| Internet-Draft | Sustainability Considerations | December 2023 |
| Pignataro, et al. | Expires 17 June 2024 | [Page] |
This document defines a set of sustainability-related terms to be used while describing and evaluating environmental impacts of Internet technologies. It also describes several of the design tradeoffs for trying to optimize for sustainability along with the other common networking metrics such as performance and availability, and gives network and protocol designers and implementors sustainability-related advice and guideance.¶
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Over the past decade, there has been increased awareness of the environmental impact produced by the widespread adoption of the Internet and internetworking technologies. The impact of Internet technologies has been overwhelmingly positive over the past years (e.g., providing alternatives to travel, enabling remote and hybrid work, enabling technology-based endangered species conservation, etc.), and there is still room for improvement. This document describes some of the tradeoffs that could be involved while optimizing for sustainability in addition to or in lieu of traditional metrics such as performance or availability. It also proposes some common terminology for discussing environmental impacts of Internet technologies, and gives network and protocol designers and implementors sustainability-related advice and guideance. Finally, it discusses how Internet technologies can be used to help other fields become more sustainable.¶
Given that the term 'considerations' is well known within the IETF community, it is fair to start by defining 'sustainability'. The 1983 UN Commission on Environment and Development had important influence on the current use of the term. The commission's 1987 report [UNGA42] defines it as development that "meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs". This in turn involves balancing economic, social, and environmental factors.¶
This section defines sustainability-specific terms as they are used in the document, and as they pertain to environmental impacts. The goal is to provide a common sustainability considerations lexicon for network equipment vendors, operators, designers, and architects.¶
Notwithstanding the most comprehensive set of definition of relevant terms readers can find at [IPCC], this section contributes the application and exemplification of the terminology to the internetworking domain and field. The terms are alphabetically organized.¶
According to the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Protocol [GHG-Proto], Chapter 4, the emissions scopes are defined as below:¶
Direct GHG emissions are emissions from sources that are owned or controlled by the company.¶
Indirect GHG emissions are emissions that are a consequence of the activities of the company but occur at sources owned or controlled by another company.¶
The GHG protocol [GHG-Proto], Chapter 4, also includes the following descriptions of emissions scopes for accounting and reporting purposes:¶
Scope 1 Emissions: Direct GHG emissions - Direct GHG emissions occur from sources that are owned or controlled by the company, for example, emissions from combustion in owned or controlled boilers, furnaces, vehicles, etc.; emissions from chemical production in owned or controlled process equipment.¶
Scope 2 Emissions: Electricity indirect GHG emissions - Scope 2 accounts for GHG emissions from the generation of purchased electricity consumed by the company. Purchased electricity is defined as electricity that is purchased or otherwise brought into the organizational boundary of the company. Scope 2 emissions physically occur at the facility where electricity is generated.¶
Companies shall separately account for and report on scopes 1 and 2 at a minimum.¶
Scope 3 Emissions: Other indirect GHG emissions - Scope 3 is an optional reporting category that allows for the treatment of all other indirect emissions. Scope 3 emissions are a consequence of the activities of the company, but occur from sources not owned or controlled by the company. Some examples of scope 3 activities are extraction and production of purchased materials; transportation of purchased fuels; and use of sold products and services.¶
In telecommunications networks, Scope 3 emissions include the use phase of the sold products in operations, and is currently the largest part by far, of the whole GHG emissions (Scopes 1, 2 and 3), depending on the carbon intensity of the energy supply in use.¶
United Nations Sustainable Development Goals are 17 global objectives that collectively define a framework for a sustainable global system where people and the planet collectively thrive and live in peace, prosperity and equity. They were adopted in 2015 and most of them have a target achievement date of 2030 [UN-SDG]. They are part of the so-called UN 2030 Agenda. The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) has published on how our technology could help meet the UN SDGs [ITU-ICT-SDG]. Notably, most UN SDGs provide guidance for the handprint impact of internetworking technologies, while some are also related to potential action for footprint reduction.
The 17 SDGs are:¶
The SDG Academy [SDG-Acad] also provides useful information on the topic, as well as progress to date.¶
Every technology solution, system or process has sustainability impacts, as it uses energy and resources and operates in a given context to provide a [perceived] useful output. These impacts could be both negative and positive w.r.t sustainability outcomes. With a simplistic view, the negative impact is termed as footprint and the positive impact is handprint, as defined in the "Definition of Terms" section. Again, generally speaking, footprint considerations of a technology are grouped under "Sustainable X" and the handprint considerations are covered under "X for Sustainability".¶
Additionally, when sustainability impacts are considered, not only environmental but also societal and economic perspectives need to be taken into account, both for footprint and handprint domains. A systems perspective ensures that the interactions and feedback loops are not forgotten among different sub-areas of sustainability.¶
Another fundamental sustainability impact assessment requirement is to cover the complete impact of a product, service or process over its full lifetime. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) starts from the raw materials extraction & acquisition phases, and continues with design, manufacturing, distribution, deployment, use, maintenance, decommissioning, refurbishment/reuse, and ends with end-of-life treatment (recycling & waste). It is imperative that we consider not only the design and build stages of our technologies but also its use and end-of-life phases. An equally essential way of ensuring a holistic perspective is the supply-chain dimension. When we consider the footprint impact of a technology we are building, we need to consider the full supply chain that the technology is part of, both upstream, what it inherits from the material acquisition, components and services used, to downstream for wherever the technology is used and then decommissioned. Further, this includes transportation of materials or products, and the carbon-friendliness of the means and routes chosen. What this implies is that we are responsible for the direct and indirect impacts of our activity, both on demand and supply directions.¶
Below, we cover the "Sustainable Internetworking" and "Internetworking for Sustainability" perspectives in more detail.¶
Sustainable internetworking is about ensuring that the negative impacts of internetworking are minimized as much as possible.¶
In the environmental / ecological sustainability domain, the sub-areas to be considered are:¶
Climate change,¶
materials efficiency, circularity, preservation of geodiversity, and¶
biodiversity preservation.¶
Climate change considerations in internetworking by and large translate to energy sourcing, consumption, savings and efficiency as this impacts the GHGs of the internetworking systems directly, when mostly non-renewable energy sources are used for the operations of the networks. When the carbon intensity of the energy supply used in operations decreases (more renewable energy in the supply mix), then the use phase GHGs also proportionally decrease. This might put the GHG emissions of the manufacturing and materials extraction and acquisition phases ahead of the use phase. These are called the embodied emissions.¶
However, energy is not the only aspect to consider: materials efficiency and circularity are key actions to limit the resource use of our technologies, thereby reducing the scarcity of materials but also the destruction of many ecosystems during their extraction and manufacturing, polluting water and land with waste, which might also impact directly or indirectly the abundance and health of the species on the planet, namely biodiversity. While it is significantly more difficult to quantify and measure the impact of our technologies in these domains, the planetary boundaries framework provides helpful guidance.¶
For the societal and economic footprint of our technologies, we need to be mindful about the potential negative effects of our technologies w.r.t. the social boundaries, as depicted in the so-called doughnut economics model, that includes education, health, incomes, housing, gender equality, social equity, inclusiveness, justice and more. What we need to realize is that our technology has direct and indirect impacts in these aspects and the challenge is not only to meet environmental sustainability targets but social and economic ones as well. There are very practical considerations, for example: are there partial or total barriers to accessing the Internet or its services? what is the impact of biases in artificial intelligence (AI), as it pertains gender biases, when those AI models are used in job selection? More technology doesn't always mean better outcomes for all and can we mitigate this impact? Admittedly, a quantitative approach to the societal and economical aspects is more challenging; thinking in terms of profit, people, and planet, as well as the KV/KVI approach described below bring some relief.¶
When it comes to the positive impact of internetworking in tackling the sustainability challenges faced, we are in the "internetworking for sustainability" realm. This is a very diverse topic covering innumerable industrial and societal verticals and use cases. Essentially, we are asking how our technology can help other sectors and users to decarbonize, and to reduce their own footprints and to increase their handprints in environmental, societal and economic dimensions. These are induced or enablement effects. Examples are how internetworking is being used in smart energy grids or smart cities, transport, health care, education, agriculture, manufacturing and other verticals. While efficiency gains are usually a basis, there are also other impacts through ubiquitous network coverage, sensing, affordability, ease of maintenance and operation, equity in access, to name a few.¶
Climate change mitigation and climate change adaptation, as defined in the "Definition of Terms" section, are particular focus areas where internetworking could help create more resilience in our societies and economies along with sustainability.¶
Essentially, handprint considerations are asking us to think about how our technology could be used to tackle sustainability challenges at first, and second, to generate feedback on how to create enablers and improvements in our technology for it to be more impactful. The usual KPIs related to technical system parameters would be largely insufficient for this purpose. Supporting this effort, the Key Values (KV) and Key Value Indicators (KVIs) concepts have been developed, to be used in conjunction with use cases to develop impactful solutions. KV and KVIs are the subject of Section 4.¶
The following are some examples of internetworking for sustainability. This is not a comprehensive list; many more such examples can be found. Leveraging internetworking for sustainability usually involves special requirements, which are listed along with the examples.¶
Smart Grid: The Smart Grid [RFC6272] generally refers to enhancements to traditional electrical grids that offer additional features such as two-way flows of electricity (e.g., accommodating solar panels, electrical batteries) and granular control of the grid (e.g., allowing to selectively turn off certain consumers such as Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) units during certain times.) The Smart Grid aims to improve sustainability by facilitating concepts such as peak shaving (i.e., lowering peak usage to reduce the amount of excess generation of electricity that is not needed during non-peak periods), and encouraging residential homes and business to invest in renewable energy sources such as solar, for example offering credit for feeding surplus energy being generated back into the grid. For this to work, the Smart Grid requires support by networking technology that enables the required control loops as well as visibility into grid telemetry. This, in turn, requires the support of new requirements, including aspects of security (since a critical infrastructure is at stake), adherence to high precision service levels and ultra-low latency communication (e.g., to mitigate sudden spikes in voltage), and special provisions to ensure data privacy (given that data from private households, electrical vehicles, and personal devices is involved.)¶
Smart Cities: Many applications for smart cities involve optimizations to make cities more sustainable. Examples include smart garbage disposals that reduce the number of truck rolls (and associated emissions) to collect garbage only when needed, and guidance systems for smart parking that reduce the amount of vehicle traffic used to find parking spots. These applications are enabled by networking. Again, special requirements need to be supported for networks to support those applications, such as the ability to deploy equipment in harsh urban environments, or monitoring for vandalism.¶
Smart Agriculture: Smart agriculture involves minimizing usage of resources such as fertilizer and water in the production of agricultural output. This also helps minimize the area set aside for farming and reclaim land for other purposes including biodiversity. Similarly, networking is an enabler for environmental sustainability. Special requirements for applications in this space include aspects such as the ability to support networking equipment without the need to run power lines (e.g., using battery or solar), and support for intermittent communications.¶
In the context of sustainability, key values are what matters to societies and to people when it comes to direct and indirect outcomes of the use of our technology. While KPIs help us to build, monitor and improve the design and implementation of our technologies, key values and their qualitative and quantitative indicators tell us about their usefulness and value to society and people. As we want our technology to help tackle the grand challenges of our planet, their likelihood of usefulness and impact is a paramount consideration. KVs and KVIs help set our bearings right and also demonstrate the impact we could create. The main idea is shifting from measuring performance to measuring value.¶
While key values could be universal, like for example the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) [UN-SDG], how they are measured, or perceived (KVIs) could be context dependent and use case specific. To give a simplified example, UN SDG 3, "good health and well-being" is a key value for any society and individual. Then, when we consider the use case of providing health care and wellness services in a remote, rural community which doesn't have any hospitals or specialist doctors, a key value indicator could be how fast a patient could access health care services without having to travel out of town, or the successful medical interventions that could be carried out remotely. Then the next step is to identify which parts of our technology could help enable this and design our technology to create impact for the KVs as per KVIs. In this case, universal network coverage, capacity and features to integrate multitude of sensors, low-latency and jitter communication services could all be enablers with their own design targets and KPIs defined. Subsequently, we would track the KVIs and the KPIs together for successful outcomes.¶
Admittedly, this might not be a straightforward task to carry out for each protocol design. Yet, such analyses could be included in design processes along with use case development, covering a group of technology design activities (protocols) together. There are ongoing efforts in mobile networking research to use KVs/KVIs efficiently [M6G-SOCIETAL-KV-KVI] [M6G-VALUE-PERF] [Hexa-X_D1.2].¶
While we find ourselves trying to optimize seemingly contradicting parameters or aspects such as reducing latency and jitter and increasing bandwidth and reach targets with sustainability ones like reduced energy consumption and increased energy efficiency, key values and key value indicators would help keep our eyes on the targets that matter for the end users and communities and societies. Considerations for such potential design trade-offs, which are at the heart of our engineering innovations, is the topic of the next section.¶
Between the design and creation of a technology, and realization of the value generated by its deployment and use, there are a number of enablers and blockers of its usage. We generally refer to them as KV Enablers. These are the key factors that would scale and spread use cases or block their deployment.¶
Technical enablers are the features needed for the technical capabilities and feasibility of the use cases, like the network features being deployed to support the use case. Beyond the technical aspects, there are also criteria at the system level which determine the context in which the technology will be used as well as the actions of the use case stakeholders. These might affect the level of adaptation to a particular society or ecosystem, such as cost of connectivity and Internet service access, availability of services, security, and privacy. While technical enablers are in more direct control of protocol and network designers, system-level enablers might in second-order, indirect, or beyond control, depending on the actions of other stakeholders and the existing environment.¶
An important corollary is that KV enablers can be used to derive technological requirements, KPIs and advancements to maximize key value.¶
This section describes the implications of sustainability to the IETF. Specifically, the high-level relevant areas on which the IETF can act upon, and a rough prioritization. These potentially include use cases, protocols, metrics, etc.¶
A key area to understand the relevance and implication is regarding IETF Protocols.¶
Traditionally, digital communication networks are optimized for a specific set of criteria that proxies for business metrics. A network operator providing services to their customers intends to maximize profits, by increasing top-line revenue and decreasing bottom-line associated costs. This directly translates to goals of optimizing performance and availability, while reducing various costs.¶
Most recently, various forces elevate the need for sustainability in networking technologies and architectures, to quantify and minimize negative environmental impact.¶
A first approximation to this conundrum indicates that optimizing only network availability (e.g., by having excess capacity and backup paths) or optimizing only performance (e.g., by increasing speeds selecting paths based on delays only) can be in opposition to optimizing sustainability objectives. For a given application, use-case, or vertical realization of technology, a Pareto-efficient choise is potentially presented on a win-win of improving sustainability without sacrificing availability or performance beyond the application tolerance.¶
Consequently, network architects and designers are presented with a set of new design tradeoffs: a multi-objective optimization that satisfies border requirements and global optima for availability, performance, and sustainability simultaneously. This is not unlike the doughnut economics model concept introduced in the "Definition of Terms" section.¶
To understand this new model, we can analyze a simplified example. Assume the following topology, passing traffic from A to B:¶
A
|
+----------+
| Router 1 |------------+
+----------+ |
| | | | | +----------+
| | | | | | Router 3 |
| | | | | +----------+
+----------+ |
| Router 2 |------------+
+----------+
|
B
Router 1 is directly connected to Router 2 through five parallel links, of 10 Gbps each. Router 1 can also reach Router 2 through Router 3 with 40 Gbps links between Router 1 and Router 3, and between Router 3 and Router 2. Let's assume that the capacity-planned traffic between A and B equals 15 Gbps.¶
In this scenario, a topology optimized for performance and availability/resiliency would have all links and routers on, and would likely forward traffic using two of the parallel links. Utilizing the path through Router 3 might lower performance, but it serves as a backup path.¶
On the other hand, when we add sustainability as a consideration, different options are presented. One of them is to remove from the topology Router 3 and associated links, and shutdown links and optics in two or three of the parallel links. Another option is to completely shutdown all the parallel links and route traffic through Router 3 (i.e., not maximizing performance alone, but maximizing at the time performance, availability and resiliency, and sustainability.) The choice between these two options will depend on the aggregate sustainability metrics of network elements in each of the two topologies.¶
Another option is to use flexible Ethernet, where the five links combined are aggregated into one active virtual link which has 15 Gbps, and another inactive link of 35 Gbps of capacity -- although a physical link cannot be half-active and half-inactive as far as PHY and optics are concerned.¶
When we add sustainability considerations, resiliency is not the single objective to optimize. We can represent a computer network as a mathematics graph, in which different nodes and links are selected depending on the network and path optimization. And while the graphs of resiliency and sustainability might be impractical to approximate with formulas, there are ratios that can give a sense of border conditions.¶
For example, consider the ratio of overall network capacity (in bandwidth, compute power, etc.) over the used network capacity, and let's call it "Resiliency Index". If this number is one, there's no resiliency; and as the ratio grows, so potentially unused capacity that could be utilized in a failure event. Similarly, consider the values os sustainability metrics for when the Resiliency Index is one and for when it is two. These borders points might give an indication of the slope for each objective.¶
The fields of performance and quality of experience have the benefit of significant study and standardization of metrics. In a similar way than with resiliency, a degradation of performance and Quality of Service parameters, such as bandwidth, latency, jitter, etc., can very well be observed and measured, as a variation of sustainability metrics. The relative slopes of improvement of each goal would hint as to where the balance lies.¶
A sustainability quantification framework is paramount for understanding the sustainability posture of a system, as well as its potential for aid in sustainability outcomes.¶
The networking industry is in the starting phases of addressing this objective. We are seeing a sprinkling of sustainability features across the networking stack and components of devices, whether it is on forwarding chips, power supplies, optics, or compute. Many of those optimizations and features are typically local in nature, and widely scattered across different elements of a network architecture. An opportunity for maximizing the positive environmental impact of these technologies calls for a more cohesive and complementary view that spans the complete product lifecycle for hardware and software, as well as how some of these features work in unison.¶
For example, features that provide energy saving modes for devices can be dynamically utilized when the network utilization is such that performance would not significantly suffer. Or consider a core router of today that becomes more usable as an edge/access router of the future due to the need for higher throughput in the core. This section explores the benefits of macro-optimizations by clustering in specific phases, versus micro-optimizing locally without awareness of the network context.¶
Deployment and operational aspects play a critical role in making networks more sustainable. A detailed explanation of that role, the associated challenges, as well as an outline of solution approaches is provided in [I-D.irtf-nmrg-green-ps]. Here are some areas in which network management can help make networks more sustainable; for a more extensive treatment, please refer to that document.¶
Dimensioning: Networks should be deployed and configured with sufficient capacity to serve their intended purpose. At the same time, overprovisioning and providing too many resources should be avoided, as this results in waste and unnecessary environmental impact. Network management can faciliate proper dimensioning of networks by providing the methods and tools that allow to assess network usage, determine required capacities, identify trends to allow to proactively accommodate traffic growth and new services.¶
Network optimization: Network management applications can help solve difficult network optimization problems involving multiple parameters, multiple and sometimes conflicting objectives, and mitigation of tradeoffs. Network optimization examples include maximization of utilization or of aggregate QoE scores, minimization of the possibility of SLA violations with a given amount of network resources, or optimization of the cost of configured paths. Network metrics related to sustainability are another set of parameters that can be optimized.¶
Rapid Discovery and Provisioning Schemes: One of the biggest potential opportunities in reducing environmental impact of networks concerns the ability to power resources such as equipment or line cards down when they are momentarily not needed due to swings in traffic demands. In general, this involves fully automated management control loops with very short time scales. Network management can enable such schemes, involving algorithms that determine and control the rapid de- and re-commissioning of networking resources, as well as the necessary control protocols that facilitate aspects such as rapid resource discovery, reprovisioning, or reconvergence of management state.¶
This section renders the sustainability considerations into specific guidelines and advice for the design and development of networking technologies.¶
WIP¶
The considerations and advice for sustainability described in the "Sustainability Considerations" and "Sustainability Advice and Guidelines for Protocol and Network Designers and Implementers" sections and their associated goals cannot always be achieved at the same time and we expect the following high level phases:¶
Visibility: In this phase we focus on the measurement and collection of metrics.¶
Insights and Recommendations: In this phase we focus on deriving insights and providing recommendations that can be acted upon manually over large time scales.¶
Self-Optimization via Automation: In this phase we build awareness into the systems to automatically recognize opportunities for improvement and implement them.¶
Visibility represents collecting and organizing data in a standard vendor agnostic manner. The first step in improving our environmental impact is to actually measure it in a clear and consistent manner. The IETF, IRTF and the IAB have a long history of work in this field, and this has greatly helped with the instrumentation of network equipment in collecting metrics for network management, performance, and troubleshooting. On the environmental-impact side though, there has been a proliferation of a wide variety of vendor extensions based on these standards. Without a common definition of metrics across the industry and widespread adoption we will be left with ill-defined, potentially redundant, proprietary, or even contradicting metrics. Similarly, we also need to work on standard telemetry for collecting these metrics so that interoperability can be achieved in multi-vendor networks.¶
Once the metrics have been collected, categorized, and aggregated in a common format, it would be straightforward to visualize these metrics and allow consumers to draw insights into their GHG and energy impact. The visualizations could take the form of high-level dashboards that provide aggregate metrics and potentially some form of maturity continuum. We think this can be accomplished using reference implementations of the standards developed in "Phase 1: Visibility". We do expect vendors and other open projects to customize this and incorporate specific features. This will allow identifying sources of environmental impact and address any potential issues through operational changes, creation of best-practices, and changes towards a greener, more environmentally friendly equipment, software, platforms, applications, and protocols.¶
Manually making changes as mentioned in "Phase 2: Insights and Recommendations" works for changes needed on large timescales but does not scale to improvements on smaller scales (i.e., it is impractical in many levels for an operator to be looking at a dashboard monitoring usage and making changes in real-time 24x7). There is a need to provision some amount of self-awareness into the network itself, at various layers, so that it can recognize opportunities for improvement and make those changes and measure the effects by closing the loop. The goals of the consumers can be stated in a declarative fashion, and the networks can continually use mechanisms such as ML/DL/AI with an additional goal to optimize for improvements in the environmental impact. These include, for example:¶
Discovery and advertisement of networking characteristics that have either direct or indirect environmental impact,¶
greener networking protocols that can move traffic on to more energy efficient paths, directing topological graphs to optimize environmental impacts, and¶
protocols that can instruct equipment to move under-utilized links and devices into low-energy modes.¶
The three phases run in an iterative fashion, such that after phases 1, 2, and 3 are completed for an interation, there will be an added awareness of what (else) to collect back to phase 1.¶
Further, sustainability-aware self-optimization is something to explore in Autonomic Networking.¶
The pre-eminent message in this document is to elevate the need and sense of urgency of including sustainability considerations in our protocol and system design, and to provide editors with sustainability lexicon, definitions, and priorities to carry out that task. As an added benefit, by including sustainability considerations, it will be possible to optimize for not only performance parameters but also sustainability ones, through respective trade-offs in our protocols and systems.¶
We also envision that on top of minimizing the environmental impact of our technologies and helping consumers identify and reduce the environmental impact of their use, we can also make a positive impact on other less-traditionally and non-Internet technologies as well as non-technologies. E.g., use our technologies to choose greener and more efficient sources of power, control HVAC systems efficiently, etc. We are looking forward to our efforts that will positively impact the environment using Internet technologies and protocols.¶
INSERT specific call to action here.¶
TBC.¶
TBC.¶
Complete "Abstract"¶
Complete "Introduction"¶
Complete and strengthen the "Implications to the IETF" section¶
Strengthen "Metrics for Sustainability"¶
Align on Main Section, "Concrete Advice/Requirements for Designers and Developers"¶
What can the IETF do for "Phase 2: Insights and Recommendations"¶
Finalize Call-to-Action in the Conclusion¶