage as well as the security that is attained by the cryptographic signatures of a message or a packet.

As an example, a routing protocol that uses this component to reject "badly formed" messages if a control message does not contain a valid signature, should indicate the security assumption that if the signature is valid, the message is considered valid. It also should indicate the security issues that are counteracted by this measure (e.g. link or identity spoofing) as well as the issues that are not counteracted (e.g. compromised keys).

12.  Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Jerome Milan (Ecole Polytechnique) for his advice as cryptographer. In addition, many thanks to Alan Cullen (BAE), Justin Dean (NRL), Christopher Dearlove (BAE), and Henning Rogge (FGAN) for their constructive comments on the document.

13.  References

13.1. Normative References

13.2. Informative References

Appendix A.  Examples

A.1.  Example of a Signed Message

The sample message depicted in Figure 1 (Example message with signature) is taken from the appendix of [RFC5444] (Clausen, T., Dearlove, C., Dean, J., and C. Adjih, “Generalized MANET Packet/Message Format,” February 2009.). However, a SIGNATURE Message TLV has been added. It is assumed that the SIGNATURE TLV type is lesser than the TLV type of the second message TLV (i.e. it comes first in the order of Message TLVs). The TLV value represents a 16 octet long signature of the whole message.

   0                   1                   2                   3
   0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0|    Packet Sequence Number     | Message Type  |
  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1|0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0|   Orig Addr   |
  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |           Originator Address (cont)           |   Hop Limit   |
  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |   Hop Count   |    Message Sequence Number    |0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0|
  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0|   SIGNATURE   |0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0|0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0|
  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |   Hash Func   |  Crypto Func  |        Signature Value        |
  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |                    Signature Value (cont)                     |
  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |                    Signature Value (cont)                     |
  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |                    Signature Value (cont)                     |
  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |    Signature Value (cont)     |   TLV Type    |0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0|
  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0|                     Value                     |
  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |                 Value (cont)                  |0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0|
  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0|0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0|              Mid              |
  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |              Mid              | Prefix Length |0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0|
  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0|0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1|1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0|0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0|
  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |             Head              |              Mid              |
  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |              Mid              |              Mid              |
  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1|   TLV Type    |0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0|
  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0|             Value             |   TLV Type    |
  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0|  Index Start  |  Index Stop   |
  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

Authors' Addresses