| Internet-Draft | Properties of AEAD algorithms | October 2022 |
| Bozhko, et al. | Expires 16 April 2023 | [Page] |
Authenticated Encryption with Associated Data (AEAD) algorithms provide confidentiality and integrity of data. The extensive use of AEAD algorithms in different high-level applications has caused the need for AEAD algorithms with non-standard properties and motivated research in the area. This document gives definitions for the most common of those properties intending to improve consistency in the field.¶
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.¶
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.¶
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."¶
This Internet-Draft will expire on 16 April 2023.¶
Copyright (c) 2022 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.¶
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License.¶
An Authenticated Encryption with Associated Data (AEAD) algorithm is an extension of authenticated encryption, which provides confidentiality for the plaintext to be encrypted and integrity for the plaintext and some Associated Data (sometimes called Header). AEAD algorithms are used in numerous applications and have become an important field in cryptographic research.¶
AEAD algorithms are formally defined in [RFC5116]. The main benefit of AEAD algorithms is that they provide both data confidentiality and data integrity and have a simple unified interface.¶
The importance of the AEAD algorithms is mainly explained by their exploitation simplicity: they have a unified interface, easy-to-understand security guarantees, and are much easier to implement properly than MAC and encryption schemes separately. Thereof their embedding into high-level schemes and protocols is highly transparent, since, for example, there is no need for additional key diversification procedures. Apart from that, when using the AEAD algorithm it is possible to reduce the key size, state size, and improve the data processing speed. For instance, the use of such algorithms is mandatory in TLS 1.3 [RFC8446], IPsec ESP [RFC4303] [RFC8221], QUIC [RFC9000]. Hence, the research and standardization efforts in the field are extremely active. Most AEAD algorithms usually come with security guarantees, formal proofs, usage guidelines, and reference implementations.¶
Even though providing standard properties of AEAD algorithms is enough for use in many applications, some environments require other unusual cryptographic properties which commonly require additional analysis and research. With the growing number of non-standard properties and research papers, misunderstanding and confusion inevitably appear. Some properties might be understood in different ways, for some only non-trivial formal security notions are provided, others require modification or extension of the standard AEAD interface to support additional functionality. Therefore, the risk of misuse of AEAD algorithms increases which can lead to security problems.¶
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.¶
Definition. An AEAD algorithm guarantees that data is available only to those authorized to obtain it. That property is one of the two required for the AEAD algorithm to be called secure.¶
Synonyms. Privacy.¶
Definition. An AEAD algorithm guarantees that data is available only to those authorized to obtain it. That property is one of the two required for the AEAD algorithm to be called secure.¶
Synonyms. Message authentication.¶
Definition. An AEAD algorithm provides security even if an adversary can adaptively choose the next block of a plaintext (ciphertext) depending on already computed blocks of the ciphertext (plaintext) during an encryption (decryption) operation.¶
Definition. An AEAD algorithm provides security even when key-dependent plaintexts are encrypted.¶
Notes. KDM-security is achievable only if nonces are chosen randomly and associated data is key-independent.¶
Definition. An AEAD algorithm guarantees that it is difficult to find such tuple of nonce, associated data and ciphertext, that it can be decrypted correctly with more than one key.¶
Synonyms. Key-robustness, key collision resistance.¶
Definition. An AEAD algorithm provides its security even if an additional information about computations of an encryption (and may be decryption) operation is obtained via side-channel leakages.¶
Definition. An AEAD algorithm security level degrades sublinearly in a number of users. Here the level of security is understood in the sense of Authenticated Encryption advantage (AEA) as given in [I-D.irtf-cfrg-aead-limits].¶
Definition. An AEAD algorithm provides security (resilience or resistance) even if an adversary can repeat nonces in its encryption queries.¶
Definition. Security is provided only for messages encrypted with unique nonces.¶
Definition. Security is provided for all messages.¶
Definition. An AEAD algorithm guarantees that once a successful forgery for the algorithm has been found, it is still hard to find any subsequent forgery.¶
Definition. An AEAD algorithm provides its security even if a plaintext is released for every ciphertext including those with failed integrity verification.¶
Definition. A blockcipher-based AEAD algorithm can be securely implemented without any evaluation of the block cipher inverse.¶
Definition. An AEAD algorithm can be efficiently and securely implemented on resource-constrained devices. Particularly, it meets the criteria, required in the NIST Lightweight Cryptography competition [MBTM17].¶
Definition. An AEAD algorithm encryption (decryption) algorithm can be implemented with a constant memory and a single one-direction pass over the plaintext (ciphertext), writing out the result during that pass.¶
Definition. An AEAD algorithm can fully exploit the parallel computation infrastructure. In other words, with unlimited number of threads, computation time remains constant in an input length.¶
Definition. An AEAD algorithm encryption (decryption) operation can be implemented with a single pass over the plaintext (ciphertext).¶
Definition. An AEAD algorithm operates on binary and prime fields with a low number of non-linear operations (often referred to as the multiplicative complexity). Thus, allows efficient implementation using a domain specific language (DSL) for writing zk-SNARKs circuits.¶
Synonyms. ZK-focused, Arithmetization-oriented, Low Multiplicative Complexity¶
Definition. An AEAD algorithm design allows to encrypt a message, which only partly differs from some other previously encrypted message, faster than encrypting the whole message with the encryption operation.¶
Definition. An AEAD algorithm decryption operation doesn't need the nonce value to perform the decryption. Thus, the algorithm provides privacy for the nonce value.¶
Definition. An AEAD algorithm can be securely implemented with most of the operations in encryption/decryption performed by an insecure (i.e. it leaks all intermediate values) device, which has no access to the key, while operations involving the key are performed by another secure device.¶
This document defines the properties of AEAD algorithms. However, the document does not describe any concrete mechanisms providing these properties, neither it describes how to achieve them. In fact, one can claim that an AEAD algorithm provides any of the defined properties only if its formal analysis in the relevant models was carried out.¶
This document has no IANA actions.¶