| Internet-Draft | DNSSEC Cryptographic Algorithms | August 2022 |
| Hardaker, et al. | Expires 16 February 2023 | [Page] |
The DNSSEC protocol makes use of various cryptographic algorithms in order to provide authentication of DNS data and proof of non-existence. To ensure interoperability between DNS resolvers and DNS authoritative servers, it is necessary to specify a set of algorithm implementation requirements and usage guidelines to ensure that there is at least one algorithm that all implementations support. This document defines the current algorithm implementation requirements and usage guidance for DNSSEC. This document obsoletes [RFC6944].¶
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The DNSSEC signing algorithms are defined by various RFCs, including [RFC4034], [RFC5155], [RFC5702], [RFC5933], [RFC6605], [RFC8080]. DNSSEC is used to provide authentication of data. To ensure interoperability, a set of "mandatory-to-implement" DNSKEY algorithms are defined. This document obsoletes [RFC6944].¶
The field of cryptography evolves continuously. New stronger algorithms appear and existing algorithms are found to be less secure then originally thought. Therefore, algorithm implementation requirements and usage guidance need to be updated from time to time to reflect the new reality. The choices for algorithms must be conservative to minimize the risk of algorithm compromise.¶
The mandatory-to-implement algorithm of tomorrow should already be available in most implementations of DNSSEC by the time it is made mandatory. This document attempts to identify and introduce those algorithms for future mandatory-to-implement status. There is no guarantee that algorithms in use today will become mandatory in the future. Published algorithms are continuously subjected to cryptographic attack and may become too weak, or even be completely broken, before this document is updated.¶
This document provides recommendations with respect to mandatory-to-implement algorithms, algorithms so weak that they cannot be recommended, and algorithms defined in RFCs that are not on the standards track. Any algorithm listed in the [DNSKEY-IANA] and [DS-IANA] registries that are not mentioned in this document MAY be implemented. For clarification and consistency, an algorithm will be specified as MAY in this document only when it has been downgraded from a MUST or a RECOMMENDED to a MAY.¶
Although this document's primary purpose is to update algorithm recommendations to keep DNSSEC authentication secure over time, it also aims to do so in such a way that DNSSEC implementations remain interoperable. DNSSEC interoperability is addressed by an incremental introduction or deprecation of algorithms.¶
[RFC2119] considers the term SHOULD equivalent to RECOMMENDED, and SHOULD NOT equivalent to NOT RECOMMENDED. The authors of this document have chosen to use the terms RECOMMENDED and NOT RECOMMENDED, as this more clearly expresses the recommendations to implementers.¶
It is expected that deprecation of an algorithm will be performed gradually. This provides time for various implementations to update their implemented algorithms while remaining interoperable. Unless there are strong security reasons, an algorithm is expected to be downgraded from MUST to NOT RECOMMENDED or MAY, instead of to MUST NOT. Similarly, an algorithm that has not been mentioned as mandatory-to-implement is expected to be introduced with a RECOMMENDED instead of a MUST.¶
Since the effect of using an unknown DNSKEY algorithm is that the zone is treated as insecure, it is recommended that algorithms downgraded to NOT RECOMMENDED or lower not be used by authoritative nameservers and DNSSEC signers to create new DNSKEY's. This will allow for deprecated algorithms to become less and less common over time. Once an algorithm has reached a sufficiently low level of deployment, it can be marked as MUST NOT, so that recursive resolvers can remove support for validating it.¶
Recursive nameservers are encouraged to retain support for all algorithms not marked as MUST NOT.¶
The recommendations of this document mostly target DNSSEC implementers, as implementations need to meet both high security expectations as well as high interoperability between various vendors and with different versions. Interoperability requires a smooth transition to more secure algorithms. This perspective may differ from from that of a user who wishes to deploy and configure DNSSEC with only the safest algorithm. On the other hand, the comments and recommendations in this document are also expected to be useful for such users.¶
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].¶
Implementation recommendations for DNSKEY algorithms [DNSKEY-IANA].¶
| Number | Mnemonics | DNSSEC Signing | DNSSEC Validation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | RSAMD5 | MUST NOT | MUST NOT |
| 3 | DSA | MUST NOT | MUST NOT |
| 5 | RSASHA1 | MUST NOT | SHOULD NOT |
| 6 | DSA-NSEC3-SHA1 | MUST NOT | MUST NOT |
| 7 | RSASHA1-NSEC3-SHA1 | MUST NOT | SHOULD NOT |
| 8 | RSASHA256 | MUST | MUST |
| 10 | RSASHA512 | NOT RECOMMENDED | MUST |
| 12 | ECC-GOST | MUST NOT | MUST NOT |
| 13 | ECDSAP256SHA256 | MUST | MUST |
| 14 | ECDSAP384SHA384 | MAY | RECOMMENDED |
| 15 | ED25519 | RECOMMENDED | RECOMMENDED |
| 16 | ED448 | MAY | RECOMMENDED |
RSAMD5 is not widely deployed and there is an industry-wide trend to deprecate MD5 usage.¶
RSASHA1 and RSASHA1-NSEC3-SHA1 are widely deployed, although zones deploying it are recommended to switch to ECDSAP256SHA256 as there is an industry-wide trend to move to elliptic curve cryptography. RSASHA1 does not support NSEC3. RSASHA1-NSEC3-SHA1 can be used with or without NSEC3.¶
DSA and DSA-NSEC3-SHA1 are not widely deployed and vulnerable to private key compromise when generating signatures using a weak or compromised random number generator.¶
RSASHA256 is in wide use and considered strong.¶
RSASHA512 is NOT RECOMMENDED for DNSSEC Signing because it has not seen wide deployment, but there are some deployments hence DNSSEC Validation MUST implement RSASHA512 to ensure interoperability. There is no significant difference in cryptographics strength between RSASHA512 and RSASHA256, therefore it is discouraged to use RSASHA512, as it will only make deprecation of older algorithms harder. People that wish to use a cryptographically stronger algorithm should switch to elliptic curve cryptography algorithms.¶
ECC-GOST (GOST R 34.10-2001) has been superseded by GOST R 34.10-2012 in [RFC7091]. The GOST R 34.10-2012 hasn't been standardized for use in DNSSEC.¶
ECDSAP256SHA256 provides more cryptographic strength with a shorter signature length than either RSASHA256 or RSASHA512. ECDSAP256SHA256 has been widely deployed and therefore it is now at MUST level for both validation and signing. It is RECOMMENDED to use deterministic digital signature generation procedure of the ECDSA ([RFC6979]) when implementing ECDSAP256SHA256 (and ECDSAP384SHA384).¶
ECDSAP384SHA384 shares the same properties as ECDSAP256SHA256, but offers a modest security advantage over ECDSAP256SHA256 (192 bits of strength versus 128 bits). For most DNSSEC applications, ECDSAP256SHA256 should be satisfactory and robust for the foreseeable future, and is therefore recommended for signing. While it is unlikely for a DNSSEC use case requiring 192-bit security strength to arise, ECDSA384SHA384 is provided for such applications and it MAY be used for signing in these cases.¶
ED25519 and ED448 use Edwards-curve Digital Security Algorithm (EdDSA). There are three main advantages of the EdDSA algorithm: It does not require the use of a unique random number for each signature, there are no padding or truncation issues as with ECDSA, and it is more resilient to side-channel attacks. Furthermore, EdDSA cryptography is less prone to implementation errors ([RFC8032], [RFC8080]). It is expected that ED25519 will become the future RECOMMENDED default algorithm once there's enough support for this algorithm in the deployed DNSSEC validators.¶
Operation recommendation for new and existing deployments.¶
Due to industry-wide trend to move to elliptic curve cryptography, the ECDSAP256SHA256 is RECOMMENDED DNSKEY algorithm for use by new DNSSEC deployments, and users of RSA based algorithms SHOULD upgrade to ECDSAP256SHA256.¶
Recommendations for Delegation Signer Digest Algorithms [DNSKEY-IANA] These also apply to the CDS RRTYPE as specified in [RFC7344]¶
| Number | Mnemonics | DNSSEC Delegation | DNSSEC Validation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | NULL (CDS only) | MUST NOT [*] | MUST NOT [*] |
| 1 | SHA-1 | MUST NOT | SHOULD NOT |
| 2 | SHA-256 | MUST | MUST |
| 3 | GOST R 34.11-94 | MUST NOT | MUST NOT |
| 4 | SHA-384 | MAY | RECOMMENDED |
[*] - This is a special type of CDS record signaling removal of DS at the parent in [RFC8078]¶
NULL is a special case, see [RFC8078]¶
SHA-1 is in declining use for DS records, so it is NOT RECOMMENDED for validators to implement SHA-1 validation. SHA-1 MUST NOT be used in generating new DS and CDS records. (See Operational Considerations for caveats when upgrading from SHA-1 to SHA-256 DS Algorithm.)¶
SHA-256 is in wide use and considered strong.¶
GOST R 34.11-94 has been superseded by GOST R 34.11-2012 in [RFC6986]. The GOST R 34.11-2012 hasn't been standardized for use in DNSSEC.¶
SHA-384 shares the same properties as SHA-256, but offers a modest security advantage over SHA-384 (384-bits of strength versus 256-bits). For most applications of DNSSEC, SHA-256 should be satisfactory and robust for the foreseeable future, and is therefore recommended for DS and CDS records. While it is unlikely for a DNSSEC use case requiring 384-bit security strength to arise, SHA-384 is provided for such applications and it MAY be used for generating DS and CDS records in these cases.¶
Operation recommendation for new and existing deployments.¶
The SHA-256 is RECOMMENDED DS and CDS algorithm.¶
The security of cryptographic systems depends on both the strength of the cryptographic algorithms chosen and the strength of the keys used with those algorithms. The security also depends on the engineering of the protocol used by the system to ensure that there are no non-cryptographic ways to bypass the security of the overall system.¶
This document concerns itself with the selection of cryptographic algorithms for the use of DNSSEC, specifically with the selection of "mandatory-to-implement" algorithms. The algorithms identified in this document as MUST or RECOMMENDED to implement are not known to be broken at the current time, and cryptographic research so far leads us to believe that they are likely to remain secure into the foreseeable future. However, this isn't necessarily forever, and it is expected that new revisions of this document will be issued from time to time to reflect the current best practices in this area.¶
Retiring an algorithm too soon would result in a zone signed with the retired algorithm being downgraded to the equivalent of an unsigned zone. Therefore, algorithm deprecation must be done very slowly and only after careful consideration and measurement of its use.¶
DNSKEY algorithm rollover in a live zone is a complex process. See [RFC6781] and [RFC7583] for guidelines on how to perform algorithm rollovers.¶
DS algorithm rollover in a live zone is also a complex process. Upgrading algorithm at the same time as rolling the new KSK key will lead to DNSSEC validation failures, and users MUST upgrade the DS algorithm first before rolling the Key Signing Key.¶
TODO: this needs updating, and current practice is to have this deleted at publication too.¶
The following table contains the status of support in the open-source DNS signers and validators in the current released versions as of the time writing this document. Usually, the support for specific algorithm has to be also included in the cryptographic libraries that the software use.¶
| Mnemonics | BIND | Knot DNS | OpenDNS | PowerDNS | Unbound |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RSAMD5 | Y | N | Y | N | N |
| DSA | Y | N | Y | N | Y |
| RSASHA1 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| DSA-NSEC3-SHA1 | Y | N | Y | N | Y |
| RSASHA1-NSEC3-SHA1 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| RSASHA256 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| RSASHA512 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| ECC-GOST | N | N | Y | Y | Y |
| ECDSAP256SHA256 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| ECDSAP384SHA384 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| ED25519 | Y | Y | N | Y | Y |
| ED448 | N | N | N | Y | Y |
This document makes no requests of IANA.¶
This document borrows text from RFC 4307 by Jeffrey I. Schiller of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and the 4307bis document by Yoav Nir, Tero Kivinen, Paul Wouters and Daniel Migault. Much of the original text has been copied verbatim.¶
We wish to thank Michael Sinatra, Roland van Rijswijk-Deij, Olafur Gudmundsson, Paul Hoffman and Evan Hunt for their imminent feedback.¶
Kudos to Roy Arends for bringing the DS rollover issue to the daylight.¶
The following changes were made since RFC8624:¶